延寿井水温资料的远场效应研究

本文简单介绍了延寿台水温井的观测条件与环境,分析了该井观测到的多次同震水位变化以及伴随的深层水温变化,并且水温多是上升,震后一至数小时后又恢复。由于井水振荡使水受到扰动,导致不同深度不同温度水的混合,从而造成同震水温变化的弥散模型,而后由于水的热传导作用又恢复正常。     

2015年尼泊尔MS8.1地震引起的井水位与井水温同震效应及其相关性分析

尼泊尔M_S8.1地震引起中国大陆大量地震观测井水位和水温的同震响应. 从宏观结果看, 在54个同时存在水位和水温同震效应的观测井中, 有51口观测井的变化类型为水位上升-水温上升、 水位下降-水温下降、 水位振荡-水温上升或下降(以下降为主), 井水位与井水温同震效应表现出良好的相关性, 这可能与地下水动力学作用有关; 有3口观测井的水位变化与水温变化方向相反, 且水温变化均为震后效应. 另外, 有1口观测井水位无变化而水温同震效应明显. 这些不同类型的同震变化与井孔条件、 水温梯度、 传感器位置及水位埋深等多种因素有关. 从微观结果看, 井水位同震效应出现的时间及变化幅度与井水温同震效应出现的时间及变化幅度之间的关联性比较复杂, 这与井孔条件和温度梯度等因素有关.      

新30井数字化水位、水温远场大震同震响应初析

收集了2007年以来新30井数字化水位、水温远场大震同震响应观测数据,总结了其同震响应特征.新30井数字化水位和水温对不同震中距强震的同震响应在一定程度上存在着一致性,水位通常为先振荡(以振荡居多)后下降,而水温则通常表现为下降.统计结果显示,新30井水位对地震的同震响应灵敏性优于同井水温观测.     

宾川井对印尼大震的同震响应特征及其机理解释

系统统计分析了云南宾川井水位与水温对印尼苏门答腊4次大震的同震响应资料。 宾川井在这4次强震中的同震响应形态表现为水位振荡—水温下降和振荡停止(减弱)—水温恢复。 进一步的分析表明, 水位与水温的变化幅度与震中距、 震级有一定的统计关系。 分别探讨了水位振荡—水温下降和振荡停止—水温恢复现象产生的机理, 综合分析了前人所提出的同震响应机理, 并依据宾川井实际观测资料对机理进行了定量化的数值模拟。 模拟结果显示, 气体逸出、 热弥散及冷水下渗作用都可以导致井水温度下降, 而水温的恢复则主要是与围岩发生静态热传导所致。     

汶川8. 0 级和日本9. 0 级地震时甘肃境内井水位、井水温同震效应对比分析

通过对比研究发现,2008 年汶川8. 0 级和2011 年日本9. 0 级地震时甘肃境内台站井水位和井水温同震效应特征有明显差异:汶川8. 0 级地震时,绝大部分井水位和井水温都记录到同震效应,且变化幅度比较大,持续时间比较长;相比而言,日本9. 0 级地震虽然释放的能量更大,但因震中距和震源方位的影响,只有部分井水位记录到明显的同震变化,井水温没有明显变化;两次地震时古浪观测站井水位都记录到井水位变化,但日本9. 0 级地震时的变化幅度大于汶川8. 0 级地震,这一现象值得深入研究。     

赵各庄井地下流体的映震响应

赵各庄井位于首都圈地区,是夏垫断裂带北端的地震观测井。其地下流体同震响应的统计数据显示,在对6级以上远场地震的响应次数上,赵各庄井的水位较水温更显著;在对M_S 7.0井水位的响应幅度变化范围为3.0mm—770.0mm,典型水温的响应幅度为0.0129℃,井水位响应幅度明显强于水温,响应形态以振荡型为主。赵各庄井水温、水位的异常变化和夏垫断裂带的活动性密切相关,同时也会影响断裂带的活动性。综合分析认为,在对赵各庄井水温和水位两大测项进行观测时,应以水位为主,还应关注夏垫断裂带的活动性。同时,为了监测夏垫断裂带的活动性,应对赵各庄井水位和水温进行长期监测,以保证首都圈地区的人民生产安全。     

