晚春初夏西太平洋副热带高压南撤过程的气候学特征

利用1979—2006年多年平均逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA的OLR和逐候CAMP降水资料,从气候学角度探讨了晚春初夏季节转换时期,西太平洋副热带高压(副高)脊线位置变化及其与亚洲夏季风爆发的关系。发现晚春初夏时期西太平洋副高在向北移动过程中存在一次显著的南撤过程,之后西太平洋副高发生第一次北跳,南撤主要发生在对流层高层和低层,南撤生命期可达2周,且高层的南撤过程结束时间比低层的南撤过程开始时间早约1旬,这为预测低层副高南撤及其第一次北跳提供了有意义的前期信号。低层西太平洋副高南撤的同时伴随着一次显著东退过程。在低层副高南撤结束后(约5月底),由于气温经向梯度的变化使副高脊轴倾斜发生反转。晚春初夏的西太平洋副高南撤过程与亚州夏季风爆发、强对流活动和降雨带的移动变化关系密切。在对流层高层西太平洋副高南撤过程的中后期(约4月底),夏季风在安达曼海和临近孟加拉湾爆发。在对流层低层西太平洋副高南撤过程开始后,南海夏季风开始爆发(5月14—15日);南撤过程结束后(6月初),印度夏季风爆发;在副高脊线返回日后(6月中),东亚夏季风爆发。西太平洋副高南撤过程不同阶段的建立时间为预知亚洲不同地区夏季风的爆发时间提供了非常有用的信息。此外,在西太平洋副高主体南北两侧存在两支强的雨带,与副高主体控制的少雨带构成一个典型的"湿干湿"三明治雨型,这个雨型的变化与西太平洋副高脊线移动有关。     

Changed Relationships Between the East Asian Summer Monsoon Circulations and the Summer Rainfall in Eastern China

In previous statistical forecast models, prediction of summer precipitation along the Yangtze River valley and in North China relies heavily on its close relationships with the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), the blocking high in higher latitudes, and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). These relationships were stable before the 1990s but have changed remarkably in the recent two decades. Before the 1990s, precipitation along the Yangtze River had a significant positive correlation with the intensity of the WPSH, but the correlation weakened rapidly after 1990, and the correlation between summer rainfall in North China and the WPSH also changed from weak negative to significantly positive. The changed relationships present a big challenge to the application of traditional statistical seasonal prediction models. Our study indicates that the change could be attributed to expansion of the WPSH after around 1990. Owing to global warming, increased sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific rendered the WPSH stronger and further westward. Under this condition, more moisture was transported from southern to northern China, leading to divergence and reduced (increased) rainfall over the Yangtze River (North China). On the other hand, when the WPSH was weaker, it stayed close to its climatological position (rather than more eastward), and the circulations showed an asymmetrical feature between the stronger and weaker WPSH cases owing to the decadal enhancement of the WPSH. Composite analysis reveals that the maximum difference in the moisture transport before and after 1990 appeared over the western Pacific. This asymmetric influence is possibly the reason why the previous relationships between monsoon circulations and summer rainfall have now changed.     

2007年6—7月西太平洋副热带高压的异常特征及其成因分析

采用NCEP资料以及NOAA卫星观测的OLR场资料,分析了2007年6—7月淮河流域暴雨及江南、华南异常高温期间西太平洋副热带高压的异常特征,其表现为强度强且南北位置相对稳定,东西方向进退明显于南北方向的移动。通过分析经圈平面上的垂直环流及风矢量场的特征表明,副高南北两侧都存在一定强度的上升气流,北侧上升气流对西太平洋副高中心区700 hPa以上高度的下沉运动有激发作用,而南侧上升气流对西太平洋副高中心区的下沉运动作用不大。中高纬度阻塞高压双阻型的建立,有利于西太平洋副高的加强和发展。强劲而稳定少动的中纬度西风急流和热带地区异常活跃的对流均有利于西太平洋副高的相对稳定。     

