井下、地表地震计记录波形对比——以松原地震台为例

分析了相邻井下、地表地震计记录的背景噪声及近震、远震波形特征,以及相关的振幅谱及近震、远震接收函数波形特征。结果表明,井下地震计记录的背景噪声比地表地震计小1个数量级,其近震、远震波形记录较清晰、简洁;井下、地表地震计记录的远震振幅谱和径向接收函数具有较好的一致性,但背景噪声、近震振幅谱、近震接收函数、远震切向接收函数波形存在一定差异;由地表地震计得到的近震震级比井下地震计的大0.12,地表地震计到井下地震计之间的P波速度约为2 km/s。     

地震计灵敏度的对比测量法

本文提出一种地震计灵敏度的对比测量法, 该方法将被测地震计和一台校准过的地震计比邻、 平行摆放, 共同记录地振动数据, 通过对比分析两台地震计的输出信号, 计算被测地震计的灵敏度。 与振动台测量法相比, 该方法成本低, 与电测法相比, 不需已知地震计的标定常数, 是一种简单易行、 精度高的地震计灵敏度测量方法。     

The effect of the galvanometer coupling on the accuracy of measuring the seismometer constants of an electromagnetic seismograph

Summary The errors in determining the partial constants of a seismometer using the method of recording the free oscillations of the seismometer by a galvanometer are analysed and the maximum values of the coupling coefficients at which the derived seismometer constants do not differ from the partial by more than 1%, are computed.     

江苏省测震台网井下地震计方位角检测

为获取江苏省测震台网井下地震计精确方位角,架设地面参考地震计,将其精确指北,并与井下地震计检测结果进行对比,利用相关分析法计算22个深井台站精度较高的方位角。研究结果表明,受多因素制约,井下地震计检测结果普遍偏差较大,部分台站水平向分量几乎反向,如提井,需重新进行方位角检测;地面与井下地震计同频带有利于提高相关性,从而获取高精度检测结果;利用不同频带地震计进行井下地震计方位角检测时,对较宽频带地震计进行仿真处理尤为重要;溧阳2台站新建井下地震计检测结果表明相关分析法可应用于井下地震计方位角检测;尽可能选择台基噪声功率谱密度曲线具有明显波峰频段作为滤波频段,有利于提高地面与井下地震计观测数据相关性,提高方位角检测精度。     

宽频带地震计的安装

简要介绍了地震噪声的一些特点、环境因素影响宽频带地震计产生噪声的机制,并针对这些特点介绍了安装宽频带地震计的一些隔热保护方法和需要注意的事项,最后从检验系统安装与运行状况的角度,介绍了地震计的标定和台站噪声检测问题,列举了作者在宽频带测震台站建设中的工作实例.     

宁夏陶乐井下地震计的参数测定

宁夏回族自治区数字化测震台网由14个数字化测震台站构成,其中宁夏灵武和宁夏陶乐为井下式数字化测震台站。宁夏陶乐数字化观测井此前使用JDF-2型号地震计,但由于仪器老化导致记录波形失真,经研究决定,于2018年12月底将宁夏陶乐观测井的地震计及数据采集器更换为井下短周期GL-S2B型号地震计、EDAS-24GN型号数采。在北京港震仪器设备有限公司技术人员的配合下,宁夏测震台网工作人员对更换后的井下短周期GL-S2B型号地震计、EDAS-24GN型号数据采集器进行了方位角校正、阶跃标定、正弦标定、台基噪声功率谱密度测试等参数测定,各项测定结果均符合井下地震计及数采的安装规范,且记录波形良好。     

测震数采仪记录的钻孔应变

采用测震仪数采器在昌平台站开展了高频采集实验,对原来1次/分钟采样的钻孔应变仪输出进行100次/秒采样,记录到大量丰富的信息.计算了高频采样获得的应变记录分钟值后,发现与原来的1次/分钟采样变化曲线趋势完全吻合.高频采样获得的应变地震波更加完整,细节更为清晰.通过应变地震波计算得到的震相参数,与前人所得结果一致.与十三陵地震台测震仪记录的地震波比较,二者的波谱相似,且应变地震波中还存在低频成份.     

