津巴布韦大岩墙Darwendale次岩浆房铂族元素成矿分布和成矿机制探讨

大岩墙超铁镁质岩层上部主要有三个硫化物带，铂族元素（PGE）主要分布在这些矿带中，尤其富集在硫化物带的底部。下部两个矿带属星散硫化物成矿，二者距离较远；上部矿带铂族元素品位较高，分布在十分薄的岩层中。目前对层状硫化物矿床形成的模式尚未进行足够的研究。初步认为下部两个矿带是硫化物从硅酸盐岩浆中经连续的结晶分凝作用形成；上部矿带是由于岩浆房底部比较原始的岩浆与顶部伴生浆液混合形成。     

湘黔寒武系底部黑色岩系贵金属元素来源示踪

华南寒武系底部黑色岩系中超常富集铂族元素．根据湘黔地区该富集层金、银、铂族元素的丰度及其比值、元素的相关性、元素分布模式和配分模式,认为贵金属和其他元素主要不是地外物质直接提供的,也不是正常海水沉积的产物,而可能主要与海底热水喷流作用有关,系由海底热水通过深循环汲取元古宙武陵期基性－超基性岩物质的产物．在喷流作用最强烈地段很有可能形成极具工业价值的多元素矿床,尤其是除基性－超基性岩型以外的铂族元素资源新类型矿床．     

湘黔下寒武统铂族元素来源与矿化年龄的Re-Os同位素制约

华南下寒武统黑色岩系底部页岩层富含有色金属、贵金属、稀有元素、分散元素和放射性元素, 称“多元素富集层”. 为了厘定其中贵金属的来源和矿化年龄, 对黔北中南村、湘西柑子坪和三岔采集的6件样品进行了Re和Os含量及同位素测定. Re-Os基本呈正消长关系. ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os-¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os相关系数为0.99856, 在¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os-¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os协变图上, 6个点均匀分布, 与542±11 Ma拟合等时线高度吻合, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os初始值为0.84 ± 0.12. 结果表明, Re和Os等元素的定位年龄为542±11 Ma, 与其所在地层的地层学年龄一致; 湘黔地区“多元素富集层”的形成具有高度的等时性; 同一地区“多元素富集层”中不同物质在形成时间上的差异没有超出Re-Os年龄拟合所允许的误差范围; 黑色岩系成岩期显微脉体的形成与“多元素富集层”的形成没有明显的时间间隔或没有造成Re-Os同位素组成的明显变化; 玄武岩质地壳可能是湘黔地区下寒武统“多元素富集层”中Re和Os以及其他铂族元素和微量元素的最主要供给源.     

金川超镁铁岩侵入体及超大型硫化物矿床的成岩成矿机制

金川超镁铁岩侵入体赋存有超大型硫化物矿床 .岩体中、西段为岩浆通道 ,岩相对称分带 ,矿体产于中部的纯橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩中 ;东段产状较缓 ,岩相为垂直分带 ,矿体位于岩体底部 .各类岩石均具堆积结构 .岩石学和地球化学研究表明 :中西段以流动分异为主 ,东段为重力分异 ;原始岩浆属拉斑玄武质 ;块状矿石系压滤作用产物 ;后续岩浆的补给和混合补充了成矿物质 ;硫化物不混溶程度受挥发分制约 .对超大型岩浆硫化物矿床形成的必要条件作了阐述     

上地幔铂族元素的分异——吉林汪清橄榄岩包体提供的证据

汪清橄榄岩包体的PGE分布模式不同于世界范围橄榄岩中通常观察到的平坦型或负斜率分布 ,而以Pt Pd之间发生分异为特性 .根据Pt和Pd在合金 /硫化物熔体的分配系数的差异 ,认为部分汪清橄榄岩经历了与一含合金和硫化物的熔体平衡的过程 .由于比重的差异 ,富Pt合金同硫化物熔体发生分异而留在残余橄榄岩中 ,而富Pd的硫化物因未达饱和态而随残余熔体脱离地幔 .     

