《系列世界地图》简介

郝晓光主编的《系列世界地图》于2002年4月由湖北省地图院在武汉编制完成。现行世界地图适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用经线分割地球仪,是一种“经线世界地图”。新设计的“纬线世界地图”适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用纬线分割地球仪。《系列世界地图》实施了“双经双纬”的设计方案：“东半球版”与“西半球版”为“经线世界地图”,“北半球版”与“南半球版”为“纬线世界地图”。     

基于《系列世界地图》的全数字化世界地势图

基于《系列世界地图》和全球数字高程模型,绘制出一套四种的系列世界地势图,具体分为:"东半球版"、"西半球版"、"北半球版"和"南半球版".其中,"东半球版"和"西半球版"为"经向世界地势图",适用于表达东、西半球的地形和构造分布;"南半球版"和"北半球版"为"纬向世界地势图",适用于表达南、北半球的地形和构造分布.新编世界地势图采用分层设色的方法显示出各高程带的范围以及区域地貌形态、不掺杂任何人为描绘成分、将全世界陆地和海底的地势起伏逼真地表现了出来,为地学研究提供了一种新的图形工具.目前,该图件已经正式出版.     

《系列世界地图》简介

郝晓光主编的《系列世界地图》于2002年4月由湖北省地图院在武汉编制完成。现行世界地图适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用经线分割地球仪,是一种“经线世界地图”。新设计的“纬线世界地图”适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用纬线分割地球仪。     

地球地形和大地震南北半球不对称分布的力学原因

为什么地球是椭圆形?为什么北半球大陆多于南半球?为什么北半球有纬向的地震带--地中海地震带,而南半球没有?为什么印度洋板块不向南运动而向北运动?为什么北半球地震多于南半球?以上几个问题是人所共知的,但探讨这几个问题的资料却很少见.     

地球南北半球的非对称性

依据新的计算分析和空间观测数据,进一步论述了地球南北半球的非对称性. 全球热散失量的计算得出,南半球高出北半球33髎;南半球地幔热散失量是北半球的2倍. 比较南北半球S波速度分布,得出南半球的上地幔为低速、高温,北半球的上地幔为高速、低温. 计算地幔各层的质心位置发现,地球的质心偏于北半球. 计算地球经、纬圈长度的年变化率表明,南半球在扩张,北半球在收缩. 用空间大地测量数据的检测结果证实,南半球处于扩张状态,北半球处于压缩状态. 对地球的非对称性作了初步的动力学解释.     

《系列世界地图》及其应用与推广

《系列世界地图》是本世纪初诞生在我国的创新性地图作品，该图以东、西、南、北四种视角，从经度、纬度两种方向，准确地将世界地理和中国与世界的地理关系完整地展现在读者面前.本文回顾了新编《系列世界地图》的研制过程和基本概况，给出了近几年《系列世界地图》在国家科考、国防科研和地学研究中的应用事例，介绍了《系列世界地图》的普及和推广情况.     

ITRF97下空间对地观测站速度矢量显示的全球构造运动

利用ITRF97的站速度矢量研究现代地壳运动特征，发现ITRF97站速度矢量与NUVEL-1A板块运动模型有很好的一致性. 它们共同显示，北半球以北大西洋为轴向北东、北西向裂开，欧亚大陆向北东、东、南东运动; 北美大陆向北西、西、南西运动, 但南半球板块运动状态截然不同, 南美、非洲、印-澳三板块各自的本体运动几乎全部指向北东-北北东, 三者之间以南大西洋脊和印度洋脊为界, 而且运动矢量逐次加大, 呈现南半球整体运动与洋脊张裂运动的叠加所造成的“落后式”拉张关系, 北半球和南半球之间速度矢量场的差异十分明显, 显示其间运动场不协调带, 此带内地质调查早已确定存在一组斜列式断续延伸的剪切破裂带. 沿此南/北半球之间的运动不协调带及其内部的大断裂带自1999年8月至2001年1月连续发生8次M≥7.8地震, 而环太平洋俯冲带内地震活动则明显降低, 充分显示了南/北半球之间的运动不协调带在全球板块运动中所显示的全球尺度的独立地位. 验算结果初步揭示了南/北半球之间的相对错动关系.     