北京塔院井数字化观测水温的同震效应研究

基于北京塔院井数字化水温观测资料，分析了远震引起的水温同震效应，注意到塔院井水温同震变化总是具有下降－上升－恢复的过程，不受地震方位和震源机制的影响；水温同震下降幅度随震级的增大而增大，随震中距的增大而减小， 三者之间有较好的关系；震后水温后效恢复上升幅值受水位动态影响. 最后，对塔院井水温同震效应机理进行了探讨，初步研究结果显示，井孔中的水体受震荡激发而加速对流与掺混是导致水温先下降的主要原因:当井水受到地震波的作用时，对流加速，井内深部较热的水体上涌， 而浅部较冷的水体下沉，水温探头将先观测到温度下降现象； 震后水震波逐渐平息，探头附近井水温逐步恢复上升.      

永清MS 4.3地震前永清井水温异常分析

2017年12月永清井观测温度急剧下降,采用该井水温、水位多年观测数据,从仪器测量原理及精细温度梯度测量出发,结合井孔资料,认为该变化为永清M_S 4.3地震（井震距<30 km）发生前的异常信息。利用正弦累加模型计算温度异常持续时间和幅度,发现该异常变化存在2个周期：①周期42天,温度变化幅度为0.042 12℃;②周期16.77天,温度变化幅度为0.018 62℃。分析认为,区域应力状态发生变化,使含水层渗透性受到影响,从而间接影响到井下温度传感器安放处水温。地震发生后近距离观测到水温异常变化尚属首次,利用模型对变化时间与幅度进行量化提取,可为经验预报、统计预报提供经典震例。     

2022年芦山MS 6.1、马尔康MS 6.0地震井水位、水温同震响应特征

基于全国地震地下流体台网数据,分析了芦山M_S 6.1、马尔康M_S 6.0地震引起的地下流体井水位、水温同震响应特征。结果表明,对于芦山M_S 6.1地震水位同震响应观测井数量较多,以上升变化为主,同震变化幅度较大;而对于马尔康M_S 6.0地震水位同震响应观测井数量较少,以振荡为主,变化幅度较小;2次地震引起的水位同震响应能力均强于水温测项,水温记录同震响应的前提是同井能记录到水位同震变化;2组地震引起的同震响应特征差异主要与震源机制解、台站分布密度、同震响应机理不同等有关。     

塔院井水位和水温的同震响应特征及其机理探讨

本文统计分析了塔院井水位与水温对2004年1月至2007年9月全球68次Ms7.0以上大震的同震响应资料.分析结果显示塔院井对全球大震具有很好的映震能力,同震响应形态总是表现为水位振荡→水温下降、振荡停止(减弱)→水温恢复.进一步的分析表明,水位与水温的变化幅度不仅与震中距、震级有一定的统计关系,而且还与井-含水层特性及地震波到达时井-含水层系统的瞬时状态密切相关.综合分析了前人对水位振荡、水温下降-恢复过程的机理研究,概括为气体逸出说、热弥散说和冷水下渗说等.分析认为塔院井同震响应现象是各类机理共同作用的结果,单一的机制并不能很好地解释多次地震引起的同震响应现象.     

昌黎井水位、水氡趋势动态特征分析

分析了昌黎井2004年洗井前后水位、水氡的趋势动态特征,认为洗井是造成水位和水氡两者趋势变化不同步的主要原因之一.经过观测环境调查,判定2009年以来水位趋势下降并打破年变规律与附近温泉井抽水有关.     

Diary of forthconing events

Abstract

New global models provide the opportunity to generate quantitative information about the world water situation. Here the WaterGAP 2 model is used to compute globally comprehensive estimates about water availability, water withdrawals, and other indicators on the river-basin scale. In applying the model to the current global water situation, it was found that about 24% of world river basin area has a withdrawal to availability ratio greater than 0.4, which some experts consider to be a rough indication of “severe water stress”; the impacts of this stress are expected to be stronger in developing countries than in industrialized ones. Under a “business-as-usual” scenario of continuing demographic, economic and technological trends up to 2025, water withdrawals are expected to stabilize or decrease in 41% of world river basin areas because of the saturation of water needs and improvement in water-use efficiency. Withdrawals grow elsewhere because population and economic growth will lead to rising demand for water, and this outweighs the assumed improvements in water-use efficiency. An uncertainty analysis showed that the uncertainty of these estimates is likely to have a strong geographic variability.     

