提高矿山生产经济效益的一项重要任务——谈广东凡口铅锌矿矿石开采的损失与贫化及其监督管理

矿石的损失与贫化会给矿山生产造成巨大的经济损失,因此,降低矿石的损失与贫化是提高矿山生产经济效益的一项重要任务。本文通过举例、算经济损失帐阐明了这一点,而且对造成矿石贫化损失的原因作了分析,并提出了一些降低矿石开采贫化损失的监督管理办法和建议。     

地质钻探孔内被卡钻柱的卡点测量与计算方法分析

卡钻事故是地质钻探孔内事故中发生最频繁、耗费时间最长、损失最大的事故之一。在处理卡钻事故的过程中,卡点位置的确定是关键。目前地质钻探孔内被卡钻柱卡点的确定方法主要有注磁法测卡点、直接用磁性定位器测卡点、测卡仪测卡点和公式法计算卡点等。本文详细介绍了卡点测量方法的工作原理和操作步骤,并对3种卡点测量方法进行了对比分析。同时给出了单一、复合管柱的卡点计算公式和参数确定操作步骤,并对2种计算公式进行了对比分析。经过对比分析发现,测卡仪测卡点准确度高,但是存在局限性,且费时费钱,而公式计算法简单容易,但是准确性较低。因此建议在现场确定卡点位置时,应将测卡仪测卡和公式计算卡点法结合起来,以期更快更准确地确定卡点位置,并及时采取有效措施解卡,减少经济损失。     

基于模糊事故树的边坡预应力锚索可靠性分析

通过已有软岩边坡锚索监测资料,结合锚索预应力损失影响因素以及损失机理,构建边坡锚索预应力损失事故树。引入了模糊集理论,采用3σ法则和改进模糊语言将基本事件的不确定概率转化为梯形模糊数,应用模糊算子计算出事故树中顶事件发生的模糊概率,进行了模糊重要度分析,明确了系统的薄弱环节,并提出了降低该边坡锚索预应力损失的合理措施。分析结果表明,模糊事故树法能将主观判断做出客观描述,并科学有效的评价边坡锚索锚固可靠性问题,为边坡锚固工程失效事故的安全预警提供了新思路。     

泥石流灾害损失评价

泥石流灾害损失评价是对已经发生的泥百流灾害所造成的损失进行综合性的测算和统计。它是泥石流灾害评价的重要内容之一。一次泥石流灾害，除了直接造成人员伤亡和财产损失外，还可能伴有潜在的间接影响。此外，时间和空间分布状况的不同也增加了评价的难度。所以，泥石流灾害损失评价是一项复杂的工作。灾害损失的严重程度需要通过适当的指标来反映。根据承灾体特点，文章初步建立了泥石流灾害损失评价指标，分别为人员损失、经济损失和救灾投入费用，并且对于每个指标给定了相应的计算方法。人员损失主要由因灾死亡损失和因灾伤害损失两部分构成；经济损失包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失。直接经济损失集在在建筑、资产、交通、管线、资源5个方面，间接经济损失则通过与直接经；声损失的比例关系来进行换算；救灾投入费用是灾害发生后进行救援、治理、恢复等所花费的费用。最终的灾害总损失等于上述3部分损失之和。在此基础上，综合时间和地域因素，提出了灾害损失的时空比较方法，从而增加了评价的科学性和合理性。泥石流灾害损失评价为定量反映灾情、进行泥石流救灾优先性工作提供了依据。     

千斤顶在钻井事故处理中的应用

山西三交煤层气区块某煤层气参数井＋生产试验井施工中遇到的一次钻杆折断,孔底遗留钻具为78.38m的孔内事故。在事故分析和施工经验总结的基础上,为弥补钻探设备对孔内钻具提升力的不足,尝试将千斤顶应用到事故处理中,并成功地处理了这次由于断钻具引起的卡、埋钻事故,避免了处理事故过程中次生事故的发生,减少了处理事故的时间,保证了施工工期和钻孔质量,大大减少了由于孔内事故引起的经济损失,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

