华北克拉通中东部基底构造单元的重磁特征

系统收集并重新处理了华北克拉通中东部的重磁资料,利用处理结果,结合近年来华北克拉通前寒武纪结晶基底构造研究的进展,重新将华北克拉通中东部划分为2个一级重磁异常单元和7个二级重磁异常单元;重点描述了7条分划性断裂的重磁特征,特别指出中国东部重力梯度带正是华北克拉通中部带的集中表现,而郯庐断裂带和兰考～聊城～盐山～台安-大洼断裂带是燕山期陆内不同刚性块体调整的重要边界,所以也是重磁特征的变异带．据此,对华北克拉通断裂与构造单元的重磁异常特征赋予了新的地质意义．研究表明,华北克拉通现今的地球物理特征能够反映结晶基底构造,其原因是华北克拉通现今构造格局是中新生代构造继承结晶基底构造的结果．     

中国主要古陆与联合大陆的形成——综述与展望

中国主要的古老陆块有华北、华南和塔里木,这些古陆在前寒武纪有各自独立的构造演化历史．华北陆块的前寒武纪构造演化记录最复杂也最完整,从古陆核的形成、巨量陆壳的生长和克拉通化,继而经历了古元古代裂谷．岛弧．碰撞构造事件和大氧化事件,中．晚元古代的裂谷事件代表了华北克拉通的地台属性的演化史．塔里木盆地的基底包括太古宙和古元古代的变质岩系以及新元古代地层,确定有三期冰川作用造成的新元古代冰躜岩．华南古陆是由扬子和华夏克拉通在新元古代拼接而成的．扬子克拉通经历了早前寒武纪的陆壳生长,而后发生了10～9亿年的和8-6亿年的两期变质与岩浆事件,此外,新元古代的两次冰川作用可与全球雪球事件对比．华夏古陆由18亿年、10—9亿年和约8亿年的古老花岗（片麻）岩以及变质岩组成,说明广泛的古老基底存在．华夏与扬子克拉通有统一的新元古代沉积盖层表明华南大陆至少形成在约10～9亿年后,并构成Rodinia超大陆的组成部分．中央造山系的高压．超高压变质作用研究支持了上述古陆块在三叠纪全球Pangea造山作用时期拼合在一起,形成中国大陆的主体．     

华北克拉通基底构造单元特征及早元古代拼合

华北克拉通基底可分为东部陆块、西部陆块和中部带. 西部陆块是由其南部的鄂尔多斯陆块和北部的阴山陆块沿华北西部孔兹岩带在早元古代(~1.9 Ga)碰撞对接而成. 在~1.85 Ga, 西部陆块与东部陆块沿中部带发生碰撞拼合而形成现今的华北克拉通统一结晶基底.     

秦岭造山带与邻域华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的壳、幔精细速度结构与深层过程

秦岭造山带与其南北两侧华北克拉通和扬子克拉通属三大构造单元,不论其各构造单元体还是其界带构造均甚为复杂,并受到多期次构造运动的制约,形成了大陆内部特异的造山过程.尽管在这一地域曾做过大量的地表地质工作和一些相关的地球物理工作,但对其壳、幔精细结构、深层动力过程,特别是同步穿越华北克拉通、秦岭-大巴造山带和扬子克拉通系统的耦合研究甚少.为了研究和探索该地域的壳、幔精细速度结构和其形成的深层过程,专门布置了一条北起榆林,向南经咸阳、宁陕直抵涪陵长达1000 km的高精度地震宽角反射、折射波场探测剖面.通过剖面辖区高分辨率的数据采集,数据处理、反演和壳、幔层、块精细速度结构,发现剖面辖区深部壳、幔结构存在特异的速度和结构变化,并厘定了一系列的新认识.研究结果表明:(1)秦岭—大巴造山带具有同一基底,其形成乃为结晶基底隆升所致,即它的形成仅涉及到上地壳的受力变形和空间状态.造山带与其南、北两侧的前陆盆地为陆内造山过程中同一深层过程的产物,但其沉积速率和形态却不相同.华北克拉通与秦岭造山带之间前陆盆地B_fc拉张为该区Moho界面的局部隆升所致.(2)首次提出了沿1000 km长剖面连续的沉积建造、结晶基底、上地壳、下地壳和上地幔顶部的层、块速度结构和各界面的起伏变化与空间状态.基于地震波边界场响应厘定了华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带和扬子克拉通的分区界带.论述了三大构造单元各自的内部结构和其相邻界域的速度变化特征.(3)该区大陆内部速度结构和不同类型断裂分布及层序在华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带、扬子克拉通三大块体地域存在显著差异.不同规模、层次与产状的断裂分布反映出它们在变形行为和机制上及所受构造运动的制约上均存在明显的差异.     

