珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积物的有机地球化学特征

本文根据有机地球化学资料,首次研究和探讨了珠江三角洲晚第四纪沉积物中有机质丰度和可溶有机质的组成特征。现代沉积物有机质丰度,有机碳为0.58％,氯仿沥青“A”为210ppm,烃含量为33.8ppm;钻孔中有机碳为0.77％,氯仿沥青“A”为253ppm,烃含量为16.4ppm。从有机质组成、红外吸收光谱特征、δ~(13)C、干酪根H/C原子比,均表现为陆生植物为主,水生生物为铺,为腐殖型或腐泥—腐殖型的母质类型。     

北部湾盆地生油层成熟门限深度与石油初次运移的探讨

近年来我部对北部湾盆地的石油勘探,已发现三个含油构造;获得上第三系角尾组、下第三系流沙港组一、二、三段、石炭系碳酸盐岩古潜山等五个工业性油层.从现有分析资料的研究表明,下第三系流沙港组为盆地中主要的生油层,它具有生油泥质岩厚度大(暗色泥岩总厚793.5米,占本组厚度64.8%.地震资料解释在凹陷中部厚达2000米以上,为弱—无反射波组,反映大套泥质岩);有机质丰度高(有机碳含量1.0—2.6%,氯仿沥青“A”含量 0.1—0.28%,总烃含量700—1800PPM);有机质类型好(腐泥型—混合型);转化程度高(A/C>0.1,烃/C>0.05);广泛分布于各凹陷中,埋藏深度在1500米以下,按我国陆相生油岩评价标准属于好一最好生油岩,可与我国东部各主要含油盆地下第三系生油层媲美.     

南华北地区二叠系烃源岩分布及地化特征

南华北地区二叠系烃源岩主要发育于太原组、山西组、下石盒子组和上石盒子组,以煤系烃源岩为主.通过对各类烃源岩丰度、类型和成熟度的分析认为,煤系泥岩为主要的有效烃源岩,太原组、山西组和下石盒子组有机质丰度较高;母质类型以Ⅲ型(腐殖型)为主,也有少量Ⅱ2型(腐泥腐殖型);二叠系下统有机质处于过成熟-成熟阶段,中上统处于低成熟...     

民和盆地侏罗系生烃潜力与油气勘探方向

从有机碳含量、可溶有机质含量及其转化率、热解参数、饱和烃的生物表示化合物特征、有机岩石学特征几个方面分析了民和盆地侏罗系烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,并进行了地球化学特征分析和生烃潜力评价。分析认为盆地发育湖相泥岩和煤系两大类烃源岩,有机质以较富含低等水生生物原始母质的腐泥腐殖型为主,主要分布于中侏罗统。通过对盆地石油地质条件的评价,结合各区带落实认识程度和资料品质条件认为：武家鼻隆构造带是最有利的勘探区带,万泉堡鼻状构造带具有良好勘探潜力,大庄构造带是寻找浅层次生油气藏的有利区带。永登凹陷面积大,资源丰富,勘探认识程度低,具有良好勘探前景。     

伊通盆地莫里青断陷双阳组烃源岩特征及分布

莫里青断陷为伊通盆地最南端的一个二级构造单元,古近纪以来经历了张扭、热沉降、压扭和挤压构造演化阶段.烃源岩以双阳组为主,为湖沼环境下的泥岩沉积,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以腐殖—腐泥过渡的Ⅱ2型为主,Ⅱ1型次之.双阳组泥岩厚度在断陷中心最厚,从西北缘到东南缘,整体减薄;靠山凹陷中心烃源岩有机质水生生物输入占优势,而凹陷边缘以陆源有机质的输入为主;双阳组成熟度比较低,靠山凹陷中心成熟度较高,达到生烃高峰,东部及南部区域只达到生烃门限.     