COUPLAGE SOL-GEOPHONE*

The seismometer-ground system is represented by a damped oscillatory system. Relatively simple approximation formulas are derived to express the coupling between ground and seismometer. These expressions are applicable in seismic exploration. The coupling is that of a mass, suspended by a spring, to the surface that the ground would have in absence of the seismometer. It results in a low-pass filtering of the ground motion, which is due to the presence of the seismometer. This effect is expressed in a unit-impulse response. It appears that, over a sufficiently homogeneous ground and for low frequencies, one has a true coupling between ground and seismometer. To obtain a sufficiently large pass-band, a low seismometer housing-mass together with a not too small housing radius are necessary.     

速度传感反馈地震计的动态范围上限

在开环参数一定的条件下,速度传感反馈地震计中的环路滤波是影响地震计主要技术指标的关键环节之一.本文探讨了一阶极点高通、一阶极点低通、一阶零点高通、双一阶和零阶环路滤波在扩展地震计动态范围上限方面的优缺点.研究指出,对于用闭环反馈直接生成主导二阶极点的速度传感反馈地震计,一阶零点高通环路滤波的优点较多;若允许在环外生成主导二阶极点,则零阶环路滤波也不失为一个较好的方案.     

深井宽频带地震计的研制

深井地震观测可以排除地面噪声干扰的影响,提高观测的信噪比,应用前景广泛。文中介绍基于DSP的深井宽频带地震计,总体介绍其特点、组成、原理,并对某些关键问题进行阐述,说明各部分的具体实现方案,并研制初步样机。     

南京地震台数字与模拟记录测定震级的对比研究

分析了CTS-1宽频带数字地震仪和模拟仪器DD1、DK1记录的地震资料,发现在地震记录与大震速报方面,数字仪器可以代替原来的模拟仪器,并与模拟记录实现“无缝”连接。     

速度传感反馈地震计的参数稳定性分析

从理论上定量分析机械摆和环路滤波等开环诸参数变化对速度传感反馈地震计闭环参数的影响.研究指出,在环路设计中可半自由选取的开环阻尼取值对参数稳定性有重要影响.过大或过小的开环阻尼取值均可能造成参数稳定性急剧变差,影响地震计在只标不调的状况下长期连续稳定工作.     

基于阶跃响应在时域解析测定地震计参数

提出基于阶跃响应在时域解析测定地震计参数的方法，并对合理确定响应的时间零点提供了一种方法。对JC-V100 3D型便携式短周期地震计及与其配套的EDAS-3M型16位地震数据采集记录仪组成的系统进行了测试。结果表明：对JC-V1003D短周期地震计的传递函数进行测试是可行的，对地震计的阻尼系数Dc和自振周期Tc的测试结果是令人满意的。     

JD-2F型井下地震计

JD-2F型井下地震计是在JD-2型深井地震仪的基础上，经过进一步的技术改进并引入电子反馈技术而研制成功的。它是为井下地震台的数字化改造而研制的，是JD-2型地震仪的替代产品。本文通过对比，重点介绍了它的主要技术指标及结构特点。     

一种地震计固定装置

为了避免地震计由强振动引起的不同程度的位移、偏转或倾倒,研制出1套地震计固定装置,该装置使地震计能够经受强烈振动。与其他类似装置不同的是,该装置是通过地震计的3个底脚进行固定的,不与地震计其他位置接触,这有效避免了混入其他噪声。通过测试试验发现,在安装固定底座后,地震计运行和产出的波形均正常,噪声略有变小,平均信噪比变化不大。     

测震数采仪记录的钻孔应变

A seismometer data acquisition unit has been used in the Changping seismic station to record the output of a strainmeter.The output of a strainmeter was sampled at a rate of 100/sec by seismometer acquisition from the original rate of 1 per minute.Plenty of high frequency sampled data was recorded.The minute value curve calculated from the seismometer acquisition are consistent with that of the original data sampled by the strain acquisition system.More complete waveforms were recorded with a higher sampling rate,and seismic phase parameters calculated by using higher sampling rate strain seismic waves are also in consistency with the results of its predecessors.Spectra of the strain seismic waves are compared with that of seismic waves recorded by a seismometer in the Shisanling seismic station,and their trends are almost the same.Besides,some lower frequency components still exist in strain seismic waves.     

