立节北山滑坡地震稳定性及破坏过程三维有限元分析

针对甘肃省舟曲县立节镇北山滑坡在地震情况下的稳定性及失稳后可能威胁的范围问题，笔者使用显式有限元及动力学大变形方法分析了该滑坡在地震情况下的稳定性及失稳后的破坏过程。首先基于滑坡纵剖面建立二维平面应变模型分析滑坡稳定性及破坏过程，之后使用航测点云数据建立三维滑坡模型进行计算分析。地震条件下三维计算确定的滑坡安全系数结果低于1.0，较二维计算结果低7.7%；三维情况计算出的滑动距离达1.73 km，高于二维情况17%，说明滑坡灾害问题使用二维小变形方法得出结果偏于危险。笔者采用显式有限元、三维及大变形计算方法分析更符合实际，可为滑坡灾害的工程防治提供科学理论依据。     

基于三维地质模型的排土场边坡整体稳定性探究

目前所广泛采用的平面应变分析手段,针对排土场边坡稳定性评价时有时会出现某剖面安全系数高于设定允许值,实际中却遭破坏的现象,除了常被提及的力学参数、本构模型等因素,排土场凹形夹持效应和凸形发散作用突出以及滑体端部效应的影响,是分析结果不能准确反映实际的根本原因之一。鉴于此,从平面高程数据、地质剖面、钻孔资料等条件,配合插值效果较为稳定的Kriging法对空间数据进行插值,建立排土场三维地质整体模型。然后,采用自编FISH语言接口程序,将地质模型导入FLAC3D中离散化并计算,较为简单、有效地实现三维地质建模、模型可视化、岩土工程计算分析三位一体功能,有效地克服了平面分析无法解决的上述问题。以攀钢兰尖铁矿尖山第7排土场为实,对其整体稳定性进行应力、应变分析,采用三维强度折减法计算排土场三维整体安全系数,与现场调查及平面计算结果较为一致。基于该模型的计算结果可以有效避免排土场空间效应和滑体端部效应,得到的排土场全域应力-应变规律,对露天矿排土场的生产管理,具有一定的指导意义。     

开采沉陷数值计算的空间效应和层面效应分析

数值计算结果的实用性主要取决于模型和参数的选取。在相同地质、开采条件下，笔者探讨了平面模型与三维模型、设置弱面与不设置弱面、弹性与弹塑性等不同状态对矿山开采沉陷计算结果的影响，通过计算模型之间的对比，分析了空间效应、层面效应等对计算结果的影响程度和原因。其结论对今后矿山开采沉陷数值计算具有参考价值。     

具空间约束效应边坡的稳定性研究

当边坡的变形不仅受底部边界约束而且还受侧限作用时,其稳定性计算按平面问题简化常存在较大的误差。本文通过李家峡电站导流洞进口边坡的实例分析,旨在对此粗具空间约束效应边坡的生分析问题进行一个初步的探讨。     

地下厂房洞室围岩的稳定性研究

响水涧抽水蓄能电站地下厂房洞室围岩的稳定性按平面应变问题进行了弹塑性有限元计算，讨论了地下沿室坚硬围岩的破坏机理，提出了相应的破坏判据，据以对围岩稳定性进行分析。锚杆的加固效果也作了考虑。     

真空-堆载预压处理高速公路软基的有限元计算

根据高速公路路基的变形特点，提出了真空-堆载联合预压法处理软基的三维Biot固结有限元计算模型，将砂井按照实际尺寸划分单元，避免了平面计算方法中的砂井处理的问题，较以往的平面数值方法更接近实际情况。结合修正剑桥模型，对某真空-堆载联合预压试验段进行了计算、分析，结果令人满意。     

关于岩坡稳定性的判别

现行的一般工程边坡勘察设计,在稳定性评价上多简化为平面问题求安全系数。常因考虑影响因素不周,计算模型和参数选择同实际不符从而严重影响评价的可靠性。小型边坡的查表法只考虑岩性,不注意分析其结构特性与弱面组合等常使误差过大。因此对岩坡稳定性判别与分析,不应局限于简单的查表或按均质模型作一般的计算。应在查明岩体结构基础上,对其可能的破坏方式和机制作出判断。根据工程作用     

高速公路桥基岸坡稳定性计算分析

桥基岸坡的稳定性分析是跨谷桥梁设计计算中最为关键的问题之一。过去常把桥基岸坡简化成平面问题来分析,事实上桥基岸坡空间效应显著,简化成平面问题过于牵强。采用三维数值方法,结合有关传统理论和经验公式,对桥基加载前后的整体稳定性系数、桥基的合理位置、单桩的极限受力进行了综合分析,并据此指出应加固的部位和提出相应的加固措施。同时也跳出了以单一稳定性系数作为评价桥基岸坡是否稳定的圈子,通过合理考虑桥梁基础位置与基础受力等因素,提出了一种综合评价桥基岸坡稳定性的新方法。该方法可以根据坡体形式、地质条件、桩型、桩间距、桩长、荷载大小和施工阶段进行应力、变形和整体稳定性分析,分析结果可以指导加固部位和加固措施的确定。     

平面坡体渐进破坏模型及其应用

平面坡体渐进破坏模型旨在通过在坡体稳定性分析中引进渐进坡坏的概念,来较合理地考虑岩土材料的峰值强度和残余强度在稳定性分析中的不同作用。通过与其它稳定性分析方法进行比较以及实例应用研究,证明该计算模型可用于初步判断坡体稳定状态并估算其破坏变形范围。这一研究也说明了水对边坡破坏的重要作用。     

边坡系统稳定性的可靠性研究

论述了复杂边坡系统稳定性研究中引入可靠性理论的必要性。总结了边坡系统可靠性分析的研究内容和研究方法,其主要内容为：影响边坡系统稳定性因素的可靠性研究、可靠性计算模型的研究、边坡不稳定性空间预测的可靠性研究、边坡不稳定性时间预测的可靠性研究。分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了进一步研究的方向。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the