贵州从江-黎平地区锰矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

贵州从江-黎平地区锰矿产于南华系大塘坡组第一段黑色岩系中。通过对从江-黎平地区开展地质调查工作,查明该区含锰岩系分布于朝里向斜及寨柳向斜,区内两个已知矿床八当锰矿和高增锰矿即位于朝里向斜。文章系统阐述了从江-黎平地区锰矿成矿地质背景、含锰岩系特征、锰矿床地质特征,对该区南华纪大塘坡期锰矿成因进行了探讨研究,并总结了区内锰矿成矿规律,在此基础上,结合野外地质调查成果,对该区锰矿找矿潜力进行了分析,认为朝里向斜南部具一定找矿潜力。     

贵州松桃普觉超大型锰矿床主要特征与找矿实践

贵州松桃普觉超大型锰矿床受南华纪普觉Ⅳ级地堑成锰盆地控制,由于同沉积断层作用,两界河组、含锰岩系、锰矿体、大塘坡组第二段、南沱组等地层均从南往北由薄变厚,盆地中存在2个呈NE65°方向展布的渗漏沉积中心。锰矿产于南华系下统大塘坡组第一段(含锰岩系)下部黑色碳质页岩中,呈层状、似层状缓倾斜顺层产出,矿体长大于6 000 m、宽大于2 000 m,盆地中心部位矿体中夹一层含碳玻屑晶屑凝灰岩透镜体。该矿床是近年来运用古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿模式与找矿模型理论发现的又一个隐伏超大型锰矿床,锰矿石资源量(332+333) 1. 92亿吨,位居亚洲第一、世界第五位。     

重庆秀山小茶园大塘坡组含锰岩系地球化学特征及地质意义

本文根据矿石特征和岩石地球化学特征分析了重庆秀山小茶园一带锰矿床含锰岩系的物质来源、沉积环境和成因。该含锰岩系赋存于南华系大塘坡组一段。元素地球化学特征表明,主成矿元素Mn与Al_2O_3、SiO_2呈明显负相关,与MgO、CaO呈明显正相关,Ag、As、Sb平均含量明显偏高,显示研究区含锰岩系为热水沉积成因;Co/Zn-(Co+Ni+Cu)图解、(Co+Ni+Mn)×10-Fe-Mn图解和Y×P_2O_5图解均显示该含锰岩系具有热水沉积的特征;HREE亏损,LREE富集,且Eu负异常的特征,以及δCe值,暗示该区锰矿形成于被动大陆边缘区;V/Cr和V/(V+Ni)值指示含锰岩系形成于厌氧和缺氧环境。     

贵州热水沉积矿床

将贵州热水沉积矿床划分为4个成矿期:1新元古代大塘坡期(成锰期);2早寒武世时期(Ni-Mo-V-Ba成矿期);3泥盆纪时期(重晶石-铁矿形成期);4二叠纪时期(锰矿-"大厂层"形成期)。贵州热水沉积岩及矿床的热水沉积序列在结构、构造上具有一致性:热水喷发初期以爆发相为特征,形成角砾状、碎屑状构造;主期以喷流相为特征,形成块状和透镜状构造,条带状和纹层状构造是热水间歇供给形成,为喷溢相特征;晚期以喷气作用为主,多形成浸染状构造。除泥盆纪成矿期之外,其余成矿期均有火山活动,火山-热水沉积是贵州热水沉积成矿的主要方式。不同期次所形成的热水沉积矿床均受深大断裂的明显控制,裂陷控制的深水盆地或台沟是矿质聚集的主要场所,也是找矿的主要靶区,不同类型矿床的找矿工作应以其产出特征及不同找矿标志为指导。     

贵州二叠系茅口组顶部锰矿沉积特征及矿床成因研究

通过对遵义、纳雍营盘等地含锰岩系沉积特征及沉积地球化学特征研究,结果表明,锰矿体形态主要以层状、似层状、透镜状、脉状产出,具有角砾状构造、递变层理等,常夹硅质岩和凝灰岩,具有热水喷流沉积构造特征。锰矿层位于玄武岩之下,夹于茅口组灰岩顶部,说明锰矿成矿在玄武岩喷发之前。含锰岩系中的矿物组合有浸染状黄铜矿,黄铁矿,重晶石,天青石,菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、黄铜矿、蓝铜矿、褐铁矿、绿泥石、石英及其他碳酸盐岩矿物等,这些矿物组合与热水沉积矿物组合类似。对含锰岩系进行微量元素、稀土元素、碳同位素分析测试表明,含锰岩系富集As、Co、Cu、Cr、Mo、Ni、Pb、U和V等元素,Fe/Ti、(Fe+Mn)/Ti及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值,Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)×10三角图解等均显示锰矿属于热水沉积成因。锰矿石碳同位素值δ~(13) C介于+4.17‰~-18.53‰,氧同位素δ~(18) O介于-6.98‰~-10.05‰显示,碳同位素组成具有热水沉积特征。含锰岩系稀土配分曲线与峨眉山玄武岩稀土配分曲线类似,表明锰矿成矿物质来源与峨眉地幔热柱密切相关。     

