1989年大同—阳高地震的前兆过程及其场—源特征

本文对１９８９年山西大同－阳高６．１级地震的前兆过程及其场、源特征进行了综合研究，结果表明，大同－阳高地震震前较为丰富的前兆现象是震源应力场与区域应力场共同作用的结果，估计大同地震的震源区尺度为２０－３０ｋｍ，孕震区范围约２００ｋｍ。最早的异常（震前３－４年）表现为大同盆地沉降速率加大，且出现在震源区，然后扩展至孕震区边缘，在孕震区边缘（１５０－２００ｋｍ）存在中、短期异常的突出集中区，在孕震过程     

邢台震源区及相邻地区地壳上地幔速度结构研究

通过邢台震源区的两条相互垂直的折射剖面所揭示的壳幔速度结构和深部构造显示出的异常变化，Pg波在震区表现出随距离的强烈衰减；隆尧至太行山山前地带观测到21.0 km深度上的一组强反射，而通常以强振幅出现的Pm波在该段不明显．震区的下方及其西侧，地壳呈高低速相间的结构特征；上地幔顶部的速度由华北平原向山西高原递减．地壳厚度由华北平原向山西高原加厚了11 km．莫霍面在震区局部隆起．震区的超壳断裂和莫霍面不连续地段可能是岩浆入侵的通道和区域．上地幔的隆起和岩浆的侵入是形成震区异常壳幔结构和产生扩张盆地及发生邢台地震的主要原因．      

河南林县地震区地壳深部构造背景探讨

利用菏泽－林县－长治剖面西段与河南省林县微震区有关的６个炮点（分支）的观测资料进行二维处理计算、解释和研究,结果表明：在林县震区的下方存在着Ｍ面断裂或构造异常带;壳内存在着明显的速度逆转;林县震区及其东侧的内黄隆起和西侧的太行山隆起壳幔结构与构造具有明显的差异;西浅东深的林县西断裂沿震源深度包络线向深部延伸与震区下方的近垂直的地壳断裂在１５ｋｍ深处交汇。     

松原前郭地震区孕震构造的地震层析成像研究

本文选取2013年10月到2018年12月期间松原市周边17个地震台记录到的515个地震事件的2926条P波和2665条S波到时数据,采用双差成像方法联合反演松原地震区震源参数和中上地壳(0～25 km)高分辨率三维体波速度和波速比结构,进而利用O'Connell-Budiansky理论估计了该区岩石介质的裂缝密度和饱和度参数.重定位后的震源参数精度有了显著提高.松原震区P波和S波的速度、波速比结构均表现出明显的不均匀特性,主要表现为低P波、低S波、低波速比结构,推测松原地震区发生更大地震的可能性较低.松原震群区浅地表区域(＜5 km)整体表现为低P波、低S波和高波速比结构,而岩石介质的裂缝密度和饱和度表现为高值.浅层高波速比、高裂缝密度和高饱和度结构可能与流体有关;从区域构造出发表明松原地震发震构造与东北地区的区域构造应力场密切相关.松原震区的三维精细速度和高精度震源位置信息为深入了解该地区的地壳结构、孕震构造和地震活动性提供重要参考.     

岷县漳县M_S6.6地震震源区地壳速度结构特征初步研究

利用距离2013年岷县漳县地震最近的固定台站岷县台2008-2009年的远震接收函数,确定了该地震震源区及临近区域的地壳厚度和波速比。结果表明:岷县台下方地壳速度结构的横向非均匀性较强,各方位接收函数差异较大,特别是震源区与临近区域存在明显的差别。临近区域的中下地壳存在明显的低速层,而震源区中下地壳中存在明显的高速区;且震源区地壳平均波速比为1.76,上地壳的波速比仅为1.62。据此推断:震源区是坚硬的上地壳覆盖在较软的中下地壳之上,岷县漳县地震破裂有可能是下地壳流的活动导致上地壳的破裂。     

