广东红海湾,珠江口及电白——阳江近海第四纪沉积

根据物探和钻探资料，研究区内第四纪沉积物可分为两部分，下部地震反射结构复杂，斜层理发育，粒度较粗，为晚更新世产物，上部的地震反射结构简单，呈水平状或近水平状结构，粒度较细，为全新世沉积。     

南海神狐水合物钻探区不同形态流体地震反射特征与水合物产出的关系

天然气水合物的分布在很大程度上受到含气流体运移的影响。南海北部陆坡区,尤其是珠江口盆地的白云凹陷,普遍存在流体渗漏的现象,暗示了水合物赋存的良好前景。神狐海域水合物钻探区内的高分辨率地震资料显示,区域内发育大量流体运移通道,在地震剖面上表现为不同形态的地震反射模糊带,根据其形态特征,可以划分为花冠状和穹顶状两大类模糊反射带。模糊反射带的存在意味着研究区内具有良好的含气流体运移条件,能够为甲烷气体的垂向运移提供通道。神狐海域水合物的钻探结果表明,水合物的分布与模糊反射带的分布范围具有良好的空间匹配关系,其中,花冠状地震反射模糊带侧翼部与中尺度正断层相连,促进了含气流体的侧向运移,顶部与可能的微裂隙相通,气体可向上运移至水合物稳定带,形成了水合物藏;而穹顶状地震反射模糊带顶部则通过疑似流体通道与海底沟通,这种结构极易形成气体逃逸而无法形成水合物。因此,不同形态特征的模糊反射带可能对水合物的分布具有一定的指示意义。     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域水合物调查区新近系地震相与沉积相

根据晚中新世以来南海发生的构造运动和莺琼盆地、珠江口盆地及全球海平面相对变化,结合地震反射终止关系将神狐海域水合物调查区新近系划分为8个地震层序。根据"外状内形"的基本原则,从地震波阻内部反射构造加上外部几何形态,辅以地震物理属性(视振幅、视频率、连续性)特征,在研究区共识别出充填状、丘状、席状、透镜状、滩状、楔状6类19种地震相。根据地震反射参数与沉积作用的对应关系,结合单井测井相,将本区地震相与沉积相进行转换,作出了T2以上4个三级层序平面沉积相展布图,并推断出底部4层地层的平面沉积相展布。对比已钻探的水合物深度,发现水合物主要围绕滑塌体富集。     

南海北部陆坡神狐海域GMGS01区块细粒浊积体的识别特征及意义

利用广州海洋地质调查局在神狐海域采集的高分辨率地震数据,结合2007年第一次水合物钻探航次(GMGS01)获取的岩心资料,从地震反射结构和岩心粒度特征两个方面对GMGS01区块内残留在峡谷群脊部的细粒浊积体进行了识别和特征刻画。过水合物钻探站位的准3D地震剖面显示,GMGS01区块似海底反射(bottom simulating reflectors,BSR)之上的沉积体表现为2套特征迥异的反射单元:位于下部的薄层透镜状的杂乱反射单元,位于上部的厚层波状起伏形态的连续性中—强振幅反射单元。实际钻获岩心的粒度分析结果表明,沉积物的粒度为4~63μm,为细粒的粉砂或粉砂质泥。自下而上,沉积物的岩性和粒度特征没有发生大的变化,较为相似。但通过粒度CM图,可以发现,含水合物层段与不含水合物层段的沉积物表现为不同的特征,含水合物层段沉积物的结果近似与C=M基线平行,暗示了细粒浊积体的存在。结合神狐海域区域性覆盖的2D地震资料,研究认为发育在神狐海域北部的一系列小型水道,将会侵蚀下部地层的沉积物,使其沿着陆坡坡降的方向发生自北向南的再次搬运,在中—下陆坡的位置以细粒浊积体的形式再次沉积下来。神狐海域细粒浊积体的识别,将为从深水沉积的角度探讨GMGS01区块内水合物的不均匀性分布提供依据,从而有助于进一步揭示该区域水合物的成藏机制和富集规律。     