柴达木盆地第三系咸水湖相生油岩古沉积环境地球化学特征

在系统分析柴达木盆地西部第三系咸水湖相生油岩样品的微量元素、有机物、粘土矿物组成的基础上,揭示了研究区生油岩的无机元素和有机质组成特征;并结合沉积环境的无机与有机地球化学指标,重建了生油岩沉积时的古沉积环境。生油岩的B、Cl-及伽玛蜡烷含量表明,沉积时的水介质条件是半咸水—咸水环境,并伴随湖盆沉积中心北迁过程各层位地层的盐度发生规律性时空]化;生油岩的Fe2 /Fe3 、S2-、Pr/Ph比值、藿烷碳数分布模式及黄铁矿含量反映其沉积时的沉积环境为强还原性;粘土矿物组合特征及含量揭示这些生油岩的沉积相带介于中心咸湖相和边缘咸湖相之间。     

东地中海沉积后氧化作用造成的腐泥的改造和清除

东地中海沉积后氧化作用造成的腐泥的改造和清除Ｎ．Ｃ．Ｈｉｇｇｓ等厚度大于１ｃｍ、有机碳含量大于２％的沉积层叫腐泥。大部分深水沉积中有机碳含量低，因此腐泥的形成需要特定的海洋地理条件。然而，在近４００ｋａ中，东地中海发育有至少１２层这样的腐泥，它们具有...     

惠民凹陷沙四段烃源岩地球化学特征

利用GC—MS分析惠民凹陷沙四段烃源岩样品，整体研究烃源岩地球化学特征。研究表明，临南洼陷和阳信洼陷沙四上亚段暗色泥岩有机碳含量高，总体上属于中等一好烃源岩。临南洼陷沙四上亚段烃源岩以Ⅱ型混合型有机质为主，次为Ⅲ型有机质；阳信洼陷烃源岩以Ⅰ型腐泥型为主，次为Ⅱ型混合型有机质。惠民凹陷烃源岩中检测到的三萜烷类主要包括C27-C35藿烷和莫烷型三萜类系列、少量的伽马蜡烷和微弱含量的重排甾烷。惠民凹陷泥岩中孕甾烷系列丰度相对低，烃源岩甾烷成熟度值C29ααS／S＋R大于0．4，达到成熟阶段。滋镇洼陷和临南洼陷暗色泥岩沉积环境为淡水还原环境。阳信洼陷沙四段暗色泥岩沉积环境含盐度高，伽马蜡烷指数可达0．8。临南洼陷和阳信洼陷沙四段暗色泥岩具有低等水生生物和陆源高等植物双重输入贡献。惠民凹陷沙四段总体暗色泥岩含有高菲芳烃系列化合物，阳信洼陷三芴系列中硫芴占优势。     

生物气源岩评价指标体系研究

生物成因气资源潜力巨大,具有分布广、埋藏浅、易预测、勘探成本低等优点,作为天然气水合物的主要气源,是一种重要的天然气资源。其生成机理与生油以及热解产气机理有着明显的区别,形成条件也存在着特殊性,许多评价生油岩以及过成熟气的指标并不适用于生物气源岩生气能力的评价。通过分析生物成因气形成演化特征及控制因素,建立了生物气源岩生气能力评价指标体系及评价标准。生物气生成的主要控制因素是可供产甲烷菌等微生物群体可利用的物质条件以及适宜微生物生长活动的地质地球化学环境条件2个方面,有机质碳、氯仿沥青"A"、有机酸、有机质类型以及镜质体反射率是生物气源岩物质条件的评价指标;沉积速率、地层温度、Pr/Ph和Cl-含量是反映地质环境的评价指标;腐泥组分含量、PME、咔唑类化合物、甾烷/藿烷、nC-21/nC+22等能够反映微生物活动及其强度的指标可作为生物气源岩评价的参数。     

南黄海北部沉积物的有机地球化学特征

南黄海北部沉积物有机质在上部层位损失较少,其有机地球化学主要特征为:(1)有机碳与沥青含量随粒度变细而增高;(2)有机质的损失与粒度紧密相关,在粘土沉积物中几乎无损失;(3)沥青和烃类含量都很低,沥青有几百个ppm,而烃类只有几十个ppm。     

Hydrocarbon source rock potential in the southwestern Gulf of Suez graben: Insights from organic geochemistry and palynofacies studies on well samples from the Ras El Bahar Oilfield