攀西裂谷带轻稀土矿床与地幔过程的关系

在攀西裂谷带集中分布着牦牛坪、大陆槽及攀枝花等轻稀土矿床(点),它们与霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体密切相关。碳、氧同位素研究表明,杂岩体中的碳酸岩是典型的岩浆碳酸岩,它是地幔过程的产物。电子探针研究显示,杂岩体中的流体-熔融包裹体富含轻稀土元素,反映其原始岩浆富集轻稀土,它可以为区域的轻稀土矿化提供充足的物质来源。赋存于霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体的稀土矿化与杂岩体有关,它们均是地慢过程的产物。稀有气体同位素研究也在一定程度上揭示了轻稀土矿化与地幔过程之间存在着成因联系。     

攀西裂谷带轻稀土矿床与地幔过程的关系

在攀西裂谷带集中分布着牦牛坪、大陆槽及攀枝花等轻稀土矿床(点),它们与霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体密切相关.碳、氧同位素研究表明,杂岩体中的碳酸岩是典型的岩浆碳酸岩,它是地幔过程的产物.电子探针研究显示,杂岩体中的流体-熔融包裹体富含轻稀土元素,反映其原始岩浆富集轻稀土,它可以为区域的轻稀土矿化提供充足的物质来源.赋存于霓石石英正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体的稀土矿化与杂岩体有关它们均是地幔过程的产物.稀有气体同位素研究也在一定程度上揭示了轻稀土矿化与地幔过程之间存在着成因联系.     

广西栗木大岐岭隐伏花岗岩的成因及其构造意义:岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Nd-Hf同位素制约

对栗木锡多金属矿集区最新发现的大岐岭白云母二长花岗岩体进行了详细的U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素研究,讨论了岩体的成因、物质来源和构造意义.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,花岗岩形成于印支晚期,成岩年龄为(224.8±1.6)Ma.岩体富集SiO2和K2O,贫Na2O和CaO,A/CNK值变化于1.09~1.20之间,均落入强过铝质花岗岩区域,标准矿物刚玉含量为1.4 vol%~2.7 vol%.球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线呈轻微右倾形,强烈Eu负异常(δEu=0.08~0.17),岩体富集Cs,Rb,K等大离子亲石元素LILE和U,Pb,Ce,Hf等高场强元素(HFSE),明显亏损Ba,Sr,Ti等元素.锆石饱和温度(711~740℃)略低于S型花岗岩平均值(764℃).岩体的εNd(t)和εHf(t)值均为负值,分别变化于?9.1~?10.1和?3.7~?12.6之间,峰值分别出现在?9.2~?9.0和?6~?5之间,岩体的TDMC(Nd)和TDMC(Hf)分别变化于1.74~1.82 Ga和1.49~2.04 Ga之间,峰值分别出现在1.73~1.75 Ga和1.5~1.6 Ga之间,表明岩体形成的源区主要为晚古元古代-中元古代的壳源物质.7颗继承锆石给出了(248.6±4.3)Ma的加权平均年龄,说明在栗木地区存在印支早期花岗岩,其εHf(t)值为?6.7~?2.3,与大岐龄岩体相似,暗示在岩体形成过程中可能有印支早期岩浆物质的加入.岩体中(945±11)Ma继承锆石εHf(t)值为8.7,Hf同位素模式年龄(TDM(Hf))为1.14 Ga,与江南造山带东段新元古代岛弧岩浆的特征相似,推断新元古代岛弧岩浆岩可能参与了岩体的形成,新元古代岛弧岩浆带及扬子与华夏板块弧陆碰撞带可能向西南延伸至栗木地区.印支晚期后造山背景下,地壳的伸展和减薄导致地幔物质底侵,促使地壳物质发生部分熔融形成大岐岭岩体.     

