An Effective Approach to Rehabilitate Damaged Barrier System Against Piping and Contaminant Flow

The monitoring operation of an older impoundment (such as dams and waste barrier materials) during the service life of the structure cannot be overemphasized. Since older infrastructures seem to be more susceptible to piping and seepage failure, their construction design should be analyzed and monitored at places where a potential problem could occur. Once an impoundment is constructed without adequate filters layers and foundation treatments, then the prevention of piping or seepage may require an effective approach to constructing a cut-off wall to prevent eventual failure. In order to identify and understand theses failure modes, it is important to identify the physical parameters of the impoundment system, such as the zones of various soil gradations, the compaction of these zones, the hydraulic conductivity, the compatibility of the soil formations within and beneath the core or liner, as well as the cohesive and dispersive properties of soils at various location within the structure. Once these parameters are known and quantified, an adequate assessment of the structure’s susceptibility to piping or contaminant transport can be established. This type of an analysis will enable the proper design of a cut-off wall and predetermine the effectiveness of its long-term performance. The Vermont Waterbury Dam (built in 1938) is example of seepage related problem that implemented a cut-off wall design to prevent piping paths from undermining the structure. In this case, some forensic sampling had to be performed and the parameters of the soils as just mentioned were key factors in determining the wall design. In this paper, the Waterbury dam rehabilitation is investigated as case studies, in order to better understand how older designs and poor construction of impoundments can lead to piping condition in dams as well as failures in waste barrier systems. The Secant Cut-off wall (constructed at Waterbury Dam) is mentioned as a corrective measure taken for this dam and there is a brief discussion as to how this construction rehabilitation technique can be applied to waste barrier impoundments.     

龙井水库大坝的渗流和稳定分析

本文以龙井水库大坝为例,运用有限单元法对粘土心墙坝的渗流进行分析计算,同时运用瑞典圆弧滑动法和简化Bishop法对粘土心墙坝的坝体稳定进行分析计算,在此基础上对水库大坝进行了渗流安全评价和稳定性安全评价。     

Numerical modeling the role of rubber dams on groundwater recharge and phreatic evaporation loss in riparian zones

Rubber dams have been widely built for their advantages in increase of flooding resources utilization in the north arid and semiarid plain regions of China. Rise in river water stage by the dams, particularly during the drought periods, increases lateral seepage of river water into groundwater, and thus groundwater table and phreatic evaporation loss in the riparian zones. In this study, a riparian area of the Baihe River in Nanyang of Henan Province, China was selected for investigation of influences of the river dams on the groundwater recharge and evaporation loss. A hydraulic model, HEC-RAS, was used for simulation of the river stage variations along the Baihe River, and a numerical groundwater model, MODFLOW, was applied for simulation of groundwater dynamics and estimation of river flow seepage into aquifer and evaporation loss. The results show that the dams increase river stages of 2–3 m during January 2000–December 2002. The increase in the captured groundwater recharge was 7.15–34.06 million m³/a and the increased phreatic evaporation loss occupies 10% of the increased recharge when four rubber dams were built.     

钢圆筒结构渗流分析方法研究

钢圆筒结构在国内外港口、跨海桥梁等工程中应用,但对钢圆筒结构渗流分析的方法依然不多.钢圆筒结构渗流分为缝隙渗流与接头渗漏,为解决钢圆筒结构缝隙渗流中局部流线弯曲引起的水头损失增加的计算,引入附加阻力概念,将增加的水头损失用弱透水层进行等效,即可在平面应变条件下进行计算;接头渗漏区域引入附加阻力概念进行等效计算,发现缝隙尺寸的大小对弱透水层渗透系数的影响不大,当缝隙尺寸增大400倍时,等效渗透系数仅增加1.6倍,渗流计算中可认为接头缝隙不透水.采用该等效方法利用水平面二维有限元程序对港珠澳大桥西人工岛钢圆筒结构进行渗流分析,通过与三维数值计算进行对比,计算结果相近.     