地震灾害经济损失严重性的宏观估算法

对未来发生地震可能造成的经济损失进行预测,是各个地区政府部门进行经济建设规划的一项必不可少的基础性工作。本文着重分析了影响地震灾害损失的因素,提出了定量计算地震灾害经济损失严重性的数学模式。     

陕西省煤田地质勘探公司任民乐、郭忠平介绍——生物节律在安全工作中的应用

1988年,煤田地质系统完成了各项计划,取得了较好成绩。但伤亡事故仍然严重,全系统死亡9人,重伤49人。据1—11月份不完全统计,交通事故150余起,经济损失达34万元。说明我系统的安全工作比较薄弱,不容盲目乐观。而安全工作的中心任务,主要是研究事故的现象、原因;事故发生规律与隐患转化的规律以及预防方法,减少和消灭事故。可以认为,每一特定事故都是由人、物、环境、管理四要素构成的。其中,人是生产活动的     

淮河(江苏段)水体SVOC浓度水平及经济损失评估

为评价淮河水体有机污染物对流域人民健康和经济发展的影响,建立了一套有机化合物浓度分析、有机物导致人体健康损失的评估以及相应的经济损失计算的方法。首先建立了表面水体中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOC)浓度水平的分析方法,对淮河(江苏段)进行采样分析。结果表明,该河段水体共检出33种半挥发性有机化合物(SVOC),部分多环芳烃、取代苯等具有较高浓度,所有检出化合物均属于美国环境保护局(US EPA)的优先控制污染物。为讨论水体有毒化合物对人体健康损害的经济损失,提出一种判断此类物质导致人体重大疾病发生概率的方法,并估算了检测河段范围内典型区域相应的健康损失及其占GDP的比例。结果显示,SVOC导致的2002和2003年的经济损失分别占当地当年GDP的0.876‰~2.22‰和0.684‰~2.25‰。最后,提出了减少水体优先控制污染物导致经济损失的相应建议。     

增压机在处理基岩地层压差卡钻事故中的应用

压差卡钻是钻井施工中经常遇到的井下事故,处理不及时会给钻井工程带来巨大的经济损失。通过分析压差卡钻事故发生的原因及其特点,并结合工程实例介绍了用增压机处理基岩地层中压差卡钻事故的方法及其操作规程和注意事项。     

“物探”在研究地下金属管道腐蚀与阴极保护工作中的应用

金属的腐蚀是非常普遍的现象,因此腐蚀的研究及其防护在国民经济中具有十分重要的意义,据估计世界每年因腐蚀造成的损失约为金属材料总产量的30％,而间接的经济损失更为严重,如油气管线因腐蚀而造成穿孔漏油、火灾、爆炸等事故,不但一次就可造成千百万元的经济损失,还可造成人身伤亡事故及环境的严重污染。     

The assessment of traffic accident risk based on grey relational analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

The traffic accident risk includes three aspects, traffic accident probability, traffic accident severity, and traffic accident trend respectively. In this paper, nine indicators are selected to evaluate the traffic accident risk. The grey relational analysis method was used to determine the weights, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to calculate the risk. These methods were applied to assess the comprehensive risk of traffic accident in 31 provinces in China. The results show that the average value of traffic accident risk is 55.17. Nine provinces which are located in the northwest area and southeast area belong to the high-risk level. The medium-risk areas are widely distributed in the central, northeast, and southwest regions. The low-risk areas are Jilin, Neimenggu, Guizhou, and Beijing. The results have great significance for the measurement and management of regional traffic accident risk.     