玛沁-靖边剖面S波资料研究与探讨

对玛沁——靖边剖面深地震测深S波资料处理解释，获得本区S波二维地壳速度结构和波速比结构．结果表明，该区S波二维速度结构和波速比结构，沿剖面存在着明显的差异．剖面西段和海原地区下方呈现S波速度偏低，而波速比偏高的结构特征；剖面中段和东段的S波速度和波速比正常．根据S波速度结构和波速比结构的横向变化特征，讨论了两大异常区岩性的变化．推测海原大地震孕育发生不仅与构造活动有关，而且与该区的岩石性质有关．      

山西高原北部地壳上地幔地震波速结构与深部构造

对自河北文安经山西大同至内蒙古岱海的宽角反射／折射地震剖面资料进行了详细的研究。结果表明，地壳厚度由太行山山前地带的３６．０ｋｍ向山西高原增厚至４４．０ｋｍ。在太行山山前基底断裂、紫荆关断裂的下方和大同盆地的东侧存在着延伸至莫霍面的断裂带；太行山隆起区上地幔顶部的速度偏高，太行山山前地带和大同震区上地壳的下部有强烈的速度反转，大同地震与这里的异常的壳幔构造有关，太行山山前地带存在着发生潜在地震的深部构造条件     

丽江7.0级地震震源环境及其破裂过程讨论

本通过对丽江Ｍｓ７．０地震发生环境和破裂过程的分析讨论，得到以下认识：丽江地震发生在滇西北裂陷区北部块体内，这是一个由三组深断裂切割包围的三角形断块，断块内发育有裂陷盆地（大具－丽江裂陷盆地）；该区除了水平应力作用外，还有很强的来自地幔物质上隆引起的垂直应力作用；主余震分布在地壳一个由相对低速区包围的高速区内。地壳介质结构横向非均匀性－地壳高速块体的存在，可能是丽江地震震源成核的重要成因。丽江７     

汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性

利用菏泽－林县－长治剖面西段和郑州－济南剖面南段深地震测深资料,进行一、二维计算与解释,获得了汤阴地堑及邻区的二维速度结构。结果显示：该区地壳上地幔结构在纵、横向上均具有明显的差异。地壳厚度变化大,局部存在低速块体,对应汤阴地堑为一Ｍ面隆起,隆起高点Ｍ面埋深为３１ｋｍ,向东浚县方向,隆起区Ｍ面逐渐加深到３２ｋｍ,向西太行山前方向,隆起区Ｍ面为一陡变带,至长治附近,Ｍ面埋深增至４０ｋｍ。根据华北地区历史地震与深部结构和构造的相关分析认为,汤阴地堑及邻区可能存在发震危险。     

汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性

本文利用荷泽－林县－长治剖面西段和郑州－济南剖面南段深地震测深资料,通过一、二维计算与解释,获得了汤阴地堑及邻区的二维速度结构。结果显示：该区地壳上地幔结构在纵、横向上均具明显的差异,地壳厚度变化大局部存在低速块体,对应汤阴地堑为Ｍ面隆起,隆起高点Ｍ面埋深为３１ｋｍ,向东往浚县隆起区Ｍ面逐渐加深３２ｋｍ,向西往太行山前隆起Ｍ面为一陡变带,至长治附近Ｍ面埋深增至４０ｋｍ。根据华北地区历史地震与深部结     

Seismic imaging of the middle and upper crust by double-difference tomography: the Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) in Liaoning Province

The Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) occurred in Liaoning Province (39°N–43°N, 120°E–126°E ), China on February 4, 1975. The mortality rate was only 0.02% owing to the first timely and accurate prediction, although the area affected by the earthquake was 9200 km² and covered cities with a population density of 1000 p/km². In this study, the doubledifference (DD) tomography method was used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structures and Vp/Vs as well as the earthquake locations. Tomography results suggest that velocity structure at shallow depth coincides well with topography and sediment thickness. The earthquake locations form a northwest-striking zone associated with the Jinzhou(JZ) Fault and a northeast-striking zone associated with the Haichenghe-Dayanghe (HD) Fault, and suggest that the JZ Fault consists of three faults and the Ms 7.3 Haicheng earthquake originated at the intersection of the JZ and the Faults. Lowvelocity zones (LVZs) with low Vp/Vs are observed at 15–20 km depth beneath the Haicheng (HC) region. We interpret the LVZs in the middle crust as regions of fluids, suggesting rock dehydration at high temperatures. The LVZs and low Vp/Vs in the upper crust are attributed to groundwater-filled cracks and pores. We believe that large crustal earthquakes in this area are caused by the combination of faulting and fluid movement in the middle crust.     

2004年内蒙古Ms5．9地震异常分析

以2004年内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗Ms5．9地震为研究对象,对震中区域的地震活动参量b值进行时间扫描计算,Ms5．9地震前b值表现为高值回落;在选取的时空范围内,计算出震中区域平均波速比和地震空间相关长度,Ms5．9地震前波速比变化过程为下降一持续低值一回升发震,地震空间相关长度在震前趋势性上升,分析认为：可以把波速比的和地震空间相关长度的震前变化规律作为同一区域未来地震的预测依据。     

Crustal structure of northern Egypt from joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion velocities

In this study, we used a combined inversion of body wave receiver functions and surface wave dispersion measurements to provide constraints on the crustal structure of northern Egypt. The two techniques are complementary to each other: receiver functions (RFs) are sensitive to shear-wave velocity contrasts, while surface wave dispersion (SWD) measurements are sensitive to finite variations of shear-wave velocity with depth. A database of 122 teleseismic events digitally recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network (ENSN) stations has been used as well. To enhance the resulting RFs at each ENSN station, the H-k stacking method was applied. A joint inversion process between the resulting receiver functions and the surface wave dispersion curves was applied as well. We have produced three averaged velocity structure models for distinct geographic and tectonic provinces namely Sinai, eastern desert, and western desert from east to the west respectively. These models will deeply help in estimation the epicenter distance of earthquake, focal mechanism solutions, and earthquake hazard analysis in northern Egypt. An obvious image of the subsurface structure has been determined which shows that generally the crustal structure of northern Egypt consists of three layers covered with a sequence of sediments that differs in thickness from across the region except in the Sharm area where the sedimentary cover is absent. The obtained results indicate that crustal thickness differs from east to west and reaches its maximum value of about 36 km at Siwa station (SWA) in the western desert and its minimum value of about 28 km at Sharm station (SHR) of the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula. The Vp/Vs ratio varies between 1.71 and 2.07 in northern Egypt. Generally, the high values (1.93) of (Vp/Vs) at SWA station may reflect the well-known rich aquifer with fully saturated sediments of the Swia Oasis in the Western Desert. Moreover, the highest value (2.07) of (Vp/Vs) at BNS station may be attributed to the widespread recently discovered hydrocarbon fields at the Beni-Suef Basin along the Eastern Desert. Finally, an integrated geophysical and hydrological study of the dimensions and physical properties of the aquifer and hydrocarbon fields at SWA and BNS stations to confirm if they are sufficient to produce the elevated Vp/Vs ratios or not become essential and highly recommended.     

Crustal structure variation along 30°N in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications

We determined crustal structure along the latitude 30°N through the eastern Tibetan Plateau using a teleseismic receiver function analysis. The data came mostly from seismic stations deployed in eastern Tibet and western Sichuan region from 2004 to 2006. Crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio at each station were estimated by the H–k stacking method. On the profile, the mean crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio were found to be 62.3 km and 1.74 in the Lhasa block, 71.2 km and 1.79 near the Bangong–Nujiang suture, 66.3 km and 1.80 in the Qiangtang block, 59.8 km and 1.81 in the Songpan–Garze block, and 42.9 km and 1.76 in the Yangtze block, respectively. The estimated crustal thicknesses are consistent with predictions based on the topography and the Airy isostasy, except near the Bangong–Nujiang suture and in the Qiangtang block where the crust is 5–10 km thicker than predicted, indicating that the crust may be denser, possibly due to mafic underplating. We also inverted receiver functions for crustal velocity structure along the profile, which reveals a low S-wave velocity zone in the lower crust beneath the eastern Tibetan Plateau, although the extent of the low-velocity zone varies considerably. The low-velocity zone, together with previous results, suggests limited partial melting and localized crustal flow in the lower crust of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