应用高密度电阻率法实现坝体渗漏快速探测

坝体渗漏探测是水利工程除险加固工作的重要环节,事关大坝安全运行,具有重要工程意义。文中以某坝体渗漏处理的问题为例,为解决传统探测手段的不足,开展了高密度电阻率法探测试验,结合工区地质和岩体地球物理特征分析,快速定位坝体渗漏区域。工程处理结果表明,高密度电阻率法可有效地解决小范围和小渗流量的渗漏部位探测问题,定位快速准确,可为查找坝体渗漏的原因以及工程治理措施提供依据。     

Study of the effect of seepage through the body of earth dam on its stability by predicting the affecting hydraulic factors using models of Brooks–Corey and van Genuchten (Case study of Nazluchay and Shahrchay earth dams)

Stability of an earth dam is affected by different factors of which the most important is seepage. One of the factors in defining the seepage rate is hydraulic conductivity coefficients in suctions and various moistures in earth dam body in which different models of soil–water retention curves are used to be defined. In this study, first the soil–water retention curves of van Genuchten and Brooks–Corey models are used to predict the soil–water retention of different body layers of 2 dams. Then, hydraulic conductivity coefficients are calculated through Mualem and Burdine’s models. Water seepage rate and the stability of dams were calculated in two phases: I. construction finalization prior to intaking water and II. rapid drawdown of water. Bishop and Morgenstern–Price methods are used to analyze the stability of dams. The stability and seepage results demonstrate that simultaneous use of Brooks–Corey’s soil–water retention curve with Mualem’s method results in the highest seepage rate in comparison with van Genuchten’s model in case of variable n, m and Burdine hydraulic conductivity. Safety factors achieved from both cases of construction finalization prior to intaking water and rapid drawdown of water demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of hydraulic coefficient prediction.     

Helium survey for delineating areas of karst-suffosion processes caused by high-rate groundwater withdrawal

In urban areas, groundwater is subjected to many different stresses. One of these, high-rate groundwater withdrawal, contributes to the formation of hydrodynamic, hydrogeochemical, and thermal anomalies within the developed aquifer and to the intensification of karstification and suffosion. (Suffosion refers to undermining through removal of sediment by mechanical and corrosive action of ground-water.) Many different investigative methods or combinations of methods are used to delineate karst zones. Many of these known techniques are labor-consuming, expensive, and inefficient, and are not applicable in urban areas. Under these conditions, a helium survey method may be effectively applied as a viable option to the frequently used techniques. An example of this method for delineation of karst zones in Carboniferous carbonate rocks in an urban area is discussed and the helium survey data are compared with hydrogeochemical, thermodynamic, and tritium survey data.     

堰塞坝体材料渗透特性及其稳定性研究

堰塞坝是由于崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等形成的天然坝体,不同于人工土石坝,堰塞坝坝体结构松散,颗粒级配不均匀,在较高水头作用下坝体可能发生渗透破坏而导致溃坝,严重威胁下游人民群众的生命及财产安全。由于堰塞坝存在较大粒径颗粒,常规的渗透试验装置难以满足要求,本文研制了直径为60cm的大直径渗透试验仪,进行了不同堰塞坝级配材料的渗透破坏试验,并探讨了堰塞坝体材料渗透特性的主要影响因素。研究发现:（1）堰塞坝材料的渗透破坏形式取决于材料级配,粗颗粒含量较多时为管涌破坏,细颗粒含量较多或粒径缺失时为流土破坏;（2）堰塞坝渗透系数随干密度的增大而减小,主要取决于细料填充粗料孔隙的程度,单独使用不均匀系数或曲率系数不适用于评价渗透系数的变化;（3）基于试验数据提出了用于堰塞坝渗流破坏形式的判别公式,并推导出堰塞坝管涌破坏的临界水力坡降计算公式。     