Palynological and biomarker characteristics of organic facies recovered from Cretaceous–Miocene well samples in the Ras El Bahar Oilfield, southwest Gulf of Suez, and their correlation with lithologies, environments of deposition and thermal maturity have provided a sound basis for determining their source potential for hydrocarbons. In addition to palynofacies analysis, TOC/Rock-Eval pyrolysis, kerogen concentrates, bitumen extraction, carbon isotopes and saturated and aromatic biomarkers enable qualitative and quantitative assessments of sedimentary organic matter to be made. The results obtained from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and molecular biomarker data indicate that most of the samples come from horizons that have fair to good hydrocarbon generation potential in the study area. The Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene-Lower Eocene samples contain mostly Type-II to Type-III organic matter with the capability of generating oil and gas. The sediments concerned accumulated in dysoxic–anoxic marine environments. By contrast, the Miocene rocks yielded mainly Type-III and Type-II/III organic matter with mainly gas-generating potential. These rocks reflect deposition in a marine environment into which there was significant terrigenous input. Three palynofacies types have been recognized. The first (A) consists of Type-III gas-prone kerogen and is typical of the Early–Middle Miocene Belayim, Kareem and upper Rudeis formations. The second (B) has mixed oil and gas features and characterizes the remainder of the Rudeis Formation. The third association (C) is dominated by amorphous organic matter, classified as borderline Type-II oil-prone kerogen, and is typical of the Matulla (Turonian–Santonian) and Wata (Turonian) formations. Rock-Eval T_max, PI, hopane and sterane biomarkers consistently indicate an immature to early mature stage of thermal maturity for the whole of the studied succession.     

Organic geochemistry of the Silurian Tanezzuft Formation and crude oils,NC115 Concession,Murzuq Basin,southwest Libya

Thirty-six Silurian core and cuttings samples and 10 crude oil samples from Ordovician reservoirs in the NC115 Concession, Murzuq Basin, southwest Libya were studied by organic geochemical methods to determine source rock organic facies, conditions of deposition, thermal maturity and genetic relationships. The Lower Silurian Hot Shale at the base of the Tanezzuft Formation is a high-quality oil/gas-prone source rock that is currently within the early oil maturity window. The overall average TOC content of the Hot Shale is 7.2 wt% with a maximum recorded value of 20.9 wt%. By contrast, the overlying deposits of the Tanezzuft Formation have an average TOC of 0.6 wt% and a maximum value of 1.1 wt%. The organic matter in the Hot Shale consists predominantly of mixed algal and terrigenous Type-II/III kerogen, whereas the rest of the formation is dominated by terrigenous Type-III organic matter with some Type II/III kerogen. Oils from the A-, B- and H-oil fields in the NC115 Concession were almost certainly derived from marine shale source rocks that contained mixed algal and terrigenous organic input reflecting deposition under suboxic to anoxic conditions. The oils are light and sweet, and despite being similar, were almost certainly derived from different facies and maturation levels within mature source rocks. The B-oils were generated from slightly less mature source rocks than the others. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), selected source-related biomarkers and stable carbon isotope ratios, the NC115 oils can be divided into two genetic families: Family-I oils from Ordovician Mamuniyat reservoirs were probably derived from older Palaeozoic source rocks, whereas Family-II oils from Ordovician Mamuniyat–Hawaz reservoirs were probably charged from a younger Palaeozoic source of relatively high maturity. A third family appears to be a mixture of the two, but is most similar to Family-II oils. These oil families were derived from one proven mature source rock, the Early Silurian, Rhuddanian Hot Shale. There is a good correlation between the Family-II and -III oils and the Hot Shale based on carbon isotope compositions. Saturated and aromatic maturity parameters indicate that these oils were generated from a source rock of considerably higher maturity than the examined rock samples. The results imply that the oils originated from more mature source rocks outside the NC115 Concession and migrated to their current positions after generation.     