Predicting Western Pacific Subtropical High Using a Combined Tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Forecast

Weather and climate in East China are closely related to the variability of the western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH）, which is an important part of the Asian monsoon system. The WPSH prediction in spring and summer is a critical component of rainfall forecasting during the summer flood season in China. Although many attempts have been made to predict WPSH variability, its predictability remains limited in practice due to the complexity of the WPSH evolution. Many studies have indicated that the sea surface temperature（SST） over the tropical Indian Ocean has a significant effect on WPSH variability. In this paper, a statistical model is developed to forecast the monthly variation in the WPSH during the spring and summer seasons on the basis of its relationship with SST over the tropical Indian Ocean. The forecasted SST over the tropical Indian Ocean is the predictor in this model, which differs significantly from other WPSH prediction methods. A 26-year independent hindcast experiment from 1983 to 2008 is conducted and validated in which the WPSH prediction driven by the combined forecasted SST is compared with that driven by the persisted SST. Results indicate that the skill score of the WPSH prediction driven by the combined forecasted SST is substantial.     

2018年夏季东北极端高温事件物理机制分析

基于观测资料和再分析资料,研究分析了2018年夏季中国东北地区持续多日出现高温异常事件的形成机理。首先分析了整个夏季该地区观测台站逐日的温度资料,计算了观测台站的超热因子（Excess Heat Factor,EHF）指数,发现东北地区出现高温异常的时段主要是7月和8月,异常高温的发生区域集中在东北南部。在此期间,东亚大气环流形势的异常主要表现为南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压强度异常增强,作用相互重叠和位置持续偏北。进一步的分析可以注意到,二者的重叠造成研究区域内有负涡度异常增强,使得南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压在北推的过程中不断带动东北南部上空负涡度异常增强,并伴随有异常下沉气流,下沉绝热增温与晴空辐射增温,这可能是东北南部地表增温的一个重要原因。相关分析证实,在整个夏季东北南部地表气温与其上空300 hPa至500 hPa涡度异常都有显著的负相关关系。因此,南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压之间的相互叠加组合是导致东北南部在2018年夏季7、8月份出现高温异常的主要原因。进一步的研究发现,夏季副热带西风急流中准定常Rossby波能量的传播与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压异常增强有密切联系,同时夏季西太平洋暖池的显著增暖导致了菲律宾地区异常旺盛的对流活动,进而在500 hPa高度场上激发出PJ（太平洋—日本涛动）波列,从另一个路径上促进了西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏北。     

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during El Niño Developing Summer in Comparison with Decaying Summer

The anomalous behavior of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in El Niño developing summer is studied based on the composite results of eight major El Niño events during 1979-2013. It is shown that the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards with weak intensity during the developing summer. The anomaly exhibits an intraseasonal variation with a weaker anomaly in June and July and a stronger anomaly in August, indicating that different underlying physical mechanisms may be responsible for the anomalous WPSH during early and late summer periods. In June and July, owing to the cold advection anomaly characterized as a weak northerly anomaly from high latitudes, geopotential height in East Asia is reduced and the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards slightly. By contrast, enhanced convection over the warm pool in August makes the atmosphere more sensitive to El Niño forcing. Consequently, a cyclonic anomaly in the western Pacific is induced, which is consistent with the seasonal march of atmospheric circulation from July to August. Accordingly, geopotential height in the western Pacific is reduced significantly, and the WPSH tends to retreat eastwards remarkably in August. Different from the developing summer, geopotential height in the decaying summer over East Asia and the western Pacific tends to enhance and extend northwards from June to August consistently, reaching the maximum anomaly in August. Therefore, the seasonal march plays an important role in the WPSH anomaly for both the developing and decaying summer.     