白鹤滩水电工程左岸玄武岩层间错动带渗透破坏预测与防治模拟

金沙江白鹤滩水电工程坝区发育有数条规模较大的、对工程有直接影响的玄武岩层间错动带。错动带内充填碎屑夹泥,当大坝建成蓄水之后,在高水头差下容易发生渗透破坏,可能影响坝区水工建筑物运行的安全和稳定。针对厂坝区的地形地貌、地质结构、大坝水工建筑物和防渗排水系统的设计布置特点,建立了坝区左岸三维有限元精细模型。并采用插值拟合的方法确定特定断面边界的地下水位,计算模拟了运行期白鹤滩电站左岸坝区渗流场的变化规律和水力梯度场的分布,并结合在现场开展的错动带的渗透破坏试验数据,确定了错动带的允许水力梯度,评价错动带内渗透破坏的可能性。研究结果表明:现有的渗控措施在坝区形成了明显的降落漏斗,地下厂区防渗排水系统效果良好,渗压得到了有效控制。然而C2错动带内部分区域的水力梯度超过允许水力梯度,可能会发生渗透破坏。提出设置截渗洞和加强帷幕的防治措施,并模拟验证了这一措施可以较好地截断渗漏通道,保障厂房安全稳定运行。     

Using resistivity measurements for dam safety evaluation at Enemossen tailings dam in southern Sweden

Internal erosion is a major reason for embankment dam failures. Resistivity measurements is an essentially non-destructive technique, which may have the possibility of detecting internal erosion processes and anomalous seepage at an early stage before the safety of the dam is at stake. This paper presents results from part of a dam safety investigation conducted at the Enemossen tailings dam in southern Sweden. Longitudinal resistivity sections, 2D measurements along the dam crest, provided an overview of the whole dam and served to detect anomalous zones. In selected areas, additional cross-sectional 2D surveys gave detailed information about the geo-electrical situations in the embankments. This information is valuable for similar investigations as information about resistivity in embankment construction material is scarce. Known problem areas were associated with low resistivities, even though the resistivity measurements alone did not provide enough information to confidently come to a decision about the status of the dams.

Application of geostatistical methods to estimation of water flow from upper reservoir of Azad pumped storage power plant

The objective of this paper is to estimate water seepage from the upper reservoir of Azad pumped storage power plant, based on combined geotechnical investigations and geostatistical methods. In order to select the optimum water tightening alternative, such as clay blanket, concrete cover (or concrete lining), geomembrane, asphalt cover, etc., estimation of water seepage from the reservoir is essential. Six exploratory boreholes were drilled at the pumped storage reservoir area and permeability tests (Lugeon tests) were conducted in all of them. Records at the boreholes have been considered as the main source for seepage calculations. Due to expansion of upper reservoir and a few boreholes, distribution of permeability and permeability changes in the reservoir area is not an indicator for reservoir. In this research using geostatistical method (Kriging), Lugeon values have been estimated for walls of reservoir. According to correspondence between estimated permeability distribution and geological conditions, the estimated values are acceptable. In addition, results show that in about 60% of tests, permeability is very high and potential of water seepage is very dangerous. Afterward, seepage was estimated for reservoir by using both analytical (Vedernikov method) and numerical method. Results from both methods are very close together and the average seepage is around 280,000 m³/day according to analytical and numerical results. Regarding results and general geological considerations, seepage is concentrated at fault zones. Results show that using appropriate permeability distribution, the estimated values of water seepage are acceptable and reliable. Due to the high amount of water seepage and economical value of water in this region, water tightening is necessary.     

