郑州市断裂最大潜在地震发震概率评价

根据“郑州市城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价(二期)”综合目标区断层最大潜在地震判定结果,郑州市近东西向断裂有老鸦陈断裂和上街断裂等.老鸦陈断裂第四纪不活动,上街断裂等可能具有发生5-5.5级地震的能力.为了得到最大地震的发震概率,划分了统计区及潜在震源区,得到了地震活动性参数及空间分布函数.最终得出了郑州市断裂未来50年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为6％,未来100年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为11％.     

考虑地震构造背景的地震活动性参数光滑方法在地震危险性概率评价中的应用

本文选取华北地震区作为研究区域,尝试利用空间光滑活动模型进行地震危险性评估.首先对研究区域进行划分网格,依据地震构造和地震空间分布特征建立地震构造模型,确定构造区特征参数(b值、M0、Mu、断层方位角及M-L关系等).采用考虑了地震构造背景的椭圆光滑过程的地震活动参数模型,计算各网格点的地震发生率.并利用网格源的地震危险性概率评价方法,由不同输入地震目录通过综合加权得到该区域50年超越概率10％的加速度峰值区划结果.该方法充分体现了地震活动的空间非均一性,尤其适用于发震构造不甚清晰的中强地震可能造成的地震危险性,避免了常规潜在震源区的划分.且评价方法简单快捷,为地震区划以及重大工程地震安全性评价工作提供了新的技术方法.     

中强地震活动区地震年平均发生率确定方法的比较

目前确定地震活动性参数的方法有2种,即潜在震源区划分法和格点空间光滑法.本文针对格点空间光滑法,重点介绍了高斯空间光滑法及其改进后的方法,并对比分析了这些方法的优缺点及适用性;然后以华中为研究区,分别采用高斯空间光滑法和潜在震源区法建立地震活动性模型计算地震年平均发生率,并利用概率地震危险性分析方法计算地震危险性,对比两种方法所得区划结果的差异并分析了引起差异的原因.结果表明:空间光滑法适用于中强地震活动区地震危险性或由背景地震引起的地震危险性的计算;潜在震源区划分法适用于考虑明确的发震构造的地震危险性.将2种方法相结合,综合考虑地震和已知构造信息是判断中强地震活动区地震危险性的可行方法.     

哈尔滨市主要断裂未来地震危险性评价

哈尔滨市目标区内主要断裂断错地表的最新活动时代为第四纪早期,晚更新世以来无断错地表的活动迹象。通过对城市活动断层地震危险性评价的技术思路、哈尔滨市工作区的地震地质环境与潜在震源区划分、目标区主要断裂活动特征的综合分析,确定了目标区内3条主要断裂未来可能发生地震的最大震级,并以兴安-东蒙活动地块与工作区作为分析的两种范围尺度,在适当调整工程地震学地震危险性概率分析方法的基础上,综合估算了目标区和目标区内单条断裂未来100年的发震概率。结果表明:哈尔滨市目标区主要断裂未来发生4.0级上破坏性地震的可能性极小,可能地震的最大震级为MS5.5     

乌鲁木齐城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价主要成果简介

以乌鲁木齐市建成区和规划区作为探测目标区,对区内的活动断层及其深部发震构造进行了系统的探测,对活动断层的危险性和危害性进行了初步评价。根据断层活动性鉴定,确定目标区内存在2组全新世活动断层,即王家沟断层组和九家湾断层组。前者为近EW向的北倾逆断层,后者为NE走向的北倾正断层。晚更新世活动断层为八钢-石化隐伏断层、西山断层、碗窑沟断层和白杨南沟断层。深部发震构造探测揭示出目标区所处的北天山山前薄皮推覆构造及其前缘逆断层-褶皱的清楚结构,结合流动地震观测和小震精确定位等,建立了目标区活动断层的发震构造模型。通过古地震探槽和地震活动性研究对目标区全新世活动断层和晚更新世活动断层的地震危险性进行了评价;并在此基础上对可能发生的直下型大地震所引起的强地震动进行了预测,对全新世活动断层可能产生的地表错动带和晚更新世活动断层可能引起的地表变形带进行了预测     