贵州松桃千公坪锰矿地质地球化学特征

"大塘坡式"锰矿是南方重要的锰矿床类型之一,对其成因认识尚有较大分歧。在野外地质调查的基础上,分析了大塘坡组底部菱锰矿沉积及顶底板围岩的地质、地球化学特征,指出矿石的内碎屑结构及条带状构造、块状构造的配置规律是热水沉积的典型结构构造,是热水喷发旋回的产物。含锰岩系微量元素Sr/Ba值反映锰矿发育于滞留浅海环境,U-Th相关图、Fe-Mn-(Cu+Co+Ni)三角图、Co/Zn-(Co+Ni+Cu)相关关系图上显示其明显的热水沉积特征。球粒陨石标准化的稀土配分模式显示重稀土亏损、中等Eu负异常、弱Ce正异常的特点。矿区样品在北美页岩标准化稀土元素配分模式中,曲线呈基本平滑型,具弱的Ce正异常,反映还原的沉积环境。结论:千公坪锰矿属于海底热水沉积产物,区内找矿应沿北东向断裂及热水沉积盆地展开。     

贵州省松桃大塘坡组含锰岩系的形成环境分析

贵州黔东断裂坳陷带是我国重要的锰矿成矿区,发育了新元古代大塘坡早期富锰黑色页岩。一般认为,锰矿是氧化环境下沉积的MnO2在早成岩过程中与有机质之间发生氧化—还原反应形成的;但最近研究显示,也有可能直接从缺氧海水中沉淀而成。本文对贵州省松桃县西溪堡锰矿区大塘坡组一段含锰岩系和大塘坡锰矿区铁矿坪锰矿床的大塘坡组一段含锰岩系中的样品,采用总有机碳、总硫、显微镜薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、电感耦合等离子体质谱等研究方法,探讨了大塘坡组一段的沉积环境,为锰矿成因提供新的线索。本研究分别提取和测试了碳酸盐矿物和残余物(主要为粘土矿物)微量元素、稀土元素的含量后发现,去除碳酸盐矿物后余样Sr/Ba比值为0.06～0.19、B/Ga比值为1.44～5.01,碳酸盐矿物成分中Y/Ho比值为16.18～29.78,均指示锰矿层沉积于Sturtian冰期后冰川消融而成的淡水—半咸水的环境。锰矿的稀土总量高,类似于大洋铁锰氧化壳的“帽型”稀土元素配分模式,具有Ce/Ce^*正异常;氧化还原敏感元素双原子比U/Th比值为0.16～0.35、V/Cr比值主要为0.35～5.84、Ni/Co比值介于0....     

贵州从江高增锰矿床地质特征及找矿潜力

从江高增锰矿处于区域性雷公岭向斜北西翼次级岜扒向斜展布区,区内断裂构造主要为NE、NNE展布,该矿床是黔东南地区现今唯一具有中型规模的海相沉积碳酸锰矿床,其矿体呈层状、似层状产于南华系大塘坡组第一段黑色岩系中,矿石自然类型为碳酸锰矿石,按结构构造划分为块状矿石和条带状矿石,矿石工业类型划分低磷低铁富锰矿石和高磷低铁贫锰矿石。通过高增锰矿床与黔东铜仁松桃"大塘坡式"锰矿床相比,其赋矿层位、矿体特征、矿物组分、化学成分、矿石结构构造和矿石类型相同,而矿床规模相差甚远、成锰盆地沉积相分带特征不明显。通过成锰盆地特征、沉积环境和成矿条件分析,高增锰矿深部及外围地区仍具较大找矿潜力。     

黔东南地区南华纪锰矿地质地球化学特征

通过黔东南地区南华纪锰矿成矿地质背景及沉积矿物特征、微量元素及C、O同位素地球化学特征的研究,认为黔东南地区南华系锰矿成矿物质主要来源地壳深部,主要与火山作用及喷气作用有关,沉积成锰盆地受同生深大断裂带的控制,成锰早期构造与热液活动强烈,矿石矿物有热水成矿的痕迹,矿体下部纹层状锰矿有热水成矿的特征,但根据含锰岩系微量元素比值、C、O同位素地球化学特征,分析认为区内锰矿沉积成矿作用以化学及生物化学为主。     

贵州松桃道坨锰矿含锰岩系地球化学特征 和沉积环境分析

道坨锰矿床是贵州锰矿整装勘查过程中新发现的全隐伏超大型锰矿床,其含锰岩系赋存于南华系大塘坡组第一段底部黑色页岩中,呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出。对含锰岩系主量及微量元素地球化学特征分析:其V/(V+Ni)、V/(V+Cr)、V/Cr、Ce/La值,及U、V、Ni、Mo等氧化还原敏感元素的富集程度显示其形成于缺氧环境。含锰岩系富集As、Mo、Ag、Sb,及Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、(Fe+Mn)/Ti、Co/Zn值均显示热水沉积物特征,且在(Cu+Ni+Co)×10—Fe—Mn、Co/Zn—(Cu+Ni+Co)关系图解中,岩矿样品投影点均落在热水沉积区内,反映了热水作用对锰的富集和成矿影响甚重。此外,Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、Al/(Al+Fe)、Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)、(La/Ce)N值及(K2O+NaO2)—SiO2、La/Ce—Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解指示含锰岩系形成于被动大陆边缘背景。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.