川东南地区燕山期以来的隆升剥蚀历史研究

川东南地区侏罗系砂岩的磷灰石裂变径迹T—t热史模拟表明,燕山期以来研究区经历了两个阶段的隆升剥蚀。127～105Ma为初始缓慢隆升阶段,隆升剥蚀速率约为5m／Ma,使106m厚的早白垩世地层被剥蚀;105～75Ma间转入快速沉降,75～0Ma由快速沉降转入全面不等速隆升。其中,75—65Ma为快速隆升．隆升剥蚀速率为28m／Ma;65～20Ma为缓慢隆升,隆升剥蚀速率为14m／Ma;20～10Ma期间,研究区由缓慢隆升转为急剧隆升,隆井剥蚀速率为147m／Ma;10Ma到现今,该地区再次由快速隆升转为缓慢隆升。隆升剥蚀速率为10m／Ma。燕山期以来的隆升使大约2580m厚的地层被剥蚀掉。     

鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地晚新生代隆升-剥蚀历史

鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地的裂变径迹资料显示晚新生代以来鄂尔多斯、沁水盆地经历了两次隆升过程 ,分别发生于 2 7～ 2 0Ma间和 8Ma以来。隆升造成沁水盆地一带约 4.2 km的剥蚀量 ,鄂尔多斯盆地东部约 3.7km的剥蚀量 ,鄂尔多斯盆地西部约2 .2 km的剥蚀量。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部差异隆升过程裂变径迹分析

基于磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)的分析方法,探讨鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘差异隆升过程及其隆升强度,为鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘(晋西挠摺带府谷—吴堡区段)构造演化历史及其与多种能源矿产耦合关系提供新的认识。不同构造单元及其不同层系样品的AFT分析表明:研究区北段府谷—兴县地区构造抬升相对较早,且经历了白垩纪晚期(86~56Ma)和古近纪(44~37 Ma)两次隆升过程,平均隆升速率分别为24.5 m/Ma和41.8 m/Ma;研究区中段紫金山地区抬升相对较晚,主控构造事件发生在晚白垩世末期—古近纪早期(68~56 Ma)和古近纪中晚期(35 Ma),平均隆升速率分别为48.8 m/Ma和49.2 m/Ma;研究区南段临县—吴堡地区抬升最晚(35~21 Ma),平均隆升速率为73.9 m/Ma。因此,鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘晚白垩世以来的差异隆升过程具有北段抬升早、中段抬升相对较晚和南段抬升更晚的特点,南北区段统一的强烈构造抬升活动主要发生在古近纪以来的晚近时期,且构造隆升强度由南向北逐渐减弱。结合已有的成矿(藏)年代学资料分析表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘关键构造事件及其隆升强度与多种矿产耦合成矿(藏)事件关系密切,构造事件与成藏(矿)事件呈现出显著的协同耦合特点。     

华山新生代隆升-剥蚀历史的裂变径迹热年代学分析

综合分析前人的热年代学数据发现华山地区自晚白垩世以来至少经历了三次快速隆升阶段，在120—57Ma间华山经历了缓慢隆升过程，约57Ma以来华山开始相对渭河地堑的快速隆升。其中，57—42Ma间、32—22Ma间和约8Ma以来均为相对快速隆升阶段，视隆升速度约为0．18～0．23mm／a；而42—32Ma问和22～8Ma间则为相对缓慢隆升过程，视隆升速度约为0．01mm／a。约57Ma以来华山的隆升—剥蚀量约为8．5km，平均隆升速度约为0．15mm／a；约32Ma以来的总隆升幅度约为4．5～5．1km，平均视隆升速度约为0．14～0．16mm／a。晚中生代以来华山的隆升过程实际上反映的是东秦岭的隆升过程，与区域地貌结构和周缘断陷盆地的演化过程有密切的成因联系，它表明东秦岭地区的三级等高峰顶面是120—57Ma、42—32Ma和22～8Ma间山脉缓慢隆升—剥蚀的结果，同时反映57—55Ma是渭河盆地开始快速裂陷和秦岭北麓正断层开始强烈活动的时间。     