含钚材料恐怖事件的后果分析

基于数值仿真计算手段,定量分析了含钚材料恐怖事件中炸药爆炸条件下钚材料气溶胶的转化份额;针对不同可吸入气溶胶比例,应用HotSpot核事故后果评价模型计算了有关辐射特征量。结果表明,不同可吸入气溶胶比例对于辐射危害防护及处置有着明显的影响。     

Basinwide disaster loss assessments under extreme climate scenarios: a case study of the Kaoping River basin

This study examined the Kaoping River basin, Taiwan, an area severely destroyed by Typhoon Morakot in 2009. Dynamically downscaled data were applied to simulate extreme typhoon precipitation events for facilitating future preparation efforts (2075–2099) under climate change conditions. Models were used to simulate possible impacts in upstream and downstream areas for basinwide disaster loss assessment purposes. The Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability and FLO-2D models were applied to simulate slope-land disaster impacts and sediment volume in the upstream area. The sediment delivery ratio was used to calculate the valid sediment amount delivered downstream and the riverbed uplift altitude. SOBEK was used to build a flood impact model for the Kaoping River basin, and the model was used to simulate potential flooding caused by future extreme typhoon events. The Taiwan Typhoon Loss Assessment System established by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction was used to evaluate the potential loss associated with extreme events. The property loss calculation included 32 land-use categories, including agriculture, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry losses; industrial and commercial service losses; public building losses; and traffic and hydraulic facility losses. One of the Kaoping River basin townships, Daliao District, had the highest flood depth increase ratio (12.6%), and the losses were 1.5 times the original situation. This was much worse than were the losses suffered during Typhoon Morakot. These results also show that sediment delivered from the upstream areas had a significant influence on the downstream areas. This is a critical issue for future flood mitigation under climate change conditions.     

大型X射线医疗设备的环评分析

通过一个环评实例阐述大型X射线医疗设备销售项目环境影响评价的基本分析要点,给出了正常工况下和事故工况下环境影响分析过程和剂量估算方法。大型X射线医疗设备销售的环境影响评价要点是：根据项目实际情况,确定污染因子和管理限值,采用类比、现场实测加计算的评价、预测方法,区分正常工况与事故工况,对污染进行分析、监测、计算和预测。     

煤田自燃烧失量的计算方法探讨

在定量分析地面红外辐射温度与地面热流密度的基础上,归纳了二者之间的相互关系,探讨了根据地面的红外辐射温度计算地面热流密度和煤田自燃烧失量的方法,在此基础上提出利用陆地卫星LandsatTM第六波段计算煤田自燃烧失量的方法.     

大佛寺矿40104运顺钻孔事故分析及处理技术

针对大佛寺矿40104工作面运顺钻孔抱钻、掉钻事故的具体状况,经分析钻孔事故发生的可能原因,对钻具打捞方案进行分析优选,通过理论分析与现场实践相结合,成功打捞了孔内钻具,为采煤排除了安全隐患。     

Probabilistic winter storm risk assessment for residential buildings in Germany

Losses resulting from winter storms contribute a significant part to the overall losses among all natural hazards in most mid-latitude European countries. A realistic assessment of storm risk is therefore essential for prevention and coping measures. The paper presents a framework for probabilistic storm risk assessment for residential buildings which is exemplarily performed for Germany. Two different approaches are described, and results are presented. The hazard-based approach brings together hazard, vulnerability and building assets to calculate risk curves for each community. The storm-based approach uses loss information from past storm events to calculate statistical return periods of severe storms. As a result, a return period of 83 years to the most severe storm series in 1990 is calculated. Average annual losses of €170 million to residential buildings are calculated for all over Germany. The study demonstrates how the approaches complement each other and how validation is performed.     

Comparative Risk Assessments for the City of Cologne – Storms, Floods, Earthquakes

In this paper a methodology for a multi-risk assessment of an urban area is introduced and performed for the city of Cologne, Germany, considering the natural hazards windstorm, flooding and earthquake. Moreover, sources of the uncertainty in the analysis and future needs for research are identified. For each peril the following analyses were undertaken: hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment and estimation of losses. To compare the three hazard types on a consistent basis, a common economic assessment of exposed assets was developed. This was used to calculate direct economic losses to buildings and their contents. The perils were compared by risk curves showing the exceedence probability of the estimated losses. In Cologne, most of the losses that occur frequently are due to floods and windstorms. For lower return periods (10–200 years) the risk is dominated by floods. For return periods of more than 200 years the highest damage is caused by earthquakes.