白洋淀湿地表层土壤主要环境元素分布特征及来源

白洋淀是雄安新区生态共同体的重要组成部分,在"白洋淀生态环境治理和保护规划"中,淀区内纯水村和耕地将被淹没,而上述陆地的土壤环境元素分布特征及来源仍缺乏系统调查和分析.本文以淀区内现有0～ 20 cm土壤为研究对象,以环境元素As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、N、P和土壤类型、质地为研究要素,以统计描述、方差分析、相关分析和因子分析为研究手段对淀区内土壤主要环境元素分布特征和来源进行刻画和分析.结果 表明:淀区主要环境元素在不同土地类型的差异性分布是大气沉降和人类工农业活动综合作用的结果.除元素P外,其余环境元素的淀区背景值均高于区域背景值,呈富集趋势.大部分元素趋向于在农用地富集,在水田的富集最为突出,Hg元素则更易在村镇用地富集.淀区内土壤主要环境元素来源分3种类型:大气沉降型,代表元素为Ni、Cr、As、Pb、Cu和Cd,主要来自区域燃煤烟气的沉降输入;农业输入型,代表元素为P、N、Hg、Cd、Pb,主要来自本地农业施肥和人类生活垃圾输入;工业叠加型,代表元素为Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb,主要来自大气沉降和淀区临近的小冶炼的排放叠加,其中Pb、Cd、Cu为综合输入方式.     

云南哀牢山金矿带含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉的研究

在云南哀牢山金矿带北段老王寨金矿区和北衙金矿区发现３条含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉．岩脉中球粒为主要由白云石和方解石组成的碳酸盐，微量元素、稀土元素和Ｃ同位素组成具岩浆碳酸盐（即碳酸岩）特征；基体的主要矿物组合、主要元素、微量元素和稀土元素均与矿区无碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉相似，为来源于交代富集地幔的钙碱性煌斑岩．结果表明，该区含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉为区内喜山期煌斑岩岩浆演化到相对晚期硅酸盐－碳酸盐液态不混溶作用产物，岩浆演化过程中存在ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ为主的去气作用．     

Injection of additional batches of magma into the formed magma chamber: The case study of Lukkulaisvaara intrusion,North Karelia

The probable implications of the injection of additional batches of melt into the magma chamber and the correlation of ore formation to these processes are considered. The assumed model of hydraulic impact (stamp) explains a number of the structural features of layered basite-hyperbasite intrusions and, in particular, formation of microgranular rocks, whose structure indicates a high rate of crystallization, and, probably, platinum group element (PGE) mineralization in the Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion, North Karelia. It is shown that intrusion of additional batches of magma can lead to thermodiffusion, which is most effective in the vicinity of the contact between the chamber and the portion of magma. This, in turn, should result in the redistribution of chemical components in this zone and, probably, to anomalous concentrations of productive components at early penetration stages.     

Crystal fractionation of granitic magma during its non-transport processes: A physics-based perspective

Granitic continental crust distinguishes the Earth from other planets in the Solar System. Consequently, for understanding terrestrial continent development, it is of great significance to investigate the formation and evolution of granite.Crystal fractionation is one of principal magma evolution mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether crystal fractionation can effectively proceed in felsic magma systems because of the high viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior associated with granitic magmas. In this paper, we focus on the physical processes and evaluate the role of crystal fractionation in the evolution of granitic magmas during non-transport processes, i.e., in magma chambers and after emplacement. Based on physical calculations and analyses, we suggest that general mineral particles can settle only at tiny speed(~10~(-9)–10~(-7) m s~(-1))in a granitic magma body due to high viscosity of the magma; however, the cumulating can be interrupted with convection in magma chambers, and the components of magma chambers will tend to be homogeneous. Magma convection ceases once the magma chamber develops into a mush(crystallinity, F~40–50%). The interstitial melts can be extracted by hindered settling and compaction, accumulating gradually and forming a highly silicic melt layer. The high silica melts can further evolve into high-silica granite or high-silica rhyolite. At various crystallinities, multiple rejuvenation of the mush and the following magma intrusion may generate a granite complex with various components. While one special type of granites, represented by the South China lithium-and fluoride-rich granite, has lower viscosity and solidus relative to general granitic magmas, and may form vertical zonation in mineral-assemblage and composition through crystal fractionation. Similar fabrics in general intrusions that show various components on small lengthscales are not the result of gravitational settling. Rather, the flowage differentiation may play a key role. In general, granitic magma can undergo effective crystal fractionation; high-silica granite and volcanics with highly fractionated characteristics may be the products of crystal fractionation of felsic magmas, and many granitoids may be cumulates.     