华南东部陆缘新生代隆升历史及其动力学机制

华南陆缘在新生代期间经历了千米量级的上覆盖层剥蚀和山脉隆升;同时,其东侧的东海陆架盆地经历多次构造应力场的反转并发育多期反转构造。东海陆架盆地内的构造反转与华南陆缘隆升的发生时间和触发机制是否一致有待研究。为此,本文对浙江地区的岩石样品进行磷灰石裂变径迹测试和热演化史反演分析其隆升历史,并通过地震剖面分析东海陆架盆地的反转时间及其反转所导致的地层剥蚀量;最后,将二者进行对比分析并研究其动力学机制。结果发现,华南东部陆缘地区至少存在晚始新世(34. 5～33. 5Ma)、中中新世(16～11. 5Ma)、上新世以来(5～0Ma)三期明显的快速隆升事件,三期隆升导致的地层剥蚀量分别为227m、593m和865m;东海陆架盆地经历了古新世末-始新世初(～56Ma)、始新世末-渐新世初(～32Ma)和晚中新世(～10Ma)三期构造反转,三期反转导致的局部地层最大剥蚀量分别可达1200m、1300m和2000m。在时间上,东海陆架盆地的始新世末-渐新世初(～32Ma)和晚中新世(～10Ma)的构造反转分别滞后于浙江的晚始新世(34. 5～33. 5Ma)和中中新世(16～11. 5Ma)的隆升时间,说明这两期挤压-剥蚀事件分别具有自西向东的迁移性,即印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应可能是导致该迁移特征的原因;在强度上,东海陆架盆地的反转剥蚀量大于浙江境内的地层隆升量、挤压强度东强西弱,中新世晚期菲律宾海板块向西俯冲导致冲绳海槽弧后伸展产生向西的挤压力、这种挤压应力向陆内传递且强度变弱可能是导致该特征的原因。     

藏北改则康托盆地逆冲推覆构造磷灰石裂变径迹年代学制约

对采自羌塘地块南部改则地区康托盆地的碎屑岩及火山岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试及AFT热历史模拟,获得77±6Ma、62±5Ma、44±3Ma、35±2Ma四组磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,平均径迹长度介于11.6±2.0~13.3±1.9μm之间。AFT热历史模拟结果指示,研究区自晚白垩世至现今主要历经了3次构造抬升冷却过程:晚白垩世(100~65Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,其降温速率和隆升速率分别为1.46~4.26℃/Ma、0.05~0.14mm/a,该事件为新特提斯洋洋壳沿雅鲁藏布江俯冲作用的响应;始新世中期(50~35Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,该阶段降温幅度相对以第一次较小,该构造事件与印度大陆的向北俯冲具有成因联系;20Ma至现今的快速抬升冷却阶段为青藏高原整体拉张走滑构造环境所影响,其隆升速率和降温速率分别为3.25~6.0℃/Ma、0.03~0.2mm/a。     

西天山白垩纪隆升-剥露的裂变径迹证据

白垩纪的隆升-剥露事件在新疆不同构造单元广泛发育。本文主要是通过磷灰石裂变径迹测年技术,结合温度-时间热模拟反演的研究,探讨西天山北段和中段白垩纪的隆升-剥露过程。17个样品分别采自西天山北段的博罗科鲁山、依连哈比尔尕山以及西天山中段的独库公路附近的花岗岩体。裂变径迹测试结果显示,样品的径迹年龄介于45.4±3.2~81.6±4.9 Ma,平均径迹长度介于12.62±0.17~13.53±0.14μm之间。进一步根据温度-时间的模拟结果推断,西天山北段和中段在晚白垩世都经历了快速隆升-剥露过程。在时间上,西天山北段样品记录的快速隆升的时间主要集中在50~70 Ma之间,西天山中段样品记录的快速隆升时间集中在70~90Ma之间。结合相应的地质证据,认为从晚白垩世开始,西天山地区开始出现差异性的隆升剥露过程,伊犁盆地从早中白垩世隆升剥蚀状态转变为晚白垩世接受沉积,其两侧山脉继续处于快速隆升剥蚀的状态。导致这种隆升-剥露事件的动力学机制是受多因素综合控制的,印亚碰撞的远程效应可能是该期事件的主要动力来源,但天山不同地段的热-流变性质的差异性及不同块体之间的相互作用是导致差异性隆升-剥蚀的主要因素。     