克拉通化与华北陆块的形成

克拉通化是稳定的大陆形成的重要事件,在地球演化历史上未见重复.华北克拉通的形成经历了两期克拉通化事件,为理解早期陆壳的形成与演化提供了难得的实例.第一期克拉通化发生在新太古代末期,很可能是在2.53~2.60Ga的微陆块拼合之后很短的时间内,以陆壳岩石和初生地壳岩石（基性岩浆岩）的部分熔融形成广泛分布的花岗质岩石的侵入、岩墙群和裂谷型火山-沉积盖层为标志.古元古代华北克拉通出现了裂谷-俯冲-增生-碰撞的陆内造山事件,以三条古元古代的活动带为代表.第二期克拉通化即克拉通再造发生在古元古代末的陆内造山之后约1.95~1.82Ga期间,出现麻粒岩相-高级角闪岩相的克拉通基底岩石的整体抬升,伴随壳熔花岗岩形成和强烈的混合岩化,而后有镁铁质岩墙群侵入、裂陷槽和裂谷形成,以及奥长环斑花岗岩-斜长岩-碱性花岗岩-碱性火山岩的非造山岩浆活动（在18~16.5亿年）.中元古代后华北进入地台演化阶段.     

东秦岭及邻区壳、幔地球化学分区和演化及其大地构造意义

通过东秦岭及邻区壳源、幔源和前寒武纪基底岩石Pb和Nd同位素组成对比研究,辅以部分微量元素示踪,探讨了华北陆块南缘、北秦岭、南秦岭及扬子陆块北缘的构造归属,地壳增生历史及早期上地幔的演化,进而分析了它们的大地构造意义.     

华北板内深部构造

华北板块的形成经历了早前寒武纪、燕山期及喜马拉雅期3个主要构造发展期，由于华北板块自身运动及所受应力场的作用，加之上地幔岩石圈的不均一性等因素，在中、新生代形成许多特殊的板内构造块。综合应用地质、地球物理和地球化学的成果，对华北板内深部结构进行了研究。从深部构造角度划分出6个金及金金属成矿带、4个金刚石成矿带，并对华北地区的地震及地热资源与新生事大陆裂谷的关系进行了探讨。     

北秦岭微古陆形成与演化的地球化学证据

由东秦岭相邻构造单元中前寒武纪基底岩石和显生宙花岗岩长石铅同位素组成、幔源镁铁质岩石钕同位素组成和某些不相容元素对比值的对比研究,结合沉积岩地球化学分析,论证了北秦岭不属于华北克拉通的组成部分,而应为于古元古代在强亏损型上地幔之上的新生地壳基础上发展形成的微古陆,最初可能具有洋岛性质,并位于临近华北陆块边缘的地方。     

从板块理论看辽宁大地构造轮廓

据近十年来１：５万区域地质调查及有关科研成果资料，应用板块构造理论对辽宁境内板块构造进行了轮廓性的讨论。划分出天山－赤峰陆缘活动带和华北陆块两个二级构造单元；辽东地块，辽西地块，泛河微地块，浑河构造接合带，下辽河裂陷等五个三级单元及清源绿岩带，辽吉夭蜇裂谷带两个可能存在的四级单元。     

华北克拉通新太古代末超大陆拼合及古元古代末-中元古代裂解

华北克拉通在形成和演化中经历的最重要的地质事件发生在 ２ ６００～２ ４００和２ ０００－１７００ Ｍａ期间（简称 ２５亿年地质事件和 １８亿年地质事件）．提出这两个事件的实质是：古老的微陆块以规模较小的板块构造形式拼合成超大陆,以及超大陆受古地幔柱构造的影响再裂解成不同的陆块．     

Volcano spacings and lithospheric/crustal thickness in the Archaean

There is a linear relationship between the spacing of Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanoes and the thickness of the lithosphere and attenuated crust in the East African rift valley. Assuming that the physical-chemical properties of the Archaean and Cenozoic lithosphere and crust were broadly similar, we use the spacing of volcanic centres in the Abitibi greenstone belt of southern Canada to determine lithospheric and crustal thickness in the Archaean. The abitibi volcanoes have been deformed and so have elliptical cross-sections. In order to arrive at their original form we have removed the effects of tectonic strain by two alternative mechanisms of pure and simple shear which give comparable results. A mean original volcano spacing of 84–88 km suggests that the lithsophere was 80–90 km thick and that the crust was probably 35–45 km thick in this greenstone belt about 2700 m.y. ago. The crustal values are comparable with those determined by geochemical parameters and are consistent with the suggestion that greenstone belts formed in extensional marginal basins between crustal-thickened continental masses, deep sections of which are now seen in Archaean high-grade regions.     

