植物修复技术在污染治理中的应用现状

植物修复技术是利用活的植物对污染土、污染地下水等介质进行修复。植物对金属元素的净化机理是植物积累、根系过滤、植物根系对土的稳定作用;植物对有机物的净化机理是植物降解、生物刺激和植物的蒸发作用;此外植物的水力控制也是控制污染的主要途径。目前国外在利用植物修复卤代烃、农药、汽油、柴油、重金属、放射性物质、废旧炸药、处理污染填土淋滤液、利用植物分解处理空气中的污染物质或将氧化氮转化为氮气等多方面的研究已取得很多重要成果,而其中最为显著的是利用杂交植物对卤代烃污染地下水进行修复和研究利用转基因植物吸收土壤中的甲基汞。我国在植物修复技术方面的研究也取得重大成果,如利用凤眼莲修复污水中的某些农药、利用蜈蚣草叶片富集砷,利用印度芥菜对土壤中难溶态镉的吸收等。     

金属矿区土壤重金属污染的植物修复研究现状

受矿业活动影响,金属矿区及周边土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题之一。植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的清除土壤中重金属的一种有效、经济的生态技术。重金属污染土壤植物修复技术主要有植物固定、植物挥发和植物吸收等方式,植物固定技术是利用植物阻隔土壤中重金属的迁移,而植物挥发和植物吸收则是将土壤中的重金属移除。本文系统总结了迄今在金属矿区土壤重金属污染的植物固定和植物吸收修复技术研究方面的现状与进展,包括矿区超富集植物筛选、超耐受性植物筛选、提高重金属生物有效性的高效活化剂以及降低重金属迁移能力的化学钝化剂研究等。提出了当前相关领域研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了进一步研究的主要方向。     

被污染土壤的植物修复研究

植物修复是利用植物吸收、降解、挥发、根滤、稳定、泵吸等作用机理,达到去除土壤、水体中污染物,或使污染物固定以减轻其危害性,或使污染物转化为毒性较低化学形态的现场治理技术.植物修复对于重金属污染土壤的治理修复具有重要意义.已有研究在累积与超累积植物的寻找筛选、植物对重金属等有害物的耐毒和解毒机理、植物修复现场环境调控及根际处理技术等方面取得了大量成果.现代分子生物学、基因工程技术发展有可能使植物修复技术取得重大突破.     

矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术进展及展望

随着人们对矿山环境修复越来越重视,受矿山重金属污染土壤的修复技术不断向前发展,涌现出的新技术方法在矿山重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着日益重要的作用。本文通过对物理化学、植物、微生物和动物四大类矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术理论研究、试验和现场应用等方面入手,搜集大量资料,综述该四大类修复技术的研究现状和主要进展。总结提出矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术重点向4个方向发展:以低成本为导向的常规技术优化,包括常规廉价材料的有效利用、修复重金属污染的同时回收利用重金属(超积累植物和化学回收)等;以高精端新技术为导向的效率提升,包括纳米材料、生物薄膜等新型高效修复材料的研发、基因工程等,通过微观机理的精细研究大幅提高修复效率以降低总体成本;联合不同修复技术,如微生物—植物、化学—植物、物理—化学等联合修复技术,取长补短以实现更好的修复效果;加强不同修复技术的数据库和智能决策系统建设,促进技术成果转化。     

矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术进展及展望

随着人们对矿山环境修复越来越重视,受矿山重金属污染土壤的修复技术不断向前发展,涌现出的新技术方法在矿山重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着日益重要的作用。本文通过对物理化学、植物、微生物和动物四大类矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术理论研究、试验和现场应用等方面入手,搜集大量资料,综述该四大类修复技术的研究现状和主要进展。总结提出矿山重金属污染土壤修复技术重点向4个方向发展：以低成本为导向的常规技术优化,包括常规廉价材料的有效利用、修复重金属污染的同时回收利用重金属（超积累植物和化学回收）等;以高精端新技术为导向的效率提升,包括纳米材料、生物薄膜等新型高效修复材料的研发、基因工程等,通过微观机理的精细研究大幅提高修复效率以降低总体成本;联合不同修复技术,如微生物—植物、化学—植物、物理—化学等联合修复技术,取长补短以实现更好的修复效果;加强不同修复技术的数据库和智能决策系统建设,促进技术成果转化。     