珠江口盆地文昌A凹陷油气差异分布特征

在烃源岩分布特征、有机质丰度、类型和成熟度分析的基础上,运用含油气盆地数值模拟技术,定量恢复了烃源岩热成熟演化史,探讨了油气差异分布特征。研究表明,文昌A凹陷各层系烃源岩分布广,厚度大,有机质丰度高;有机质类型文昌组偏Ⅱ1型,恩平组偏Ⅲ型,二者现今多处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。凹陷内烃源岩成熟时间早(文昌组约45.5Ma),现今成熟度高,以干气生成为主;凹陷边缘烃源岩成熟时间较晚(文昌组约30.0Ma),现今成熟度相对较低,以石油生成为主。凹陷现今油气差异分布的格局受制于有机质类型差异和热演化史不同,且下一步油气勘探方向,凹陷内以天然气为主,凹陷边缘以石油为主。     

Influence of refractory organic matter on source rock hydrocarbon potential: A case study from the Second White Specks and Belle Fourche formations,Alberta, Canada

Dilution by inert, refractory organic carbon can have a significant impact on the hydrocarbon potential of source rocks. In this study, a correction of total organic carbon, based on petrographic observations, is proposed to give a better indication of hydrocarbon generation potential. This correction shows that although the Second White Specks Formation is an excellent hydrocarbon source rock, hydrogen index and total organic carbon are influenced by dilution from refractory organic carbon of various sources. The results show that a higher degree of dilution occurs within the Belle Fourche Formation than the Second White Specks Formation. This dilution can have a significant impact on the hydrocarbon potential of the rock.Volumetric calculation of the inert carbon fraction using organic petrographic methods provides a semi quantitative method to correct total organic carbon values for the refractory organic carbon dilution effect. Incorporation of the dilution corrected organic carbon value in hydrogen index calculations allows a greater understanding of source rock hydrocarbon potential. This method provides better differentiation of the small scale variation between micro-facies and formation, as observed in the Second White Specks and Belle Fourche formations, than traditional bulk geochemical methodologies and previously proposed correction methodologies. Degree of dilution, either through transport of recycled allochthonous or autochthonous reworking of organic matter in-situ is highly variable and represents a significant challenge in the characterization of heterogeneous source rocks.This study investigates the organic petrology and geochemistry of a sediment core from the thermally immature area of the Upper Cretaceous Second White Specks Formation and Belle Fourche Formation. Reflectance and relative abundance of three maceral groups (bituminite, alginite, and refractory organic carbon macerals) showed significant organic matter compositional differences between micro-facies in the Second White Specks Formation. A change is also observed in organic matter composition from the upper part of the Belle Fourche Formation to the Second White Specks Formation. These compositional changes represent shifts in sediment source, sea floor oxygen levels, and depositional energy levels. These changes can be episodic, as observed between micro-facies, or longer time scale trends, as observed between the studied formations.     

华北中新元古界海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价

Marine carbonate rocks are widespread and their sedimentary layers are huge and thick.Many oil seepages outcrops are found in the Middle-Upper Proterozoic of North China. Combined with previous data, the paper discusses the evaluation criteria of marine carbonate source rocks.Many factors,such as organic matter types of source rocks,thermal maturity,mineral and chemical composition,paleotemperature and source-reservioir relationship etc. Should be considered. Therefore,the abundance cutoff criteria of organic matters in North China especially in the Southern area,needs further.In this paper,North China is divided into the north area dn the south area,and the organic matter type,organic matter abundance and degree of thermal evolution of organic matter in the two areas in overall and both of them are high thermal evaluation level.Furthermore,the majority of the organic matters of the source rock have been in highly over matured phase.Source rock mature period of Liulaobei Formation and Xuhuai Group in the southern area ids equal to that of the lower Xiamalin Formation in the northern area,the hydrocarbon generation capacity of Chuanlinggou Formation,and different organic matter types obtained with different methods on source rock research in the south area of North China are also put forward.     