The stratigraphy of the 3.5-3.2 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt revisited: A single zircon ion microprobe study

Recent field and geochemical studies indicate a need to test the stratigraphy of the ca. 3.5 Ga Barberton Greenstone Belt as it is presently adopted [1,2]. This work uses the ion microprobe SHRIMP, to attempt such a test. Results show that: (1) Volcaniclastic sediments of the Theespruit Formation (< 3453 ± 6Ma) could be younger than the (structurally) overlying mafic and ultramafic volcanics of the Komati Formation (3482 ± 5Ma). A major structural discontinuity may therefore exist between the two formations. (2) An age of 3538 ± 6Ma established for a tectonic wedge of tonalitic gneiss within the Theespruit Formation confirms the presence of a sialic basement and deformed unconformity below that unit. The tonalitic gneiss is the oldest unit yet recorded within the greenstone belt, equal in age to the older components of the adjacent Ancient Gneiss Complex. (3) The interpreted ages of felsic volcanic rocks from both the Hooggenoeg (3445 ± 8Ma) and Theespruit Formations and the nearby Theespruit Pluton (3437 ± 6Ma) are essentially the same, and corroborate field and geochemical evidence that the felsic units were probably cogenetic and emplaced simultaneously as high-level equivalents of trondjhemite-tonalite plutons that intrude the greenstone belt at its southwestern extremity. (4) Felsic-intermediate volcanic-volcaniclastic rocks locally separating the two major groups (the Fig Tree and Moodies Groups) which overlie the Onverwacht Group record a second major peak of tonalitic magmatism in the Barberton terrain at about 3250 Ma. This is close to the age of the Kaap Valley tonalite pluton which intrudes the Barberton Greenstone Belt at ca. 3226 Ma along its northwestern margin. The present results indicate the Barberton Greenstone Belt is part of an allochthonous sequence containing major tectonic and stratigraphic breaks, with a protracted history; of which the last 200 million years, at least, evolved within a tectonically active convergent environment.     

Tectonic styles of the Archaean rock groups in the North-Central Liaoning province, China

Two major Archaean rock groups, the Tiejiashan Group and the overlying Anshan Group, have been divided and described in the area under consideration. From the techniques of tectonic analysis, including detailed observation and data collection in the field, together with necessary projection methods, structural succession and style variations of both groups were established in order to clarify the intricate deformation and evolutionary histories of these two major units. We have first discerned two episodes of deformation in the Tiejiashan Group during tectonic cycle I and four in the Anshan Group during cycle II, and thus reconstructed the full sequence of deformations for these rocks.The Tiejiashan Group is mainly composed of migmatized tonalitic-granodioritic gneiss. It contains a pervasive gneisses foliation which dnotes the early episode of tectonic cycle I, and it describes oval-shaped folds or domes that are considered to be results of flexural-flow mechanism with accompanying flow component under extensive vertical movement (perhaps diapiric) during a slightly later episode. This style characterizes the tectonic state of deep levels of the Archaean crust.Rock types of which the overlying Anshan Group are made up include plagioclase-amphibolite, biotite-plagioclase-gneiss and leucocratic gneiss—the metamorphosed equivalents of a succession typical of Archaean greenstone belts. Tectonic elements formed during four episodes of deformation show systematic style variation which can easily be distinguished from that of the Tiejiashan Group. Tectonic anisotropy is evident and shown by the development of pronounced linear structures such as folds, as well as planar structures and other related elements of contrasting ages and scales—diagnostic for the importance of horizontal displacement in the formation of structures in a greenstone belt. Patterns of fold interference are ubiquitous at all scales, and they are described in terms of Ramsay's classification. Factors controlling the interference patterns are many; in addition to those which have been pointed out by Ramsay and others, size contrast between interfering folds is another important one to be considered.Style variations between the Archaean rock groups suggest a tendency of tectonic development from planar to linear types. This reflects a transition from a tectonic regime controlled by the earlier widespread vertical movements to a largely horizontal compressional regime. This may also be an indication of the major change during the tectonic evolution of the basement of the North China platform.     