Lithospheric structure of NW Iran from P and S receiver functions

We computed P and S receiver functions to investigate the lithospheric structure beneath the northwest Iran and compute the Vp/Vs ratio within the crust of this seismologically active area. Our results enabled us to map the lateral variations of the Moho as well as those of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath this region. We selected data from teleseismic events (M_b?>?5.5, epicentral distance between 30° and 95° for P receiver functions and M_b?>?5.7, epicentral distance between 60° and 85° for S receiver functions) recorded from 1995 to 2008 at 8 three-component short-period stations of Tabriz Telemetry Seismic Network. Our results obtained from P receiver functions indicate clear conversions at the Moho boundary. The Moho depth was firstly estimated from the delay time of the Moho converted phase relative to the direct P wave. Then we used the H-Vp/Vs stacking algorithm of Zhu and Kanamori to estimate the crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio underneath the stations with clear Moho multiples. We found an average Moho depth of 48 km, which varies between 38.5 and 53 km. The Moho boundary showed a significant deepening towards east and north. This may reveal a crustal thickening towards northeast possibly due to the collision between the Central Iran and South Caspian plates. The obtained average Vp/Vs ratio was estimated to be 1.76, which varies between 1.73 and 1.82. The crustal structure was also determined by modeling of P receiver functions. We obtained a three-layered model for the crust beneath this area. The thickness of the layers is estimated to be 6–11, 18–35, and 38–53 km, respectively. The average of the shear wave velocity was calculated to be 3.4 km/s in the crust and reaches 4.3 km/s below the Moho discontinuity. The crustal thickness values obtained from P receiver functions are in good agreement with those derived by S receiver functions. In addition, clear conversions with negative polarity were observed at ~8.7 s in S receiver functions, which could be related to the conversion at the LAB. This may show a relatively thin continental lithosphere of about 85 km implying that the lithosphere was influenced by various geodynamical reworking processes in the past.     

中国大陆东部强震区和火山区人工地震探测研究综述

介绍了东北、华北、华东和华南的强震区和火山区的地震测深研究成果,揭示了强震区和火山区的地壳深部构造背景.分析表明,地壳深部断裂、中下地壳低速层、速度结构的差异、波速比异常、泊松比和岩性的不同、上地幔顶部隆起、莫霍界面较大的起伏、复杂的壳幔过渡带、滑脱构造、深部岩浆活动等构造特征与东部地区强震形成和发生有较为密切的关系.     

Simultaneous measurements of compressional wave and shear wave velocities, Poisson's ratio, and Vp/Vs under deep crustal pressure and temperature conditions: Example of silicified pelitic schist from Ryoke Belt, Southwest Japan

The ultrasonic technique for measuring travel times of compressional and shear waves using dual-mode transducers was adapted to a piston cylinder apparatus, allowing simultaneous measurements of travel times of compressional and shear waves of island arc samples under the high pressure and temperature conditions of island arcs. This method enables us to determine elastic properties and their pressure and temperature derivatives simultaneously. Furthermore, Vp/Vs can be directly determined from travel times of compressional and shear waves independently of length change due to compression or thermal expansion of rock samples under deep crustal conditions, providing more accurate Vp/Vs values than those determined from individual measurements of travel times of both elastic wave types using single-mode transducers. Experimental techniques and results are demonstrated using data on silicified pelitic schist from the Ryoke Belt to 0.6 GPa. The simultaneous measurement gives Vp  = 5.60 km/s, ∂ Vp /∂ P  = 0.090 (km/s)/GPa, Vs  = 3.37 km/s, ∂ Vs /∂ P  = 0.05 (km/s)/GPa, σ  = 0.216, and Vp / Vs  = 1.66 at ambient conditions. The temperature derivatives were constrained from fitting using linear functions of temperature, yielding ∂ Vp /∂ T  = −0.518 × 10⁻³ (km/s)/K and ∂ Vs /∂ T  = −0.182 × 10⁻³ (km/s)/K. Performing simultaneous measurements of travel times of compressional and shear waves using dual-mode transducers, it is possible to accurately determine Vp / Vs and Poisson's ratio of crustal minerals and rocks at deep crustal conditions to study the composition of the crustal interior, e.g. rock types and fluids below the hypocentral region of earthquakes or around bright spots.     