EROSION OF BANKS OF STORAGE RESERVOIRS IN POLAND

ABSTRACT

The abrasion of banks of certain storage reservoirs can have considerable importance. Cases are known where the shift of the bank line forecast to take place within a period of ten or fifteen years was exceeded during the first year of operation of the reservoir. However, transformation and erosion of banks in other reservoirs or other bank sections, although anticipated, either has not occurred, or, when it did, its intensity was much lower than expected. This is why the problem of transformation of the near-shore zone in reservoirs is attracting more and more attention from many scientific institutes.

The paper presents the subject, methods and results of research on the transformation and erosion of the reservoir banks. The main effort has been concentrated on trying to establish the relationships between geological-morphological and climatic-hydrological conditions. It has been stated that the dynamic potential of the reservoir is of decisive importance. This potential, depending on the morphometry of the reservoir and the meteorological conditions (mainly wind) exerts an influence on the reservoir shore line. Consequently, the erosive-accumulation processes become interrelated, resulting in transformation of the bank zone and its adaptation to new conditions.     

Floridians’ propensity to support ad valorem water billing increases to protect water supply: a panel evaluation

ABSTRACT

While threats to water availability are concerning worldwide, the coastal, rapidly urbanizing state of Florida, USA, is especially at risk. This study used a value approach to determine the propensity to support 10 and 50% monthly water bill increases to inform potential social marketing strategies to protect Florida’s freshwater supply from depletion. The results from five years of public opinion data indicate an increasing percentage of consumers who are willing to support the protection of Florida’s water supply since 2013, with a slight dip in 2017. Upon examination of socio-demographic characteristics, income appeared consistently as an influencer of the propensity to support water bill increases, while factors such as age and race inconsistently appeared throughout the models. Decision makers should consider the significance of income along with heterogeneity in the propensity to support water bill increases to protect Florida’s freshwater. The recommendations for application and research incorporate insights from social marketing, agricultural economics, extension education and sociology.     

Floridians’ propensity to support ad valorem water billing increases to protect water supply: a panel evaluation

ABSTRACT

While threats to water availability are concerning worldwide, the coastal, rapidly urbanizing state of Florida, USA, is especially at risk. This study used a value approach to determine the propensity to support 10 and 50% monthly water bill increases to inform potential social marketing strategies to protect Florida’s freshwater supply from depletion. The results from five years of public opinion data indicate an increasing percentage of consumers who are willing to support the protection of Florida’s water supply since 2013, with a slight dip in 2017. Upon examination of socio-demographic characteristics, income appeared consistently as an influencer of the propensity to support water bill increases, while factors such as age and race inconsistently appeared throughout the models. Decision makers should consider the significance of income along with heterogeneity in the propensity to support water bill increases to protect Florida’s freshwater. The recommendations for application and research incorporate insights from social marketing, agricultural economics, extension education and sociology.     

Water quality and Cryptosporidium distribution in an upland water supply catchment,Cumbria, UK

Four micro‐catchment (MC) areas were identified to represent the main terrain types of a remote, sparsely populated upland valley catchment of 18 km² in Cumbria, UK. These were improved land with good grazing (IB), steeply sloping land with rough grazing (SG), wet moorland with sparse grazing (WM) and enclosed woodland that excluded livestock and deer (EW). Each MC contained the origin of a small stream that flowed into Swindale Beck, the river draining the valley. The water quality during the 14‐month study, as judged by chemical and physical parameters, was excellent, but it could not be regarded as pristine because of the frequent presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts arising from livestock and wild mammal faeces. Oocysts (0·2–5·6 l^?1) detected by genus‐specific immunofluorescent antibody were found in 32% of 188 water samples tested: ranking order EW 44%, IB 34%, Beck 30%, SG and WM 26%. Similarly, oocysts were identified in 9·5% of 1730 faecal samples. Small wild mammals (28%), calves (15·7%) and lambs (8·1%) were the dominant sources, whereas adult livestock (1·8%) and large wild mammals (4·8%) were less important. Autumn showed the highest occurrence of oocysts for both water and faecal samples. No hydrological controls were found to have a significant impact on the occurrence or concentration of oocysts in the main river or in the MCs, suggesting that their presence is controlled by seasonal changes in pathogen prevalence in the animal reservoir. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