Chronology of early Archaean granite-greenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation

We report precise 207Pb/206Pb single zircon evaporation ages for low-grade felsic metavolcanic rocks within the Onverwacht and Fig Tree Groups of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB), South Africa, and from granitoid plutons bordering the belt. Dacitic tuffs of the Hooggenoeg Formation in the upper part of the Onverwacht Group yield ages between 3445 +/- 3 and 3416 +/- 5 Ma and contain older crustal components represented by a 3504 +/- 4 Ma old zircon xenocryst. Fig Tree dacitic tuffs and agglomerates have euhedral zircons between 3259 +/- 5 and 3225 +/- 3 Ma in age which we interpret to reflect the time of crystallization. A surprisingly complex xenocryst population in one sample documents ages from 3323 +/- 4 to 3522 +/- 4 Ma. We suspect that these xenocrysts were inherited, during the passage of the felsic melts to the surface, from various sources such as greenstones and granitoid rocks now exposed in the form of tonalite-trondhjemite plutons along the southern and western margins of the BGB, and units predating any of the exposed greenstone or intrusive rocks. Several of the granitoids along the southern margin of the belt have zircon populations with ages between 3490 and 3440 Ma. coeval with or slightly older than Onverwacht felsic volcanism, while the Kaap Valley pluton along the northwestern margin of the belt is coeval with Fig Tree dacitic volcanism. These results emphasize the comagmatic relationships between greenstone felsic volcanic units and the surrounding plutonic suites. Some of the volcanic plutonic units contain zircon xenocrysts older than any exposed rocks. These indicate the existence of still older units, possibly stratigraphically lower and older portions of the greenstone sequence itself, older granitoid intrusive rocks, or bodies of older, unrelated crustal material. Our data show that the Onverwacht and Fig Tree felsic units have distinctly different ages and therefore do not represent a single, tectonically repeated unit as proposed by others. Unlike the late Archaean Abitibi greenstone belt in Canada, which formed over about 30 Ma. exposed rocks in the BGB formed over a period of at least 220 Ma. The complex zircon populations encountered in this study imply that conventional multigrain zircon dating may not accurately identify the time of felsic volcanic activity in ancient greenstones. A surprising similarity in rock types, tectonic evolution, and ages of the BGB in the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa and greenstones in the Pilbara Block of Western Australia suggests that these two terrains may have been part of a larger crustal unit in early Archaean times.     

High-resolution seismic imaging of crooked two-dimensional profiles in greenstone belts of the Canadian shield: results from the Swayze area,Ontario, Canada

In 2017, the Metal Earth multi-disciplinary exploration project acquired a total of 921 km of regional deep seismic reflection profiles and 184 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles in the Abitibi and Wabigoon greenstone belts of the Superior province of Canada. The Abitibi belt hosts several world-class mineral deposits, whereas the Wabigoon has sparse economic mineral deposits. Two high-resolution surveys in the Swayze area, a poorly endowed part of the western Abitibi greenstone belt, served as pioneer surveys with which to better understand subsurface geology and design a strategy to process other surveys in the near future. Swayze seismic data were acquired with crooked survey geometries along roads. Designing an effective seismic processing flow to address these geometries and complex geology required straight common midpoint lines along which both two-dimensional prestack dip-moveout correction and poststack migration processing were applied. The resulting seismic sections revealed steeply dipping and subhorizontal reflections; some correlate with folded surface rocks. An interpreted fault/deformation zone imaged in Swayze north would be a target for metal endowment if it extends the Porcupine–Destor structure. Because of the crooked line geometry of the surveys, two-dimensional /three-dimensional prestack time migration and swath three-dimensional processing were tested. The prestack time migration algorithm confirmed reflections at the interpreted base of the Abitibi greenstone belt. The swath three-dimensional images provided additional spatial details about the geometries of some reflections, but also had less resolution and did not detect many reflectors observed in two dimensions. Geological contacts between felsic, mafic and ultramafic greenstone rock layers are thought the main cause of reflectivity in the Swayze area.     