不完美岩浆过程中的微量元素效应

本文综述了国外近年来在不完美岩浆过程中微量元素效应研究方面的进展。在完美平衡过程（平衡部分熔融或者平衡部分结晶）中和在完美分离过程（分离熔融或者分离结晶）中，熔融或者结晶对于高度不相容元素和高度相容元素相对浓度变化的差异悬殊的影响效应是众所周知的。完美分离过程需要满足以下３个条件：（１）每一批次被分离的熔体或者晶体的量趋向于无穷小；（２）晶体与熔体的彻底分离；（３）体系相对于源区物质和残留物质是完     

Evaluation of magmatic processes for the products of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia from geochemical and petrological data

Trace-element concentrations of the eruptive products from the Nevado del Ruiz volcano indicate that at least for the last 1 Ma, the major controlling factor in the evolution of the magma has been a simple fractional crystallization.The Zr/Hf ratios suggest that the source material is mantle-like in origin and whilst subduction-related contamination of the source material has taken place, there is no evidence that assimilation of continental crust has affected the series.No convincing geochemical evidence for magma mixing was found, and data on banded pumices of Pleistocene, Historic and the 1985 eruptions strongly support a crystal fractionation model to explain the compositional variation of their glasses. Therefore, if mixing has taken place it can only be a mixing of layers within a stratified or partially stratified magma chamber.Modeling of fractional crystallization using a stepwise program has been undertaken and least-squares approximations with small residuals are commensurate with analyzed samples. Crystal fractionation models with plagioclase dominating two-pyroxenes and iron oxides give good fits for all calculations. We conclude that simple crystal fractionation is the process most consistent with major- and trace-element variations in the Ruiz series. This closed-system model requires at least 77% crystal fractionation of a basaltic parent to generate the observed compositions of dacites.     

腾冲火山地球化学综合观测站建设

在腾冲火山地区开展地球化学综合则监测火山活动重要而有效的方法之一。通过火山地区地下流体观测,可记录地壳应力应变、地温变化、气体及离子组份的释放量、释放方式和释放成分,进而可了解地壳内部岩浆活动与通道开启状况,为火山活动、构造活动、地震活动提供信息,开展监测、预测、对策研究。现腾冲火山地化综合观测站经科学下、选井、选址、选项,已完成基建及仪器安装等建设,基本测项已投入正常观测。     

The geology of the igneous complex of the Barda hills,saurashtra, Gujarat state (India)

The Barda group of hills represents a centre of laccolithic intrusion. The rocks encountered here are pierite basalt, rhyolite, obsidian, granophyre, felsite, aplite and diorite. There is evidence for both « Fissure Type » and « Central Volcanic Type » of igneous activity in the region, which seem to have occurred in three different phases. The parent magma has been shown to be tholeiitic in composition. The acid rocks may have been formed by crystal fractionation along with diffusion of alkalis and volatiles. The origin of diorite is attributed to a process of hybridization.     

The geology, petrology, and petrogenesis of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles

Saba is the northernmost volcano along the Lesser Antilles island-arc chain. The Lesser Antilles arc results from the west-northwest subduction of the Atlantic lithosphere beneath the Caribbean Plate. Sediment thickness along the trench decreases northward away from sediment sources on the continent of South America. We focused our attention on Saba precisely because it is the furthest away from documented geochemical effects in the southern arc volcanics of the large sediment thicknesses — normally attributed to both source or upper level contamination (i.e. assimilation).Field mapping, petrology, mineralogy, K–Ar dating, and geochemical analyses (major and trace element) indicate a complex history of magma petrogenesis including crystal fractionation, magma mixing, and, surprisingly, crustal assimilation. This is the first time assimilation has been documented in the northern section of the Lesser Antilles arc. Magma mixing shows up in the field as banded pumice and petrographically and mineralogically as complex zoning in phenocrysts (such as reverse zoning in plagioclase), disequilibrium mineral assemblages (e.g. quartz and olivine), and disequilibrium between minerals and whole-rock compositions (e.g. forsterite content of olivine). Mass-balance modeling of major and trace elements support our contention that crystal fractionation (including amphibole) played an important role in magma evolution. However, various geochemical trends can only be explained by assimilation-fractional crystallization based on the fact that the trends of various trace elements and trace-element ratios vary with increasing silica. Finally, we could find no evidence of sediment source contamination in the most mafic rocks. It may exist but is overprinted by the later assimilation effects.     