南半球减速膨胀的定量分析

利用空间大地测量技术的长期观测资料，得出南半球纬线圈纬线长变化率和全球活动板块边缘扩张与汇聚运动速率，并与3Ma平均地质地磁模型NUVEL1A的估算结果进行比较：(1)空间大地测量技术测得南半球纬线圈纬线变化率均为正值；(2)南半球测站的垂向运动除了赤道附近几个测站下沉，其余91髎的台站全上升；（3）南半球相邻板块的现今汇聚和扩张运动速率均比3Ma平均地质模型NUVEL1A估值小，而北半球相邻板块的汇聚和扩张运动速率没有系统性的变化. 这些实测结果反映了南半球纬线圈方向在减速伸展，南北方向在减速拉伸，即南半球在减速膨胀.     

用GPS和VLBI数据检测固体地球的体积和形状变化

本文利用2003年GPS和VLBI组合的站坐标、站速度及它们的误差估计,采用Delaunay算法生成的三角形来逼近地形表面,研究了地球的表面积、体积及它们的变化趋势,并利用板块运动模型插值方法得到的全球分布均匀的台站对检测方法进行了检核.结果表明,实测的和插值后的数据给出的结论是一致的,即若以赤道为界,北半球在压缩,南半球在膨胀;若以0°～180°经线为界,东半球处于挤压变形中,西半球处于扩张变形中;若以90°～270°经线为界,包含太平洋的半球处于压缩状态,而包含大西洋的半球则处于扩张变形中.这种变形证明地球仍处于非对称变形中.根据GPS和VLBI组合的数据解算的体积变化率达到 -15937×1012?m3·a-1,相当于地球半径每年大约缩短3～4 mm,表明地球整体上处于压缩变形中.     

南半球环流异常与长江中下游夏季旱涝的关系

本文对长江中下游夏季旱涝年前期（3、4、5月的季节平均）和同期（6、7、8月的季节平均）的南半球环流作对比分析,探讨南半球环流异常与长江中下游夏季旱涝的关系. 结果表明前期和同期南半球环流均有显著差异,春季南极涛动对长江中下游旱涝的影响较夏季显著,南半球副热带高压在春、夏两季中有很好季节持续性. 因此,春季南半球环流异常可以作为长江中下游夏季旱涝主要短期气候预测因子. 南、北半球中高纬环流相互作用是长江中下游夏季降水的一个重要因素,其可能的联系机制是从南半球高纬到北半球东亚沿岸经向分布的正压遥相关. 研究中还发现在长江中下游的涝年,整个对流层中南半球春、夏两季有持续增温,这说明了南北半球的温度梯度减弱也是东亚夏季风减弱的原因之一.     

新版1：1000000新疆地震构造图简介

在1∶500 000地质图的基础上,参考了1∶2 000 000新疆维吾尔自治区地震构造图和1∶4 000 000中国活动构造图,系统收集了近10年来的活动构造、新构造、地球物理、地震活动、盆地区第四系等厚线和GPS形变观测等资料的基础上,经综合分析研究编制新版1∶1 000 000新疆地震构造图.该图共含括第四纪以来的活动断层200余条,这些构造多经过ETM等影像资料的精确校对核实,其展布和几何特征与实际情况更为吻合.该图的编制,对新疆地区的地震烈度区划、震害预测预防、城乡建设、经济规划和地震应急等具有较重要的实用参考价值.     

我国海洋地学编图现状、计划与主要进展

我国海洋地质地球物理工作起步晚,整体调查程度较低,进一步加强我国海洋地学编图显得十分必要.我国实施的"海洋地质保障工程",将分"中国海陆"、"中国海及邻域"和"中国各海区"三个层次来进行地学编图.第一层次编制了空间重力异常图、布格重力异常图、磁力异常图、地震层析成像图、莫霍面深度图、地质图、大地构造格架图和大地构造格架演化图等8种图件.编图反映出中国海陆重力异常是"线性异常带纵横交错,块状异常区坐落其间"、重力梯级带主要为块体结合带;陆地磁力异常大致正负磁异常相间分布,海域北部为沟-弧-盆相关异常、南部磁条带异常;莫霍面总体特征为"东西分带,南北分块";地震层析成像反映出中国东部和西部岩石层厚度的差异以及上地幔软流层的分布特点;大地构造格架和演化图再现了块体体制向板块体制的转换过程.本次编图强调地球深部结构的变化对表层构造的关联,重视地球物理资料与地质构造的结合,以深-浅层结合来划分中国大地构造格架.已有成果表明,中国海陆大地构造格局可以用"块体构造学说"来描述.     