赤峰--辽蒙交界地区地震活动性及平均波速比分析

分析了赤峰地区地质构造特征、地球动力学环境、历史中强地震活动,表明该区域具备发生中强地震的构造条件;2008年以来的地震活动表明,辽蒙交界地区存在发生5级以上中强震的危险性,该地区的波速比震前异常能够为该地区的地震中期预测提供一定的判定依据。     

利用远震接收函数研究江西省地震台站下方莫霍面深度及泊松比分布

利用三分量远震记录资料,计算获得了江西省13个数字地震台下方的体波接收函数,利用H-kappa叠加方法反演得到这些台站下方的地壳厚度及泊松比。结果表明,研究区域东西向莫霍面起伏平缓,南北向地壳厚度变化稍大,全区域内地壳平均厚度为31 km,最大深度为九江的35 km,最小深度为赣州的28 km。泊松比的分布在研究区内从0.2到0.3之间变化,最大为会昌的0.27,最小为南昌的0.21。赣南各台站泊松比分布明显高于赣北,这可能与该区域地幔组分及地质演化过程有关。     

首都圈地区的地壳厚度及泊松比

利用2002~2003年中国地震局地质研究所台阵实验室以唐山大震区为中心布设的40个流动宽频带地震台站和首都圈数字台网的107个固定台站的远震数据,采用接收函数叠加搜索方法测定了首都圈地区地壳厚度和平均泊松比.综合利用首都圈数字地震台网的宽频带和短周期台站,以及流动地震台阵的观测数据,使我们的结果具有较前人更好的空间分辨率,为我们研究首都圈地壳的变形及其与地震的关系提供了重要的数据平台.结果表明: (1)首都圈地区地壳厚度和泊松比具有明显的横向分块特征,并与断层切割的地质块体有较好的相关性,地壳厚度变化形成了由涵盖北京—三河—唐山的NE向地壳厚度变化过渡带与张家口—北京—天津的NW向壳幔界面凹陷带构成的交汇构造,后者与所谓的张家口—渤海地震带基本吻合,而且本文给出的深部构造背景与首都圈地区的NE向和NW向地震带的交汇特征相吻合;(2)首都圈地区地壳厚度具有较大的差异,区域内地壳厚度的变化达15 km.其中,台站SZJ下方地壳厚度达到43.8 km,而台站BDH下方地壳厚度仅为28.8 km,总体上研究区西北侧的张家口—怀来地区的地壳厚度较大(~40 km),而唐山以东地区地壳较薄(28~32 km);(3) 研究区地壳的平均泊松比值为0.26左右,其最大值偏离泊松介质（σ=0.25）21%以上,而最小值偏离标准泊松比值9.6%,北京周边地区被高泊松比的介质环绕,而唐山东侧为低泊松比介质,地壳泊松比的分布特征反映了华北克拉通裂解过程中地幔物质的侵入;(4)研究区中强地震大多发生在地壳厚度和泊松比变化的陡变带,且偏于低泊松比的一侧,首都圈地震的成因仅考虑由于板块作用引起的水平应力场是不够的,有必要充分重视由于上地幔变形引起的地壳垂直变形和上地幔物质侵入造成的地壳变形运动与热效应.