Three magmatic components in the 1973 eruption of Eldfell volcano,Iceland: Evidence from plagioclase crystal size distribution (CSD) and geochemistry

The 1973 eruption of Eldfell volcano, Iceland, appears to have been a short, simple event, but textural and geochemical evidence suggest that it may have had three different magmatic components. The first-erupted fissure magmas were chemically evolved, rich in plagioclase (∼ 18%) and had shallow, straight crystal size distribution (CSD) curves. The early lavas were less evolved chemically, had lower plagioclase contents (∼ 13%) and steeper, slightly concave up CSDs. The late lavas were chemically similar to the early lavas, but even richer in plagioclase than the initial magmas (∼ 24%) and had the steepest CSDs. There was no chemical evidence for plagioclase fractionation, but compositional diversity could be produced by clinopyroxene fractionation which must have occurred at depth. We propose that the eruption started with old, coarsened (Ostwald ripened) magma left over from a previous eruption, possibly that which produced Surtsey Island ten years earlier. The early flows may be mixtures of small amounts of this old magma with a new, low crystallinity, uncoarsened magma or a completely new magma. The late flows are another new magma from depth, chemically similar to the early flows, but which has grown plagioclase under increasing saturation (undercooling) perhaps during its ascent. All three magmatic components may have originated from the same parent, but had varying degrees of clinopyroxene fractionation, plagioclase nucleation and growth, and coarsening.     

DEEP “ARCH-BRIDGE” MAGMATIC SYSTEM OF THE AERSHAN VOLCANIC GROUP AND ITS STABILITY ANALYSIS

The Aershan volcanic group has been active since the Pleistocene to the modern and has potential to erupt, so it is of great significance to strengthen the study on the Aershan volcano group and evaluate its activity. The magmatism is characterized by low resistivity in electrical properties. The electrical structure obtained by magnetotelluric sounding can be used to study the magmatic occurrence and volcanic activity. It is an effective method to detect the deep structure of volcanic area. Based on the magnetotelluric sounding data of the Aershan volcanic group, the two-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion is obtained after the normalization of the data and the two-dimensional electrical structure of the Aershan volcanic group is obtained. It is found that there is a large-scale "arch-bridge" low-resistivity anomaly (resistivity less than 320Ω·m) and there are obvious high-conductivity anomalies (resistivity less than 40Ω·m) respectively on the west of the town of Ershi and the east of Chaihe town, the former is relatively small in sizes, buried at the depth of 40~60km, and the size of the latter is larger, buried at the depth of 60~90km, or even deeper. Combined with geological and geochemical data, it is inferred that the "arch bridge" anomaly is the channel of the basaltic magma transport from the epithermal basins on its both sides. The two high-conductivity anomalies it contains are probably the uncondensed or gathering magma chamber, so the Aershan magma system consists of "arch bridge" channel and asthenosphere-derived basaltic magma, the volcanic group has a unified magmatic system. Further analysis shows that the melting percentage of the "arch bridge" channel material is not less than 0.5%, and the lithosphere structure tends to be stable. The melting degree of the two magma chambers it contains is 2.5%~11.5%, and the grain boundary may all be wetted by the melt, rock flow intensity is relatively low, lithosphere structural stability is poor. In addition, the regional seismic distribution and the formation of hot springs also have a certain correlation to the Aershan volcanic group magma system. There are indications that the Aershan volcano group is in dormancy, rather than an extinct volcano, there is the possibility of eruption, so it should be closely monitored.     

Cobalt and scandium partitioning versus iron content for crystalline phases in ultramafic nodules

Fractionation of Co and Sc between garnets, olivines, and clino- and orthopyroxenes, separated from a suite of Salt Lake Crater ultramafic nodules that equilibrated at the same T and P, is strongly dependent on Fe contents. This observation suggests that petrogenetic equilibrium models of partial melting and crystal fractionation must take into account effects of magma composition, if they are to describe quantitatively geochemical evolutionary trends.