A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region

Introduction Tectonically the eastern Asia refers to the region bounded by the following three active tec-tonic zones: in the east the western Pacific subduction zone, including Japan trench, Ryukyu trench and Philippine trench; in the southwest the Himalaya continental collision zone and the Burma-arc-Java-trench subduction zone; in the northwest the Tianshan-Baikal continental defor-mation zone (Figure 6). In the world the eastern Asia is one of the regions with the strongest pre-sent-da…     

川滇地区应变率场分布及其变化特征研究

基于GPS多期复测资料, 利用最小二乘配置方法计算川滇地区应变参数, 分析该区域应变率场分布及其变化特征并探讨其分布与强震关系。 研究结果表明: ① 各时段应变率场空间分布的明显变化应属于大于GPS资料误差的真实地壳构造形变信息; ② 最大剪应变率及第一、 第二剪应变率的结果反映了走滑断裂对区域变形的显著控制; ③ 主应变率, 东西、 南北向应变率场动态结果反映的汶川地震孕震的空间尺度较大; ④ 在本区大致反映北东向与北西向剪切变形的第一剪应变率、 东西向应变率、 南北向应变率及最大剪应变率与6级以上地震对应较好。     

中国海陆及邻域大地构造格架图编制

20多年来,中国海陆及邻域的地质地球物理调查在不断进步,尤其是海域取得很多新认识,但中国海陆及邻域的大范围编图,尤其是大地构造图,没有随之更新;中国海陆的编图还一直存在海陆不接、海域编图相比陆域落后的问题;亟需编制一幅中国海陆及邻域的大地构造图.1992年编制的"中国海域及邻区地质地球物理系列图"的大地构造图,运用以活动论为内涵的全球构造理论作为指导思想,对中国海区及邻域的大地构造特征做出了较好的诠释.最近,中国海陆地质地球物理系列图编制项目,把1:500万中国海陆及邻域大地构造格架图作为图种之一.在全球构造理论基础上发展而来的块体构造学说,作为本次编图的指导思想,根据其大地构造体系,板块和板块边界作为一级构造单元,块体和结合带(缝合带等)作为二级构造单元,结合系列图中重力图、磁力图、地质图等图件成果,以及最近的其他调查研究资料,完善了对特提斯在南海周边的界线、东海陆架的基底构造属性等认识,在研究区内共划分出了欧亚板块、菲律宾海板块和印度-澳大利亚三大板块,6个板块边界构造单元,30个块体、14个结合带和10个缝合带.     

Mianlüe tectonic zone and Mianlüe suture zone on southern margin of Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt

The Mianlue tectonic zone (Mianlue zone), an ancient suture zone in addition to theShangdan suture in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, marks an important tectonic division geo-logically separating north from south and connecting east with west in China continent. To de-termine present structural geometry and kinematics in the Mianlue tectonic zone and to recon-struct the formation and evolution history involving plate subduction and collision in theQinling-Dabie orogenic belt, through a multidisciplinary study, are significant for exploring themountain-building orogenesis of the central orogenic system and the entire process of the majorChinese continental amalgamation during the Indosinian.     

FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTION AND TECTONIC STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS,XINJIANG