通河水位与延寿水位短临异常的映震特征

通过对通河地震台、延寿地震台多年水位数据的分析,发现通河地震台与延寿地震台水位对周边中强地震有一定的响应。统计了扰动异常与地震的对应关系,总结了通河、延寿水位几次扰动异常形态、特征、指标。通河地震台和延寿地震台水位出现扰动异常,且扰动成组出现,持续几个小时以上,最大振幅超过7mm,最大周期超过6min,异常结束后一个月之内在测井周边550公里范围内,有发生3.0级以上地震的可能,其扰动持续时间越长,震级越大。     

Mineral Content of Bottled and Desalinated Household Drinking Water in Kuwait

Three hundred and twenty‐two samples of desalinated household water were collected from 99 sampling locations that covered 95% of Kuwaiti's residential areas. Seventy‐one brands of bottled water were collected from Kuwaiti markets. The water quality parameters that were studied included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), F^?, Cl^?, Br^?, , , , , , , , and the major macronutrients Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. The analysis yielded a large range of results for most of these parameters, with differences in some cases exceeding 10‐fold. With a few exceptions, the results were found to comply with US‐EPA and WHO standards. Only the water in two brands of bottled water was acidic (pH < 6.5). The TDS was found to be higher than the US‐EPA regulated value in 4 and 3% of the household samples and bottled water brands, respectively. The fluoride levels were generally higher in bottled water than in household water. However, the household water that was produced by the Doha desalination plant and some of the European brands of bottled water were the best samples studied in terms of their quantity of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ compared with the DRI values for those substances. EC and TDS were positively correlated with , , Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ for household water but only with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ for bottled water.     

1987—2022年新安江水库（千岛湖）水面面积时空变化及其与水位、蓄水量的响应关系

水面面积、水位、蓄水量是水库水资源管理的重要基础数据,遥感是湖库水体提取、水位和蓄水量估算的重要技术手段。由于不同水体提取方法的适用性差异、测高卫星数据的有限时间覆盖度和开源数据集的时空分辨率不足等原因,湖库水面面积、水位、蓄水量的长时序、高频率时空变化监测仍存在一定挑战。本研究以新安江水库为研究区,结合多源遥感、气象、水文和土地利用等数据,基于Google Earth Engine云平台,运用水体指数法,分析1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积时空变化特征,构建水位—水面面积、水位—蓄水量和水面面积—蓄水量响应关系,探究水面面积时空变化成因。结果表明:(1)Landsat 5、Landsat 8和哨兵2号数据的最佳水体提取指数分别为AWEI_sh和GNDWI,F1-score分别为91.93%、91.03%和93.14%。相比于开放数据集GSWED(32.61%)、JRC GSW(76.17%)和ReaLSAT(69.76%),基于最优水体指数的水体提取结果具有最高的F1-score(91.26%);(2)时间上,1987—2022年新安江水库水面面积呈显著上升...     

长沙井动水位对台湾集集7.6级地震的震时效应及其机理分析

1999年9月21日台湾发生7．6级地震群，震时长沙井水位记录到了水震波和水位阶图象，本文分析了水城波及水位阶产生的机理，认为，震时地城 力波作用于含水层，使含以的流体压力及有效应力发生变化，周期作用的应力波是井口水位产生震荡变化的原因，而有效应力变化岩石骨架胀缩及岩石颗粒重排，岩石骨架胀缩的不可逆塑性变莆部分和岩石颗粒重排是造成震时水位阶的原因，其中，岩石骨架压缩缃起的水位阶在震后可以部分缓慢恢复。