莺歌海盆地东方X区浅海地震沉积相

第四纪全新世,研究区主要发育充填水道和深海平原。由于地震反射波同向轴连续整一,无上超、削截等现象,利用地震反射终止类型进行层序界面划分难度较大。文中基于沉积时间顺序确定目标层位,研究了层间地震相和沉积相在时间和空间的分布特征以及沉积相演化。研究区识别出6种地震沉积相类型,即丘状反射—盐(泥)丘体、充填状反射—"U"(V)型水道、透镜状反射—水道充填相、楔形反射—三角洲沉积、平(亚平)行席状反射—深海平原和杂乱反射地震相。Q_(104)—Q_(10)时期沉积相呈复杂的水道—三角洲体系到较简单的水道沉积体系发展趋势。     

南海白云凹陷东南部两种不同类型块体搬运沉积体系的地震响应及成因分析

文章利用三维地震数据揭示了南海白云凹陷东南部两种不同类型的块体搬运沉积体系的内部反射特征、外部形态及运动指示标志, 并且探讨了其成因机制。结果表明, 自晚中新世以来研究区共发育4种地震相: 弱振幅水平状连续地震相、强振幅波状连续地震相、弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相和中-强振幅丘状连续反射地震相。通过地震相分析可知, 研究区自晚中新世以来共发育两种不同类型的块体搬运沉积体系: 1) 多期块体搬运沉积复合体, 主要由弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相组成, 边界模糊; 2) 单期块体搬运沉积体, 主要由弱振幅半透明杂乱反射地震相和中-强振幅丘状连续反射地震相组成, 边界清晰明显。另外, 研究结果发现高沉积速率和地震活动使得研究区的块体搬运沉积体系表现出内部运动指示特征发育程度低的特征, 而东沙构造活动导致该块体搬运沉积体系具有频发性。     

东海陆架盆地第三纪主要砂体类型及沉积环境

以岩性、岩矿特征、粒度分布、剖面结构、地震反射特征、测井曲线形态等分析为基础，在盆地第三纪地层中识别出四种主要类型的砂体：河流砂体、肉三角洲砂体、三角洲砂体及滨岸砂体．进而在环境分析的基础上，建立陆架盆地断陷期和坳陷期的沉积模式。     

浅水环境下多次反射折射波条带范围的研究

浅水地震资料中,直达波上方会出现一个明显的"扫帚状"的条带,确定其地震波成份有利于对地震传播规律的认识,可为海上实际作业建立合适的观测系统提供参考依据,同时也可为后期资料处理提供理论依据。本文在陆地多次反射折射波传播路径分析的基础上,通过对简单模型的数值模拟结果分析,确定了浅水环境中位于直达波上方的"扫帚状"条带为海底表层介质产生的多次反射折射波的整体反映。定量分析了多次反射折射波的"扫帚状"条带的范围及其影响因素,并结合实际地震资料进行了验证。     

长江口外海域浅层气地震反射形态特征及分布

通过对长江口外海域浅层气地震反射特征的研究,发现该地区浅层气地震反射形态特征丰富,按不同形态特征分类如下:(1)按整体形态特征分为:幕状反射、柱状反射、气烟囱状反射;(2)按顶界面形态特征分为:不规则顶界面、较规则顶界面;(3)按侧面形态特征分为:侧面竖直、侧向突出;(4)按组合形态特征分为:垂向多层强反射、横向间断的浅层气反射、竖向变化的浅层气反射。总结了调查区内浅层气反射形态特征的分布规律,编制了长江口外海域浅层气分布图。讨论了浅层气反射区内部的强反射分布形态与浅层气空间运移路径的对应关系。     

琼东南盆地陆坡区深水浊积水道的地震相特征

水道-天然堤体系作为油气储集圈闭日益引起沉积学家和勘探家的重视。地震相特征是识别深水水道的有效途径，本文基于高分辨率2D、3D地震资料的地震相分析，在琼东南盆地陆坡区深水盆地中识别出早中新世、上新世和第四纪多期深水水道体系。早中新世深水水道在地震剖面上具有强、弱振幅交替反射和相互叠置的地震反射特征，局部具有杂乱反射特点；上新世水道整体表现为强振幅，横向上连续或者半连续，纵向上为强振幅的叠加；第四纪水道在地震剖面上具有典型下切反射特点，该水道整体振幅相对较弱，但其水道轴部充填具有典型的强反射特征，这与世界典型地区的水道轴部粗粒充填强振反射一致。这几期深水水道都发育于低水位时期，为上部物源搬运引起的浊流事件而形成。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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