重金属污染植物修复技术的研究与应用现状

利用植物修复污染土壤是当前国际学术界的热点研究领域。系统阐述了植物修复技术的概念与内容,对重金属污染植物修复技术研究与应用的现状、植物修复技术的优缺点进行了重点评述,介绍了国外开展的一些典型应用案例,并对这一领域的发展作了展望。     

砷的植物修复研究进展

由于砷的毒性和"三致"效应,砷已成为人们普遍关注的环境污染之一.文章总结了砷在土壤和砷超富集植物中的形态、砷污染条件下超富集植物的生长、砷污染的植物修复以及植物超富集砷的相关机理和分子生物学研究进展.文章就砷的植物修复研究做了展望:寻找、筛选更多砷超富集植物;深入研究砷超富集机理;砷富集相关基因识别和克隆;砷超富集植物应用研究;砷超富集植物用于环境修复工程时的环境影响评价;砷超富集植物后处置与资源化技术开发.     

河道疏浚底泥堆土镉污染修复技术分析

城市生活垃圾中重金属Cd污染修复是我国亟待解决的环境问题之一。为了确定最佳Cd污染修复技术,探究了多种镉修复技术在河道治理中的适用性。以华东地区城市河道疏浚底泥堆土修复工程为例,对重金属镉污染土壤的修复工艺进行了对比和分析。拟选定土壤稳定化修复技术、土壤淋洗技术和植物修复技术三种修复工艺对受污染土壤进行治理。实验结果表明,稳定化修复技术可以使土壤中镉的浸出率从33.3%降低到14.3%,能有效降低其在环境中的生物毒性,但镉的总量并不会降低;采用柠檬酸和草酸的土壤淋洗技术,能够使镉的去除率达到90.1%和92.4%;相比而言,植物修复技术具有更为突出的高效性、易操作和二次污染少的特点,但修复周期较长。从技术、经济、环境安全等多方面出发,分别对三种修复工艺进行了分析讨论,综合考虑了研究场地的现状和未来规划,最终确定土壤淋洗技术为治理河道底泥堆土镉污染的最佳选择。      

内蒙古包头某铁矿尾矿库生态修复的植物优选研究

【研究目的】植物修复技术因其具有绿色、经济、环保的特点,在矿山生态修复中应用广泛,而调查和筛选矿山周边适应本地生境的植物物种是进行植物生态修复的关键环节。【研究方法】通过野外调查取样和室内分析测试相结合的方法,对内蒙古包头某废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属含量、重金属迁移富集能力及其上覆土壤重金属特征进行分析研究,以期筛选优良修复植物,为矿区生态修复提供科学依据。【研究结果】该废弃铁矿尾矿库及周边土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、F含量均远超过河套平原土壤背景值,地累积指数显示污染等级为2～7级,污染程度从轻—中度污染到极强度污染。植物地下部分各元素含量总体上高于地上部分,除Cu外各植物重金属含量大多超出了正常值范围。【结论】沙蒿和独行菜具有富集型植物特征,玉米、狗尾草、虎尾草和拂子茅属于根部囤积型,碱蓬、灰条菜、苍耳、新疆杨和红柳符合规避型植物特征。可根据植物对重金属的吸收和富集特点,科学合理地选择适宜的植物进行矿区受污染土壤植物修复。创新点：研究了废弃铁尾矿库及周边11种优势植物的重金属特征;揭示了优势植物对重金属的吸收机制。     

污染土壤植物修复中螯合诱导和转基因技术的应用现状与前景

近年来,螯合诱导技术和转基因技术作为强化植物吸收重金属的两种技术备受关注。文中系统地介绍了植物对重金属的解毒机理、植物的基因改良以及螯合诱导技术和转基因技术在提高植物修复能力中的应用等有关内容,最后探讨了螯合诱导技术和转基因技术的发展方向,认为这两项技术不失为大有潜力的土壤重金属污染修复技术,具有着广阔的应用前景。     