吕梁山地区中—新生代隆升演化探讨

对吕梁山地区中—新生代隆升时限及其演化的认识,是恢复鄂尔多斯盆地沉积东界的基础,也是探讨华北克拉通演化和破坏等科学问题的有机组成部分。本文以改造盆地与盆山耦合的研究思路为指导,通过对研究区及邻区前中生代地质演化、中生代原始沉积面貌、中生代构造变动与岩浆活动以及新生代以来与相邻地堑发育耦合关系等的分析,并结合裂变径迹测年与热史模拟,认为吕梁山地区在中生代鄂尔多斯盆地发育的主要时期是大型沉积盆地的一部分,与鄂尔多斯盆地经历了同步沉降—抬升过程。晚白垩世以来是吕梁山地区主要的隆升期,可进一步分为缓慢隆升（100～21±2Ma）、加速隆升（21±2～8Ma）及强烈隆升（8Ma以来）3个隆升演化阶段。吕梁山地区中—新生代以来的隆升演化,与相邻鄂尔多斯盆地的抬升消亡及其周边断陷盆地的发育从属统一的区域动力学环境,主要与滨太平洋构造域的活动和演化息息相关,同时受更广阔的区域地球动力学环境的影响。     

青藏高原腹地羌塘盆地白垩纪快速隆升的锆石裂变径迹测年证据

青藏高原的成因与形成过程一直是全球地质学家争议的焦点。为了约束青藏高原腹地晚中生代的构造隆升运动。本文在青藏高原中部的羌塘盆地内三个地区采集了14件锆石裂变径迹测年样品,并进行了系统测年分析。结果显示,羌塘盆地在早白垩世(148Ma~94Ma)发生了强烈的构造运动。由于新特提斯洋向拉萨地块之下不断消减挤压,羌资盆地与拉萨地块之间发生了重要的板块碰撞,从而使羌塘盆地在28Ma~48Ma的时间间隔内发生了快速的隆升运动,岩石迅速从~300℃冷却到~180℃以下,降温幅度达120℃。快速的构造隆升使得羌塘盆地的古海拔迅速增大,进而可能形成一个以南羌塘为核部,地貌向南、北逐渐降低的原始高原。原始高原的出现使得南羌塘地区成为剥蚀区,为拉萨地块内的萎缩海盆提供物源供给。羌塘盆地晚白垩世(89Ma~73Ma)的构造隆升很有限,但此次构造隆升可能在拉萨地块内比较显著,从而导致了拉萨地块内海相沉积的结束和大量陆相粗碎屑沉积的开始,并且可能使原始高原的范围不断扩大,甚至延伸到整个拉萨地块。     

青藏高原腹地羌塘盆地白垩纪快速隆升的锆石裂变径迹测年证据北大核心CSCD

青藏高原的成因与形成过程一直是全球地质学家争议的焦点。为了约束青藏高原腹地晚中生代的构造隆升运动。本文在青藏高原中部的羌塘盆地内三个地区采集了14件锆石裂变径迹测年样品,并进行了系统测年分析。结果显示,羌塘盆地在早白垩世(148Ma^94Ma)发生了强烈的构造运动。由于新特提斯洋向拉萨地块之下不断消减挤压,羌资盆地与拉萨地块之间发生了重要的板块碰撞,从而使羌塘盆地在28Ma^48Ma的时间间隔内发生了快速的隆升运动,岩石迅速从~300℃冷却到~180℃以下,降温幅度达120℃。快速的构造隆升使得羌塘盆地的古海拔迅速增大,进而可能形成一个以南羌塘为核部,地貌向南、北逐渐降低的原始高原。原始高原的出现使得南羌塘地区成为剥蚀区,为拉萨地块内的萎缩海盆提供物源供给。羌塘盆地晚白垩世(89Ma^73Ma)的构造隆升很有限,但此次构造隆升可能在拉萨地块内比较显著,从而导致了拉萨地块内海相沉积的结束和大量陆相粗碎屑沉积的开始,并且可能使原始高原的范围不断扩大,甚至延伸到整个拉萨地块。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.