不同位置截潜引水工程效果综合评价

截潜工程是解决枯水期河流断流不能满足正常设计要求的常用措施之一,如何合理确定截潜引水工程的位置具有十分重要的理论与实际意义。在拟定截潜引水工程区水文地质模型和边界条件的基础上,运用数值模拟的方法,对河南省郏县广阔渠截潜引水工程区渗流场特征进行了研究。研究表明：截潜工程实施后,从截潜流量,截潜所引起的盐渍化、沼泽化及社会影响等方面综合考虑,方案二的截潜效果优于方案一,这一结论为截潜引水工程的位置选择提供了理论依据。     

Estimation of water flow from upper reservoir of Azad pumped storage power plant,using geostatistical methods

The objective of this paper is to estimate water seepage from the upper reservoir of Azad pumped storage power plant (PSPP), based on combined geotechnical investigations and geostatistical methods. Azad PSPP has been located in Sanandaj Province in Iran. In order to select the optimum water tightening alternative, such as clay blanket, concrete cover (or concrete lining), geomembrane, asphalt cover etc, estimation of water seepage from the reservoir is essential. Six exploratory boreholes were drilled at the pumped storage reservoir area and permeability tests (Lugeon tests) were conducted in all of them. Records at the boreholes have been considered as the main source for seepage calculations. Due to expansion of upper reservoir and a few boreholes, distribution of permeability and permeability changes in the reservoir area is not indicator of reservoir. In this research using geostatistical method (Kriging), lugeon values have been estimated for walls of reservoir. According to correspondence between estimated permeability distribution and geological conditions, the estimated values are acceptable. In addition results show that in about 60% of tests, permeability is very high and potential of water seepage is very high. Seepage was estimated for reservoir by using both analytical (vedernikov method) and numerical method. Results from both methods are very close and the average of seepage is around 280000 m³/day. From the results and general geological considerations, seepage is concentrated at fault zones. Results show that by using appropriate permeability distribution, the estimated values of water seepage are reliable. Due to the high amount of water seepage and economic importance of water in this region, water tightening is necessary.     

A simple approach to evaluating leakage through thin impervious element of high embankment dams

Internal erosion is the most common reason which induces failure of embankment dams besides overtopping. Relatively large leakage is frequently concentrated at defects of impervious element, and this will lead to eventual failure. The amount of leakage depends not only on integrity of impervious element, but also on dam height, shape of valley, shape of impervious element and water level in reservoir. The integrity of impervious element, which represents the relative level of seepage safety, is not easy to be determined quantitatively. A simple method for generalization of steady seepage state of embankment dams with thin impervious element is proposed in this paper. The apparent overall value of permeability coefficient for impervious element can be obtained by this method with reasonable accuracy and efficiency. A defect parameter of impervious element is defined as an index to characterize seepage safety of embankment dams. It equals the ratio of the apparent overall value of permeability coefficient to the measured value in laboratory for intact materials. Subsequently, seepage safety of three dams is evaluated and the evolution of defect level of impervious element of dams is investigated. It is proved that the newly proposed method in this paper is feasible in the evaluation of relative seepage safety level of embankment dams with thin impervious element.     

自然α杯法壤中氡气测量在化探异常评价中的应用

应用自然α杯法壤中氡气测量来评价金和多金属矿床所形成的化探异常的工作做得还不多。为了开拓氡气测量应用的新领域和为可靠评价化探异常增加一个新指标,我们在位于半干旱草原景观的新疆某Au异常区和黄土沟壑景观的甘肃蛟龙掌多金属黄铁矿区进行了初步尝试。结果表明:(1)Rn气异常令人满意地圈定了已知Au矿化体的赋存部位(包括隐伏部分),并圈出了几处找Au远景区段(其中一处已经验证,结果表明推测基本正确)。说明自然α杯法氡气测量可以作为圈定构造破碎带控制的隐伏Au矿化体的有效手段之一。与其他化探方法配合,可为找寻含Au构造破碎带提供可靠的信息。(2)在黄土和第三系红色粘土埋深20m左右的多金属矿化带及构造破碎带上方具有Rn气弱异常。说明自然α杯法氡气测量在黄士覆盖区用于找寻隐伏多金属矿化是有效的。     