2013年长江中下游地区夏季高温事件的环流特征及成因

采用ERA-interim和NCEP CFSR逐日再分析资料以及长江中下游29个测站的逐日温度资料,分析了2013年7月23日-8月14日长江中下游地区夏季异常高温的特点、环流特征及成因。研究结果表明,2013年夏季高温期间西太平洋副热带高压较往年异常偏强,西太平洋副热带高压控制区内大范围异常下沉运动产生的大气绝热加热是高温形成的主要原因。同时,与强大西太平洋副热带高压相联系的异常强大反气旋环流使得长江中下游地区上空的水汽向东北方向大量输出,导致了该区域水汽含量的减少,致使到达地面的太阳短波辐射增加,这是高温形成的又一原因。进一步分析表明,2013年夏季海洋性大陆地区大气热源异常偏强,该地区大气热源的异常增强可能是导致2013年夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强的主要原因。     

淮河夏季降水与赤道东太平洋海温对应关系的年代际变化

基于我国台站降水观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA的ERSST资料讨论了淮河夏季降水与赤道东太平洋海表温度对应关系的年代际变化。结果表明:淮河夏季降水在20世纪70年代中期发生了一次明显的突变, 在突变之前, 其降水呈线性减少趋势, 而在其后降水呈线性增加趋势; 同时, 淮河夏季降水与前期ENSO的对应关系在突变前后有明显的差异, 在突变前, 降水与赤道东太平洋的海温为显著的负相关, 而在突变后, 相关值转为弱的正相关。滑动相关结果显示:近20年是整个研究时段中二者对应关系最弱的时期。进一步研究发现:淮河降水与西太平洋副热带高压位置和强度的对应关系也在20世纪70年代中期前后经历了一个年代际变化, 在突变前, 淮河夏季降水与副高强度呈正相关, 突变后则为负相关。其中淮河8月降水在突变前主要受副高脊线位置和副高北界影响, 突变后则主要受副高面积和强度影响。即ENSO对淮河夏季降水预测的参考意义正在减弱, 同时副高对降水的作用方式正在转变。     

An Investigation of the Formation of the Heat Wave in Southern China in Summer 2013 and the Relevant Abnormal Subtropical High Activities

In the summer of 2013, an unprecedented heat wave was experienced over a vast area of southern China. The great areal extent, duration, and strength of this high temperature are very rare. For the 2013 hot spell, the major and direct influence mostly came from the anomaly of the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH）. The abnormally strong and stable WPSH was associated with specific surrounding circulations. The eastward extension of a stronger Qinghai-Xizang high favored the westward extension of the WPSH. The weaker cold air activity from the polar region led to the northward shift of the WPSH and helped it to remain stable. In the tropics, the western segment of the ITCZ was abnormally strong in the period, and supported the maintenance of the WPSH from the south. In addition, the interdecadal variation of the WPSH provided a decadal background for the anomaly variation of the WPSH that summer.     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义 ,在此基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系 ,并进一步分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明 ,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季 ,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西 ;偏冷年副高偏北、偏弱、偏东 ,冷年 6月副高北跳较暖年显著 ,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速     

DISTRIBUTION OF LOW FREQUENCY WAVES IN NORTH PACIFIC AND INTRASEASONAL ABNORMALITY OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

By using ECMWF (2.5°×2.5°) grid data, analyzing correlation for the summer (June-August) of 1980 (the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) anomalously more to the south), 1988 (the WPSH anomalously more to the north), 1981 (normal) in the west Pacific area, distribution characteristics of the low frequency waves are discussed. The relationship between distribution of the low frequency waves and intraseasonal abnormality of the west subtropical high is also analyzed. There is some discussions:(1)If the WPSH acts anomalously in summer, there is a distinct zonal wave series in the subtropical zone of the north Pacific.(2) One of the important characteristics of the WPSH abnormality is that there are low frequency geopotential high centres from east Pacific and northeast Asia, being combined in the west Pacific area.For different circulation, the combination areas are different, which define the WSPH anomalously more to the north or south.     