Lower Cretaceous black shales of the Western Carpathians,Czech Republic: Palynofacies indication of depositional environment and source potential for hydrocarbons

Uppermost Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Silesian Nappe of the Outer Western Carpathians contain large amounts of shale, which can, under favourable conditions, become source rocks for hydrocarbons. This study analysed 45 samples from the area of Czech Republic by the means of palynofacies analysis, thermal alteration index (TAI) of palynomorphs and total organic carbon (TOC) content to determine the kerogen type, hydrocarbon source rock potential, and to interpret the depositional environment. Uppermost Jurassic Vendryně Formation and Lower Cretaceous Formations (Těšín Limestone, Hradiště and Lhoty) reveal variable amount of mostly gas prone type III kerogen. Aptian Veřovice Formation has higher organic matter content (over 3 wt.%) and oil-prone type II kerogen. Organic matter is mature to overmature and hydrocarbon potential predisposes it as a source of gas. Aptian black claystones of the Veřovice Fm. are correlatable with oceanic anoxic event 1 (OAE1).     

Black shales in Ukraine – A review

As a result of a long-lasting and complex geological history, organic-matter-rich fine-grained rocks (black shales) with widely varying ages can be found on Ukrainian territory. Several of them are proven hydrocarbon source rocks and may hold a significant shale gas potential.Thick Silurian black shales accumulated along the western margin of the East European Craton in a foreland-type basin. By analogy with coeval organic-matter-rich rocks in Poland, high TOC contents and gas window maturity can be expected. However, to date information on organic richness is largely missing and maturity patterns remain to be refined.Visean black shales with TOC contents as high as 8% and a Type III-II kerogen accumulated along the axis of the Dniepr-Donets rift basin (DDB). They are the likely source for conventional oil and gas. Oil-prone Serpukhovian black shales accumulated in the shallow northwestern part of the DDB. Similar black shales probably may be present in the Lviv-Volyn Basin (western Ukraine).Middle Jurassic black shales up to 500 m thick occur beneath the Carpathian Foredeep. They are the likely source for some heavy oil deposits. TOC contents up to 12% (Type II) have been recorded, but additional investigations are needed to study the vertical and lateral variability of organic matter richness and maturity.Lower Cretaceous black shales with a Type III(-II) kerogen (TOC > 2%) are widespread at the base of the Carpathian flysch nappes, but Oligocene black shales (Menilite Fm.) rich in organic matter (4–8% TOC) and containing a Type II kerogen are the main source rock for oil in the Carpathians. Their thermal maturity increases from the external to the internal nappes.Oligocene black shales are also present in Crimea (Maykop Fm.). These rocks typically contain high TOC contents, but data from Ukraine are missing.     

Source rocks and petroleum systems in the Hungarian part of the Pannonian Basin: The potential for shale gas and shale oil plays

The objectives of our study were to assess the thickness, lateral extent, organic richness and maturity of the potential source rocks in Hungary and to estimate the volumes of hydrocarbons generated, in order that potential shale gas and shale oil plays could be identified and characterised.The Upper Triassic Kössen Marl in south-west Hungary could represent the best potential shale gas/shale oil play, due to its high organic richness, high maturity and the presence of fracture barriers. The area of gas- and oil-generative maturity is around 720 km² with the unexpelled petroleum estimated to be up to 9 billion barrel oil-equivalent.The Lower Jurassic sediments of the Mecsek Mountains and under the Great Plain contain fair quality gas-prone source rocks, with low shale gas potential, except for a thin Toarcian shale unit which is richer in organic matter. The latter could form a potential shale gas play under the Great Hungarian Plain, if it is thicker locally.The Lower Oligocene Tard Clay in north-east Hungary could represent the second best potential shale oil play, due to its organic richness, favourable maturity and large areal extent (4500 km²) with around 7 billion barrel oil-equivalent estimated in-place volume of petroleum.Middle Miocene marine formations could represent locally-developed shale gas plays; they have fair amounts of organic matter and a mixture of type II/III kerogen, but their vertical and lateral variability is high.The Upper Miocene lacustrine Endrőd Marl contains less organic matter and the kerogen is mainly type III, which is not favourable for shale gas generation. The high carbonate and clay content, plus the lack of upper and lower fracture barriers would represent additional production challenges.