Determination of a seismometer’s generator constant, azimuth, and orthogonality in three-dimensional space using a reference seismometer

To accurately predict the performance of a seismometer, knowledge of its key parameters is required. We present a new method that requires a single reference instrument to estimate some of the important parameters of the seismometer, such as the ratio of the generator constants, the orthogonality deviation, and the rotation in space and in the horizontal plane with regards to the reference instrument. The procedure is performed in the three-dimensional spaces where the Euler rotation theorem is applied in order to define a transformation, which is then used to transform the detection of the reference seismometer as well as the detection of the instrument under test. The estimated transformation matrix is defined as an upper triangular matrix, where its elements contain the information regarding the parameters of the tested seismometer, which are then evaluated using the Euler angles. The new method has been verified on a pair consisting of two STS-2 seismometers and on a pair consisting of one CMG-3T and one STS-2 seismometer.     

地震计位置校正

地震计与授时和定位用的GPS天线的分离,造成地震计位置的误差,这种现象在地震计置于山洞的地震台中是普遍存在的,对于井下地震计来说,在高度上也有300m左右的误差。结合邯郸台网的具体情况,分析了台站地震计位置普遍存在误差的现象,给出一种简单的校正方法,并对涉县台地震计位置进行校正,最后讨论地震计位置的偏差对地震定位的影响。     

Adaptation of the S-5-S pendulum seismometer for measurement of rotational ground motion

The Russian electrodynamic seismometer model S-5-S has been adapted for the measurement of rotational ground motion. The mechanical system of the original S-5-S seismometer consists of electrodynamic sensing and damping transducer coils mounted on an asymmetrical double-arm pendulum. This pendulum is suspended on a footing using two pairs of crossed flat springs, which operate as the axis of rotation. The pendulum is stabilised by an additional spring. The S-5-S can be used either as a vertical or as a horizontal sensor. The adaptation of the S-5-S seismometer described below involves removal of the additional spring and installation of an additional mass on the damping arm. Strain gauge angle sensors are installed on one pair of the crossed flat springs. The main dynamic parameters of the rotational seismometer created in this way, i.e. the natural period and damping, are controlled electronically by feedback currents proportional to the angular displacement and angular velocity, both fed to the damping transducer coil. This new seismometer, named the S-5-SR, enables measurement of the rotational component of ground motion around the horizontal or the vertical axes. The output signal from this S-5-SR seismometer can be proportional either to rotational displacement or rotational velocity.     

KFD——宽频带大动态反馈地震计的设计和性能

我们设计了一种便携式的宽频带反馈地震计,并与标准长周期地震计(763)及力平衡式宽频带反馈地震计(STS-1V,STS-1H)作了比较,并在不同干扰环境及工作条件下进行了考验.结果是令人满意的.地震计由一台垂直向和两台水平向组成.其惯性质量为0.8kg,自然机械振动周期为15s(秒),机械品质因素约为50.用一差动电容位移换能器将惯性质量的位移变化转变成电信号,而加于电磁系统的反馈使质量维持在它的平衡位置附近.该仪器在其通带范围内具有平坦的位移频响特性.这由反馈网络决定,它相当于一个具有30s 自然周期的位移传感长周期(LP)地震计加上截止频率为0.03s 的二阶低通滤波器系统.该仪器的动态范围为100dB,阻尼为0.8.设计中着重考虑便携性,安装方便以及对环境干扰的有效屏蔽及低功耗.