北京城区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu及Zn化学形态及环境效应

为弄清北京城区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu及Zn五种重金属元素的化学形态分布特征,系统采集了126件城区表层土壤样品,采用连续提取法对重金属元素各化学形态含量进行了测定。结果表明:土壤中土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量差异显著。Hg元素以残渣态和强有机结合态为主,Cd元素离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态含量较高,Pb、Cu、Zn元素以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态为主。Hg元素的有效态含量最低(不足1%),现情况下不会对环境造成污染;Cd元素的有效态含量最高(40%),生物有效性和潜在生态危害性较大,运用植物修复技术对其治理为经济有效的方法;Pb、Cu、Zn有效态含量较低(约10%),生物有效性和潜在生态危害性均有限。各元素形态与全量之间相关程度虽有差别,但基本呈正相关关系。     

Landfarmed oil sludge as a carbon source for Canavalia ensiformis during phytoremediation

Petroleum exploitation in oilfields, especially drilling, generates an oily sludge mixed with hydrocarbons and mineral solids. This oily sludge is sometimes treated by bioremediation and phytoremediation. This investigation established that landfarmed oil sludge provided adequate soil conditions to grow jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) that in turn rhizo- and phytoremediated residual aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil. Landfarming oily sludge adequately reduced jack bean phytotoxicity. Rhizo- and phytodegradation reduced total petroleum hydrocarbons by 57.38 % during 4 months of growing jack beans. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected in the roots but not in the aerial parts. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were translocated to the roots, stems, leaves, and beans, requiring successive cropping to manage all risks associated with some aromatic hydrocarbons found such as: acenaphthylene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Landfarming and phytoremediation, perhaps with successive crops, holds the promise of providing inexpensive management of extensive oily wastes when sufficient land is available.     

Remediation of soil co-contaminated with pyrene and cadmium by growing maize (Zea mays L.)

Sites co-contaminated with organic and metal pollutants are common and considered to be a more complex problem as the two components often causes a synergistic effect on cytotoxicity. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a cost-effective technology for treating heavy metal or organic contamination and may be suitable for remediation of co-contaminated soil. This study investigated the concurrent removal of pyrene and cadmium in co-contaminated soil by growing maize in a pot experiment. At the end of 60 day culture, pyrene in spiked soil diminished significantly, accounting for 21–31 % of the initial extractable concentration in unplanted soil and 12–27 % in planted soil. With the increment of cadmium level, the residual pyrene both in unplanted and planted soil tended to increase. Although the presence of cadmium increased the accumulation of pyrene in maize, plant accumulation only account for less than 0.30 % of the total amount of the dissipated pyrene in vegetated soils. It implied that plant-promoted microbial biodegradation was the predominant contribution to the plant-enhanced dissipation of pyrene in co-contaminated soil. Unlike pyrene, heavy metal cadmium cannot be degraded. It was observed that maize can concurrently removed about on the average 0.70 % of the total cadmium amount in soil by plant uptake, but cadmium phytoextraction would be inhibited under contamination of pyrene. Maize CT38 can normally grow in the co-contaminated soil with high level cadmium and pyrene and can effectively remedy the sites co-contaminated with these two types of contamination, which suggest the possibility of simultaneous phytoremediation of two different contaminant types.     

Biochar effects on metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation in alfalfa (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago sativa L</Emphasis>.) grown in contaminated soil

Mining and geogenic activities can lead to elevated concentrations of potentially toxic elements in soil. Biochar amendment to soil is a cost-effective technology and environmentally friendly approach to control soil pollution, improve phytoremediation and mitigate health risks due to agricultural products. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice husk biochar on alfalfa biomass, metal bioaccumulation and arsenic speciation. Results indicated that rice husk biochar amendments to contaminated soil increased plants biomass by improving soil fertility and available nutrients. Biochar also increased soil cation change capacity, dissolved organic carbon, while decreased available concentrations of potentially toxic elements (except for arsenic). The accumulation of nickel, lead, cadmium and zinc (except for chromium and arsenic) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased as compared with unamended control plants. In addition, increases were observed for inorganic arsenite and arsenate. Current findings demonstrate that rice husk biochar can be used as a beneficial amendment for contaminated soil. However, further field experiments are needed to validate its long-term effectiveness where environmental factors are diverse and complex.     