我国南方洪涝暴雨期西太平洋副高短期位置变异的特点及成因

利用NCEP/NCAR多年逐日再分析资料、美国环境预报中心CMAP (NOAA NCEP Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation) 候平均降雨量资料以及全国740站逐日降水资料, 对华南前汛期和江淮梅雨期大范围持续性暴雨过程中西太平洋副高短期位置变异的异同及其可能成因进行了分析。结果表明: 华南和江淮大范围持续性暴雨期间, 西太平洋副高位置均比同期气候平均值异常偏南偏西, 且强度偏强。华南暴雨期间, 副高西北侧华南地区以及西侧孟加拉湾地区存在异常强烈的视热源和视水汽汇; 江淮暴雨期间, 副高北侧江淮流域及西侧孟加拉湾地区也存在异常强烈的视热源和视水汽汇。运用全型垂直涡度倾向方程理论, 研究非绝热加热对西太平洋副高短期位置变异的影响, 结果表明: 副高位置的短期变异与非绝热加热场及其配置有密切联系。华南暴雨期间, 副高西北侧边缘的华南地区加热场可在短期内迫使副高东撤南退; 江淮暴雨期间, 副高北侧江淮流域加热场的存在不利于副高北进, 而西侧较远处孟加拉湾热源会诱导副高西伸, 两者的共同作用导致副高在江淮以南维持, 且会明显西伸。     

近70 a北太平洋夏季SST及其与西太副高变化特征的相关

基于1948—2018年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重建海面温度(ERSSTv5)资料集,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解和交叉小波分析等统计学方法,对北太平洋地区近70 a海表温度(SST)、西太平洋副热带高压(WPSH)的变化特征及其相关性进行分析。第一模态体现了SST显著的年际变化厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)现象和显著的年代际变化北太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)现象。将WPSH强度距平指数和面积距平指数的均值定义为WPSH综合指数。WPSH综合指数总体呈上升趋势; 1977年之前,WPSH强度逐渐减小且振幅较小; 1977年之后,WPSH强度逐渐增大且振幅强度较大。通过合成分析发现,WPSH异常偏强年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏暖,WPSH异常偏弱年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏冷。将其与NOAA的月气候指标的Ni?o3.4和PDO指数分别进行交叉小波谱分析,得出:北太平洋SST的年际信号、年代际信号均与WPSH的变化有很明显的相关,WPSH强度和太平洋中部SST存在显著的4~5 a的年际正相关,且随着时间的后移,SST的变化超前于WPSH的变化。      

1998年我国东部大陆夏季风特征研究

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和OLR资料，研究了1998年我国东部大陆夏季风的特征。结果指出，1998年夏季副高脊线的平均位置偏南，华南地区和长江流域的夏季风较强，强对流维持时间长；华北地区的夏季风较弱，对流比常年偏弱；我国东部大陆夏季风存在明显的低频振荡现象。     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

A CHARACTERISTIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE ASIA SUMMER MONSOON MEMBERS AND THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

In this paper, by using the pentad-mean NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data for the period of 1958-1997, some characteristic indices of describing the activity of Asian summer monsoon system members are defined and calculated. Based on the above works, a time-lag correlation analysis method is introduced for the correlation analysis between the Asian summer monsoon system and the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) area index, and some meaningful interaction processes and characteristic phenomena between them are revealed and discussed accordingly. It is shown that there exists some remarkable time-lag correlations in various degree between the Asian summer monsoon system members and the WPSH area index, and they interact and feedback with each other, which consists of the whole Asian summer monsoon system.     