The middle part of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang is located in the north-central part of the Tianshan orogenic belt, between the rigid Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin. It is one of the regions with frequent deformation and strong earthquake activities. In this paper, 492 M_S>2.5 earthquake events recorded by Xinjiang seismograph network from 2009 to 2018 were collected. The M_S3.5 earthquake was taken as the boundary, the focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake events in this region were calculated by CAP method and FOCEMEC method respectively. At the same time the focal mechanism solutions of GCMT recorded historical earthquake events in this region were also collected. According to the global stress map classification standard, the moderate-strong earthquakes in the region are mainly dominated by thrust with a certain slip component, which are distributed near the combined belts of the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin and Yili Basin with Tianshan Mountains. The thrust component decreases from south to north, while the strike-slip component increases. The spatial distribution characteristics of the tectonic stress field in the middle section of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are obtained by using the damped regional-scale stress field inversion method. The maximum principal compressive stress in axis the study area rotated in a fan shape from west to east, the NW direction in the western section gradually shifted to NE direction, its elevation angle is nearly horizontal, in the state of near horizontal compression. The minimum principal compressive stress axis is nearly EW, and the elevation angle is nearly vertical. Influenced by large fault zones such as Kashi River, Bolhinur, Nalati, Fukang, the southern margin of the Junggar and the north Beiluntai, the local regional stress field presents complex diversity. Under the influence of the northward extrusion of Pamir and Tarim blocks, the whole Tianshan is shortened by compression, but its shortening rate decreases from south to north and from west to east, the stress shape factor increases gradually from west to east, the intermediate principal compressive stress axis exhibits a change in compression to extension. There are some differences in the characteristics of tectonic stress field between the north and south of Tianshan Mountains. The regional maximum principal compressive stress axis is 15° north by east on the south side, while it is nearly NS on the north side. The deformation of the Tianshan Mountains and the two basins on both sides is obviously larger than that in the inside of the mountain. Changes in the crustal shortening rate caused by the rotation of the rigid Tarim block and Junggar block to the relatively soft Tianshan block, as well as the uplifts of Borokonu and Bogda Mountains, the comprehensive influence of the material westward expansion constitute the stress field distribution characteristics of the north and south sides of the middle section of Tianshan Mountains. The recent two M_S6.6 earthquakes in the region caused the regional stress field to rotate counterclockwise. The post-earthquake stress field and the main source focal mechanism solution tend to be consistent. The seismic activity in the study area is week in the south and strong in the north. The focal depth is about 20km. Most strike-slip earthquakes occur near the junction belt of the Tianshan and Junggar Basin.     

Mianle tectonic zone and Mianle suture zone on southern margin of Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt

The Mianle tectonic zone, defined as a series of fault zones consisting mainly of south-verging thrusts and nappes, represents the south boundary of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt. The north side of the eastern end of the Mianle tectonic zone adjoins the exposure of the Dabieshan UHP rocks. Further to east, the zone was offset by the Tanlu faults and moved to eastern Shandong Province. While to its west, across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the zone was dislocated by the Altun fault, and…     

Some features of the arc-continent collision zone in the Ryukyu subduction system, Taiwan Junction area

Abstract To the northeast of Taiwan, northwestward subduction of the Philippine Sea plate is occurring beneath the Eurasian plate along the Ryukyu Trench. The Ryukyu Trench, which is well defined along the northeastern part of the Ryukyu arc, cannot be easily defined west of 123° east. This is an area where the Gagua Ridge (whose origin is controversial) enters the trench from the south. On the basis of the marine geophysical survey data the following results have been obtained. The structural elements associated with the Ryukyu subduction system deform and partially disappear west of 123° east. Among other things the Ryukyu Trench terminates close to the western slope of the Gagua Ridge. The Gagua Ridge is the result of tectonic heaping and is likely to be an uplifted sliver of oceanic crust. The interaction between the Ryukyu subduction system and the Taiwan collision zone encompasses a wide region from Taiwan to the longitude 124.5° east. The Gagua Ridge is a boundary between the active deformation zone related to the collision in Taiwan and the West Philippine Basin. It is proposed that there is a tectonic zone that can be traced from the Okinawa Trough on the north to the southern termination of the Gagua Ridge on the south.     

南北地震带的构造特色

南北地震带是以青藏高原地壳为主体和兼并了扬子地块西部而成的新生构造实体,具弥漫性边界。构成其基本格架的巨型反S形或缓弧形构造带,分布在中部的弧顶朝南的弧形构造以及发育在东界附近的旋卷构造,成为南北地震带的三大构造特色,它们都是塑性伸展流动的产物。据弧形构造形态实际数据分析表明,地壳物质向南移动的规模,由北往南逐渐加大,从西到东渐逐减小;自北纬31.5°往南,青藏高原物质东移量逐渐加大。