郑州市断裂最大潜在地震发震概率评价

根据“郑州市城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价（二期）”综合目标区断层最大潜在地震判定结果,郑州市近东西向断裂有老鸦陈断裂和上街断裂等。老鸦陈断裂第四纪不活动,上街断裂等可能具有发生5—5.5级地震的能力。为了得到最大地震的发震概率,划分了统计区及潜在震源区,得到了地震活动性参数及空间分布函数。最终得出了郑州市断裂未来50年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为6%,未来100年发生1次5级以上地震的概率为11%。     

面状发震构造在地震构造法中的应用：以大姚—姚安发震构造鉴定为例

核电厂地震安全性评价中的地震构造法,要求鉴定发震构造和划分地震构造区,在以往实践中,发震构造鉴定往往基于地表活动断裂构造,且表征为线状震源.当存在较强非随机分布的地震活动且难以找到清晰的地表活动断裂构造形迹时,地震构造法就难以合理地表现这些地震的危险性.本文以云南滇中大姚—姚安发震构造鉴定为例,探讨了在地表活动构造形迹不清,中强地震活动性较强的滇中大姚—姚安地区,采用面状发震构造来表征地震危险性的方法,讨论了在地震构造法中采用面状发震构造的必要性、鉴定思路和方法,并建议在今后的核工程地震危险性评价地震构造法中应充分考虑面状发震构造的应用.     

龙门山断裂带南北活动差异及复杂构造建模——基于地表破裂带和中小震精定位

位于青藏高原东缘的龙门山断裂带一直以来是研究青藏高原隆升、四川盆地含油气构造演化、南北地震带地震危险性分析的重点地区,对新构造运动、油气勘探、地震研究均有重要意义。自从汶川地震在龙门山断裂带上发生以来,各研究领域的专家利用已有的资料,基于各自对龙门山断裂带构造的认识,对该地震的发震构造问题开展了广泛的讨论,提出了多种发震构造模式,但大部分仅提出了一个或是几个二维的发震构造剖面,部分三维发震构造模型也仅是不考虑断层相互切割关系的简单化的有限元模型,且部分模型仅仅是提出了起始破裂处的发震模型。鉴于汶川地震长达240km的地表破裂带,仅建立局部地区的构造模型是远远不够的,而汶川地震地表破裂带和中小震精定位结果、震源机制解均表明龙门山断裂带的构造存在较大的南北活动的差异。因此,研究地震发生和传播机制需要建立整个龙门山断裂带的复杂三维构造模型。     

呼和浩特市主要活动断裂未来危险性评价——以大青山山前断裂为例

通过对呼和浩特市活动断层地震危险性评价的技术途径、目标区内主要断裂的活动特征的综合分析,确定目标区内主断裂未来可能发生的最大震级;采用"时间相依"大陆模型、BPT模型及河套模型,对目标区内断裂进行地震危险性的综合评估。结果表明,呼和浩特段的发震危险性高于毕克齐段,在未来100年均具有较高程度的发震危险性,其潜在地震的最大震级均为M_S7.2。     

乌鲁木齐市活断层强地面运动预测研究

介绍了基于乌鲁木齐活断层发震构造模型的强地面运动的预测结果.该项工作是在乌鲁木齐城区开展的活断层探测与地震危险性评价的基础上,设定了两个发震构造,分别为北天山山前逆冲推覆构造和博格达弧西翼逆冲推覆构造,前者可能最大地震震级为7.5级,后者为7.0级,据此建立了分析计算模型.根据地脉动观测分析结果,结合浅层地震勘探、地质图、地形图和钻孔资料,建立了地下三维速度模型,采用统计学的格林函数法、三维有限差分法和混合计算方法,对目标区的地震动进行了预测研究.预测结果表明,断层的结构、破裂方式和三维速度模型对地震动的分布具有显著的影响.沿断层前缘、盆地边缘、覆盖层较厚的地区,以及断层破裂的前方地震动比较显著.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.