Electrical resistivity imaging and dye tracer test for the estimation of water leakage paths from reservoir of Akdeğirmen Dam in Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

The seepage occurrence from the reservoir on the right bank of the Akde?irmen Dam located in Afyonkarahisar province in the Turkey has been investigated. When the reservoir began to fill with water, a large amount of water seepage occurred at the dam. The seepage developed at the base of the spillway and the right downstream slope of the dam. The various attempts have been made to reduce the seepage using grouting. Although the additional grouting operations was reduced the seepage at the base of the spillway, there has not been a reduction in seepage at the water outlet location at the downstream slope. Electrical resistivity measurements along the eight lines with the dipole–dipole array and dye tracer tests were performed in order to identify the seepage locations. The interpretation of electrical resistivity data showed the distribution of strata and the seepage zone along the right downstream of the dam. Groundwater flow rates calculated from dye tests indicated that there is an excessive seepage south-eastwardly on the downstream slope of the dam. Integrated interpretation of resistivity data and dye tests indicate that the seepage paths are in the direction from NW to E and SE.     

心墙堆石坝应力状态对渗流场影响的有限元分析

一般对土石坝进行渗流分析时都未考虑坝体的应力场对渗流场的影响。然而,在土石坝的蓄水过程中,坝体内的应力状态复杂且变化大,对渗流场的影响也较大。因此,忽略应力场对渗流场的影响必然造成一定的误差。用有限元方法对心墙堆石坝体蓄水过程中考虑和不考虑应力场影响的渗流场进行对比分析,计算结果表明,渗流-应力耦合作用下坝体局部压密变形,渗透流速减小,心墙下游出逸区域的水力坡降峰值明显高于非耦合值。因此,渗流分析时有必要考虑应力场的影响,否则会得出偏于危险且对工程不利的结果     

渗流监测数据缺失处理与渗透稳定判断

由于地下岩体条件复杂,渗流监测数据缺失现象普遍存在。为了在时间和空间上对地下渗流场进行全面分析,需要对缺失数据进行补充。提出了三类缺失数据的插补方法,对时间序列、空间断面以及区域整体的缺失数据分别用监测统计模型、物理因子修正和反演进行了有效的补充,反映了缺失数据的规律和时间、空间因素对监测数据的影响,最终可得完整、全面的渗流场,并通过反演渗流场对渗透稳定进行判断,为工程评价提供了依据。将该方法用于天荒坪电站缺失数据的插补,结果有效地插补了缺失数据,最终的反演渗流场能够判断渗透破坏可能发生的部位,对工程加固措施具有指导意义。     

Rapid and Simple Measurement of H2 Emission from Active Faults Using Compact Sampling Equipments

Smaller equipment has been developed for sampling and measuring H₂ in fault zones. A considerable volume of hydrogen emission, suggesting the presence of fluid paths along fault zones, was detected within a 1‐h simple field procedure at an active fault in Central Japan, the Atotsugawa Fault. The equipment enabled measurements in a thin fault gouge with a thickness of 10 mm; this led to pervasive sampling from small fault zones hosted in harder rocks. A rapid evaluation of the spatio‐temporal heterogeneity of hydrogen emissions along the faults, using the present method, would increase knowledge of fluid circulation around faults.     

柔性砼超薄防渗墙工法及在垃圾填埋场防渗工程中的应用

柔性砼超薄防渗墙工法在地下防渗工程中具有诸多优越性,但将该工艺应用到上海浦东黎明垃圾填埋场改建防渗工程,在国内同类工程中尚属首次。实践证明其防渗效果良好,具有广阔的应用前景和推广意义。结合该工程实例,就柔性砼超薄防渗墙工法在垃圾填埋场应用中的施工工艺、质量控制措施进行简要讨论,并提出合理选择防渗施工工艺的一些建议。