班公—怒江构造带的电性结构特征——大地电磁探测结果

对青藏高原过班公—怒江构造带的三条大地电磁剖面进行探测,获得班公—怒江构造带及其邻区的电性结构模型,研究了班公—怒江构造带的深部结构与构造特征.研究结果表明：构造带及其两侧上地壳内广泛分布不连续高阻体,反映了岩浆岩的空间分布特征,表明构造带南北两侧岩浆的活动规律可能存在较大差别.研究区内的冈底斯及羌塘地体的中、下地壳普遍发育高导层,反映了印度大陆碰撞、俯冲过程的效应与痕迹,而高导层之下的高阻块体则可能是向北俯冲、冷的、刚性的印度大陆地壳.羌塘地体的电性结构模型可以分为南北两个区段,南羌塘块体的壳内高导层与班公—怒江构造带对印度板块俯冲的阻挡作用有关;而北羌塘块体壳内高导层与亚洲大陆对印度板块向北俯冲的“阻挡”与向南“对冲”有关.印度板块向北的俯冲与挤入,受到班公—怒江构造带及亚洲板块的阻挡,可能没有越过班公—怒江构造带,并在班公—怒江构造带附近向下插入软流圈,导致幔源物质上涌,形成壳、幔热交换与物质交换的通道和规模巨大、延伸至上地幔的高导体.班公—怒江构造带的电性结构证明了该构造带是一组产状陡立、巨型的超壳深断裂带.     

纵贯中国东部一条新的巨型构造带

本文从地貌、地质、地球物理和地震活动等方面,论证了一条由地垒、地堑系组成的、纵贯中国东部的巨型活动性深断裂带。 这是一条以张扭性为主、差异升降强烈的追踪断裂带。它控制着沉积岩相、地貌水系和岩浆活动,尤其是作为一条超基性岩带,可为寻找有关矿产提供标志;同时也是一条构造地震带     

华北构造区主要地震带分段与强震活动div

在华北构造区划分出银川——河套地震带、汾渭地震带、河北平原地震带、东秦岭——大别地震带、郯庐地震带和长江下游——黄海地震带等6个地震带,并依据地震带构造特征和地震活动的差异性,将其中汾渭地震带划分为延庆——代县段、原平——襄汾段和侯马——渭河段;河北平原地震带划分为三河——涞水段、唐山——邢台段和安阳——成武段;郯庐地震带划分为开原——辽东湾段、渤海段、潍坊——嘉山段和嘉山——广济段;银川——河套地震带初步划分为银川段和河套段．同时,对河北平原地震带南界及其与东秦岭——大别地震带的关系,地震带不同区段存在的主震型和多震型特点,以及可能发生强震的危险区段进行了初步探讨．      

利用接收函数方法研究西秦岭构造带及其邻区地壳结构

根据西秦岭构造带及其周边地区117个宽频带地震台站的高质量波形数据, 利用远震P波接收函数的H-k叠加方法, 求得地壳厚度和平均波速比. 通过分析地壳厚度、 波速比及其关系和接收函数CCP叠加剖面, 研究了该区域的地壳结构特征. 结果表明, 研究区域内地壳结构差异大, 呈过渡带特征. 地壳厚度总体上呈北北西向分布, 自西南向东北逐渐减小. 羌塘块体地壳厚度为72 km, 渭河盆地附近为39 km. 西秦岭构造带的地壳厚度为42—56 km, 南北向莫霍界面平坦. 研究区域P波与S波波速比平均为1.74, 其中西秦岭构造带平均为1.72. 较低的波速比主要分布在西秦岭构造带、 祁连山块体、 松潘—甘孜地块北部以及香山—天景山断裂区域, 这可能是由于含长英质酸性岩组分的上地壳叠置增厚而导致的. 该区域缺少超高波速比, 表明这一区域发生岩浆底侵或上地壳熔融的可能性很小. 综合分析表明, 西秦岭构造带及邻区的地壳结构主要是由于青藏高原隆升并在向东北向扩张中受到周边块体的阻挡而引起的地壳构造变形所致. 西秦岭构造带的莫霍界面变化和波速比分布与该构造带经历碰撞地壳增厚后的伸展走滑运动有关.      

Application of radiolarians and other fossils in non-Smith strata--Exemplified by the A'nyêmaqên melange belt in East Kunlun Mts

The main character of melange strata in an orogenic belt is the integration of mixed materials due to the superposition, displacement or loss of various tectonic slices (blocks) of different origins and environments, different scales, different grades of deformation and metamorphism, and different stages of tectonic evolution. The approach to non-Smith strata in an orogenic belt is to focus on the understanding of the age, facies, tectonic setting of the original formation and the process of deformation-metamorphism of each tectonic slice, reconstruct the history of dispersal and integration of these tectonic slices in time and space, i.e. 4-dimensional. This paper studies the age and facies of the original formation of tectonic slices in the A'nyêmaqên melange belt based on new data of radiolarians, sporo-pollen and trace fossils, and cast new lights on the research of the evolution process of that belt.