GAMIL CliPAS试验对夏季西太平洋副高的预测

利用GAMIL CliPAS “两步法” 季度预测试验, 检验了后报的1980～1999年北半球夏季西太平洋副热带高压 (简称副高) 的年际变化, 检查了Seoul National University (SNU) 动力统计预测系统对SST预测准确度, 并讨论了影响中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室格点大气模式 (GAMIL) 对副高预测效果的可能原因。500 hPa位势高度可预报性指数表明西太平洋副高具有较高可预报性。集合平均基本能再现西太平洋副高的变率特征, 但最大方差的位置和强度与观测稍有区别。观测证据显示, 副高存在2～3年变率和3～5年变率, 且2～3年变率比3～5年变率强。GAMIL能够准确预测观测副高的3～5年变率, 尽管其强度要强于观测。这与试验所用的预测海温能够很好表现赤道中东太平洋 (5.5°S～5.5°N, 190.5°E～240.5°E) 海温的年际变率有关。同时, GAMIL预测的副高2～3年变率较之观测显著偏弱, 这可能与SNU预测的海洋大陆地区 (5.5°S～0.5°N, 110.5°E～130.5°E) SST的2～3年变率偏弱有关。分析表明, SNU预测海温的这种弱点, 与SNU海温统计预测模式所用的历史海温 (OISST) 本身对海洋大陆地区2～3年变率的刻画能力较弱有关。     

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during Late Summer in Weak La Nia Years: Contrast between 1981 and 2013

Both 1981 and 2013 were weak La Niña years with a similar sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical Pacific, yet the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during August exhibited an opposite anomaly in the two years. A comparison indicates that, in the absence of a strong SST anomaly in the tropics, the cold advection from Eurasian high latitudes and the convection of the western Pacific warm pool play important roles in influencing the strength and position of the WPSH in August. In August 1981, the spatial pattern of 500 hPa geopotential height was characterized by a meridional circulation with a strong ridge in the Ural Mountains and a deep trough in Siberia, which provided favorable conditions for cold air invading into the lower latitudes. Accordingly, the geopotential height to the north of the WPSH was reduced by the cold advection anomaly from high latitudes, resulting in an eastward retreat of the WPSH. Moreover, an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the subtropical western Pacific, excited by enhanced warm pool convection, also contributed to the eastward retreat of the WPSH. By contrast, the influence from high latitudes was relatively weak in August 2013 due to a zonal circulation pattern over Eurasia, and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation induced by suppressed warm pool convection also facilitated the westward extension of the WPSH. Therefore, the combined effects of the high latitude and tropical circulations may contribute a persistent anomaly of the WPSH in late summer, despite the tropical SST anomaly being weak.     

西太平洋副热带高压季节内异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统的时延相关特征

基于西太平洋副热带高压的异常活动与亚洲夏季风系统其他成员之间存在着密切联系的天气事实,运用交叉小波的非线性时滞相关分析方法,对东亚夏季风系统成员与西太平洋副热带高压形态和变异的相互影响的基本事实和物理特征进行研究,得到了西太平洋副热带高压与主要的亚洲夏季风系统成员之间基本的关联结构和演变示意图。研究结果揭示了不同的季风子系统对西太平洋副热带高压的影响不同:影响西太平洋副热带高压强度和脊线位置异常变化的是亚洲夏季风系统中的印度夏季风子系统的5个主要成员;而影响西太平洋副热带高压西脊点异常变化的则是亚洲夏季风系统中的另一个子系统——东亚夏季风子系统的5个主要成员。研究揭示了副热带高压与亚洲夏季风系统主要成员之间的时延特征与统计关联特性,为相应的机理研究提供了事实依据。     

2011年初夏我国长江中下游降水的气候特征及成因

文章主要分析了2011年初夏长江中下游降水的气候特征及其成因。结果表明：2011年5月长江中下游降水异常偏少,6月转为异常偏多,出现了明显的旱涝转换。长江中下游地区的旱涝转换主要受南海季风、东亚季风强度以及西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的异常快速北跳的影响。研究还发现,6月亚洲中高纬长期维持两槽一脊的环流形势,东北冷涡活动频繁,多次引导冷空气南下。同时,副高异常偏北、偏西,并出现多次西伸过程。由于冷涡的加强南压与西伸的副高相互作用,促使长江以南地区西南气流明显增强,使得冷暖空气在长江中下游地区交汇,最终导致该地降水偏多。