重庆井网水位水温同震响应特征分析

本文以2008年以来全球范围内发生的5次大地震为例,对重庆井网水位和水温同震响应特征进行了分析,结合井孔水文地质条件和自身观测条件,探讨了不同同震响应现象的可能成因并对其机理进行了探讨。结果表明,水位的记震能力优于水温,水位同震响应形态主要包括上升、下降和振荡三种类型,且同一口井水位对不同地震的响应形态不同;水温的同震响应形态主要包括上升和下降两种类型,其中只有荣昌华江和北碚柳荫井水温对5次地震均有同震响应,且同一口井水温对不同地震的响应形态相同。进一步分析表明,北碚柳荫井水位的同震响应能力优于荣昌华江井水位,北碚柳荫井水位的同震振幅与地震能密度成正比,并给出了其同震变化幅度与地震能量密度的对应关系。最后分别对水位和水温同震响应机理进行了探讨。     

江西流体观测井网对远大震的同震响应特征及机理分析

选取2008—2022年全球M_S8.0以上、全国M_S7.0以上22个地震事件,分析江西省流体井网水位、水温测项对远大地震的同震响应特征。结果发现：不同流体井的同震响应特征不同,不同测项的同震响应特征也不一致,且井水位对地震的响应频率较高;井水位对远大震的同震响应以阶跃、震荡及持续变化为主,而水温同震响应以阶跃为主,且具有瞬时变化和持续变化2种特征;同一口井对不同地震的响应形态基本相同,而不同井对同一地震的响应形态有所区别。通过对观测井水位和水温同震响应机理的分析,认为江西流体观测井不同测项变化与井孔水文地质条件及观测系统有关。     

2022年芦山MS 6.1、马尔康MS 6.0地震井水位、水温同震响应特征

基于全国地震地下流体台网数据,分析了芦山M_S 6.1、马尔康M_S 6.0地震引起的地下流体井水位、水温同震响应特征。结果表明,对于芦山M_S 6.1地震水位同震响应观测井数量较多,以上升变化为主,同震变化幅度较大;而对于马尔康M_S 6.0地震水位同震响应观测井数量较少,以振荡为主,变化幅度较小;2次地震引起的水位同震响应能力均强于水温测项,水温记录同震响应的前提是同井能记录到水位同震变化;2组地震引起的同震响应特征差异主要与震源机制解、台站分布密度、同震响应机理不同等有关。     

山西水位观测井对远场大震记震能力及震时应力变化量分析

以2007年以来山西水网水位记录到的全球7.0级以上地震的同震响应为基础,结合山西井点的水文地质与构造环境特征,分析井水位对7.0级以上地震的记震能力及同震响应特征。根据4次典型远场大震震时的井水位变化量分析其受力状态,结果表明,山西省内漫水井与孝义井震时应力响应较为敏感,且响应与不同水文地质条件及含水层特征有关。     

新疆乌鲁木齐04号井数字化水位同震阶变的研究

本文通过对新04井2001年7月数字化改造以来水位同震变化观测资料分析、地震活动性对比和井孔地质构造条件等的综合研究,得到以下认识:①无论地震的方位和震源机制如何,新04井水位同震变化总是具有下降-回升的变化规律;井水位同震下降幅度随震级的增大而增大,随井震距的增大而减小,三者之间有良好的相关性。②新04井水位同震响应能力受本地应力状态的影响,当井区附近孕震时,断层受到挤压闭锁,透水能力下降,井水位同震响应能力降低;地震发生后,断层解锁,透水能力恢复,井水位同震响应能力也恢复到正常状态。③新04井位于断裂交汇区,岩石破碎,裂隙节理发育,井孔穿过断层破碎带,具备水位同震下降的地质背景条件;受7级以上强震S波或面波的激发,穿过井孔的断层发生张合作用或蠕动,引起井水外泄可能是井水位同震下降变化的原因。     

云南思茅大寨井与大理月溪井水位同震响应对比分析

云南思茅大寨井和大理月溪井分别位于云南西南和西北部,是云南地区主要地震流体观测井.通过水位观测数据分析,思茅大寨井水位和大理月溪井水位同震响应差异明显.思茅大寨井水位同震响应能力较好,主要表现为阶升,阶变幅度达10 cm以上的有16次,最大可达57.1 cm.大理月溪井水位同震响应能力较弱,阶变幅度小,主要表现为阶降....     

2021年玛多MS7.4和2022年门源MS6.9地震引起的山东井水位同震响应特征分析

2021年5月22日青海玛多M_S7.4地震和2022年1月8日青海门源M_S6.9地震引起栖霞鲁07井、枣庄鲁15井和菏泽鲁27井水位不同程度的同震响应。基于秒数据,对比分析3口井水位同震变化形态、幅度与分钟值记录的差异,并从含水层渗透性变化、地震能量密度等方面进行同震响应机理探讨。结果表明,井水位秒数据能够更加完整地记录水震波信息,更加精确展现水位同震变化形态、幅度;井水位对于远场大震的震荡形态主要受含水层水文地质条件的影响。在正常应力背景下,远场大震引起枣庄鲁15井水位同震响应的地震能量密度阈值大约是1.54×10^-4 J·m^-3。     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震和2008年汶川MS8.0地震井水位同震变化的比较分析

以芦山、汶川地震震中为中心,选择了8个井点,对2个地震引起的井水位同震变化进行了比较,重点分析了3口同震变化反向的井点,即重庆的荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和四川的泸沽湖井。为使对比研究结果可靠,进一步收集了2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震、2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部海域8.6级地震引起的井水位同震变化资料。对汶川、芦山地震引起的同震体应变的计算结果显示：汶川地震时,荣昌华江井、北碚柳荫井和泸沽湖井水位同震变化与井点位置处的同震体应变一致,即位于同震体应变压缩区的井水位上升,位于体应变膨胀区的井水位下降;芦山地震时,3口井的水位同震变化与同震体应变不一致,表现出与日本、苏门答腊地震时相似的同震变化特征。     

黄骅井水位对苏门答腊5次地震的同震响应初步研究

利用ARX模型分析了河北省黄骅井水位对气压和固体潮的响应特征,并利用该模型消除气压和固体潮对该井水位的影响,准确地提取了5次苏门答腊大震引起的同震水位变化异常.分析了该井水位对这5次地震的同震响应模式与震级和震源机制解的关系,初步探讨了引起该井水位同震变化复杂性的可能原因.认为,即使发生在同一地区,震源机制解基本相同的地震也会引起远距离同一井水位不同的响应特征,其响应幅度与发震震级有关,响应方式可能与井孔所处地区的局部应力应变状态或井-含水层系统的结构变化有关.     

小江断裂带地下流体记震能力分析

收集并整理了云南地区小江断裂带附近十口流体观测井对印度尼西亚苏门答腊4次8级以上地震的响应资料．并对各观测井的记震能力及其流体测项间的响应协调性进行了统计分析。分析结果显示：物理量观测项的记震能力强于化学量观测项,水位测项的记震能力强于水温测项：小江断裂带南端各观测点的记震能力强于中部及北端各观测点：水位的同震响应形态多表现为震时振荡,而水温则多表现为震时脉冲下降。最后分析了记震协调性较好的高大、弥勒和嵩明三井的记震特征。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...