Uptake and fixation of Zn, Pb, and Cd by Thlaspi caerulescens: application in the cases of old mines of Mibladen and Zaida (West of Morocco)

Contaminated soils and mine tailings pose major environmental and agricultural problems worldwide. These problems may be partially solved by an emerging new technology: phytoremediation. This technique uses plants to extract soil contaminants from the ground. Thlaspi caerulescens is known to accumulate in their tissues several heavy metals from soil and aerial deposition. This study was conducted to screen plants growing on a contaminated site to determine their potential for metal accumulation. Seeds of T. caerulescens metallicolous have been collected in the vicinity of F.T. Laurent le Minier in the Pb–Zn mining district of les Malines (North of Montpellier, Southern France), and seeds of T. caerulescens non-metallicolous were sampled on Larzac Plateau (North of Montpellier, Southern France). Soil substrates were collected from a mine site of Mibladen and Zaida (West, Morroco). Cultivated plant and surface soil samples were analyzed for zinc, lead, and cadmium concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A non-metallicolous (NM) ecotype of T. caerulescens and a metallicolous (M) ecotype are compared for Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulation in shoot and root in five metal-contaminated soils and one uncontaminated soil. The growth of individuals from uncontaminated soil was greater than that of individuals from metal-contaminated soils. The NM populations had markedly higher root/shoot ratio compared to M populations. The results indicate that both ecotypes of T. caerulescens are highly tolerant of zinc and Cd. Ecotype NM had constitutively higher Zn uptake capacity than the M ecotype. T. caerulescens species accumulate higher amount of Zn and Cd in their tissues in polluted soil and, in both of the two ecotypes, the root Pb concentrations were much greater than those of the shoot Pb contents. From both uncontaminated and metal-contaminated soils, we conclude that T. caerulescens are interesting material for phytoremediation of zinc and cadmium.     

北京采矿废弃地植物修复重金属去除率研究

结合北京市采矿废弃地土壤地质环境情况,选取密云区西坨古金矿尾矿土、密云区冯家峪铁矿尾矿土和门头沟区桑峪煤矸石堆为研究对象,进行植物修复研究。共开展4种类型的修复试验,即选用高羊茅、紫花苜蓿和三叶草3种修复植物分别进行修复,同时与板蓝根、桔梗、波斯菊和薄荷等中草药进行混合种植修复,在植物生命周期的不同阶段采集样品分析测试。结果表明:在4种修复类型中,高羊茅对金矿尾矿土中Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd去除效果最好,最大去除率达到18.10%、14.57%、13.81%、18.12%;混合种植对铁矿尾矿土中Cr、Ni、As、Hg去除率达到4种修复类型的最大值,分别为14.81%、9.80%、37.25%、50%。三叶草对煤矸石修复效果最好,对Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd的去除率分别为5.65%、37.15%、15.15%、20%,是4种修复模式去除率的最大值。在生命周期的不同阶段,对比4种修复模式对采矿废弃地土壤中8种重金属的去除效果,均发现有去除率先升后降的现象,因此可对修复植物的进行定期收割,为提高植物吸附土壤重金属的效率,提供一定科学依据。     

Phytoremediation of industrial wastewater potentiality by Typha domingensis

Phytoremediation is increasingly receiving attention as a cost effective technique that uses plants to remediate contaminants from wastewater, soil and sediments. In this study, the ability of Typha domingensis to uptake heavy metals as well as its potential application for phytoremediation was assessed. Pollutant elements concentrations were measured in samples of wastewater, sediments and Typha domingensis collected from industrial wastewater ponds, El-Sadat city, Egypt. This study specifically focused on the capacity of Typha domingensis to absorb and accumulate aluminum, iron, zinc and lead. Results indicated that Typha domingensis was capable of accumulating the heavy metal ions preferentially from wastewater than from sediments. The accumulation of metals in plant organs attained the highest values in roots, rhizomes and old leaves. Rhizofiltration was found to be the best mechanism to explain Typha domingensis phytoremediation capability.