汶川地震前后四川区域GPS时序特征演变及统计分析

为探索地震事件对GPS坐标时间序列的长周期影响,对汶川地震前后四川GPS观测网络长约10年的解算成果进行了多参数模型噪声特征分析.基于最大似然估计方法和频谱特性分析,提取了地震前后各测站坐标序列中的噪声分量,使用Λ-统计检验,得出"白噪声+闪烁噪声"模型可以作为四川GPS区域观测网络的最优噪声组合模型,同时,地震事件使得地震前后GPS噪声分量中的白噪声、闪烁噪声、随机游走噪声等发生显著改变,说明传统谱噪声分析中简单地将地震数据拼接在一起并进行统一处理的模式并不可取;使用共模误差分析方法、区域速度场变化趋势等信息对地震前后噪声模型的改变成因进行了初步的物理解析.     

基于小波分析的CT图像噪声类型识别

对CT图像噪声的类型进行识别,采用相适应的去噪方法提高图像去噪效果,减少去噪中的盲目性.分析小波高频子带系数的能量分布,利用直方图的信噪比和曲线拟合图的积分,对CT图像中最常见的两类噪声,即高斯噪声和椒盐噪声进行识别.直方图的信噪比R为0.2,曲线拟合图积分A为60,可作为高斯噪声和椒盐噪声分界线.对大量含噪CT图像的...     

瞬变电磁低噪声前置放大器研制

为了增大瞬变电磁勘探深度,充分利用晚期道数据,针对瞬变信号频带宽等特点和低噪声运放放大电路的设计原则,通过对放大电路的噪声来源和降低噪声措施的研究,设计了基于超低噪声运算放大芯片LT1028的低噪声差分前置放大电路.建立模型对噪声进行计算和仿真,得出的单运放噪声和总噪声分别为3.2uVrms和4.53uVrms.对实际电路进行噪声测试,得到的噪声频谱图表明在0～100kHz的频率范围内,电路噪声在10～20uVrms之间,设计的差分前置放大电路具有很低的噪声水平,能够满足瞬变信号前置放大的需要.     

GOCE卫星重力测量中有色噪声滤波器设计

本文根据卫星重力梯度测量的有色噪声特性,设计了Wiener、AR、FIR三种滤波器,并利用模拟的有色噪声数据对其滤波效果进行了测试,结果表明:对于文中采用的有色噪声数据,AR的滤波效果最好,其次为Wiener滤波器,FIR的滤波效果最差;三种滤波器均可用于GOCE卫星重力测量中有色噪声数据滤波,但其实用性尚需利用实测数据进行检验;可以利用不同的滤波器对含有色噪声的卫星重力梯度数据进行多次滤波,以进一步减弱有色噪声对卫星重力梯度测量精度的影响.     

前兆定点形变观测数据噪声分析

地球物理研究表明,可以构造或选择合适的统计模型模拟观测噪声,从而了解噪声特性,获得噪声谱及其含量.对吉林省5个台站的倾斜观测共18个测项产出的时间序列进行噪声分析,结果表明,长期观测噪声可用带通噪声和随机游走噪声的组合模型模拟,短时间观测噪声可用谱指数介于-1至-2的幂律噪声模型模拟.该结论对定点形变观测噪声的认识、噪声源的研究以及地壳构造信息的提取具有参考意义.     

临汾中心地震台FHD质子磁力仪噪声干扰分析

临汾中心地震台FHD质子磁力仪噪声值从2020年1月开始出现逐渐增大的迹象。文章从FHD观测原理谈起,对噪声产生的原因进行分析,结合台站运维人员对产生噪声原因的排查,最终判断噪声增大的原因为探头电感量设置较小。修改并选出合适的探头电感量后噪声值下降,数据曲线变得光滑。     

利用功率谱检测气枪信号

使用北京台网记录的数据,利用功率谱方法对中海油渤海勘探部在渤海湾进行的气枪试验进行了分析。通过北京台网部分台站噪声功率谱与含有气枪信号信息的噪声功率谱进行的比较,发现频率0．2Hz左右含气枪信号信息的噪声功率谱明显高于不含气枪信号信息噪声功率谱。     

瞬变电磁传感器的噪声特性

为了提高瞬变电磁(TEM)系统的灵敏度,增大探测深度,对瞬变电磁传感器的噪声特性进行了研究.建立了瞬变电磁传感器本底噪声模型,理论计算表明传感器本底噪声为带限白噪声,其谱密度在谐振频率点处最大,近似等于匹配电阻的热噪声.采用反向串联的小线圈替代TEM接收线圈以抑制环境噪声的影响,实现对本底噪声的测量,通过理论与实测的对比验证了本文噪声模型的正确.利用该噪声模型估算了自制TEM传感器的本底噪声为9.8 nV/m~2,分析了瞬态叠加和抽道叠加对本底噪声的改善,表明经瞬态叠加和抽道叠加后的本底噪声可达7.5 pV/m~2,远远低于环境噪声.通过建立屏蔽模型证明,对线圈进行屏蔽可以有效抑制环境噪声,显著提高传感器的灵敏度.     

云南地震数字遥测台网子台地动噪声分析

介绍了云南数字遥测台网的基本情况，阐述了地动噪声有效值和功率谱的计算方法。对选取的资料进行预处理后，计算分析了云南数字遥测台网全部子台的地动噪声水平，按地动噪声水平对子台进行了分类。指出了地动噪声分析对台网建设的作用。     

一种天波返回散射噪声数据的识别方法

本文提出了一种天波返回散射全噪声数据的识别方法,首先,通过对全噪声数据特征参数的分析,总结了全噪声数据的特点,然后对全噪声数据进行区域划分处理,计算了各区域的均方差参数值,分析对比了弱能量数据与全噪声数据的特征参数差别,最后利用阈值法对数据类型进行判断.本算法具有简单、快速、准确率高的特点,为实时性的短波通信设备性能提升提供了支撑.     

ATTENUATION DES MULTIPLES EN SISMIQUE MARINE PAR ANTIMOYENNE*

A satisfactory attenuation of the multiples in marine seismic may be obtained by the application of the principle of “Antiaveraging”. This principle in a first step consists in getting the model of the organized noise, which one tries to eliminate by using an averaging method, and in a second step to subtract that model from the initial information. Obviously the elimination of the model should not simultaneously cause the elimination of useful signals. The model may be obtained if the considered organized noise keeps a constant shape or if its time-space deformation is known. Besides one has to assume the time-distance curve of the organized noise can be determined. Thus noise arrivals may be detected on the records. The “antiaveraging” is very often efficient when organized noises are stronger than signals or when a signal, once identified, exploited and then considered as an organized noise, can be attenuated in order to make the detection of the other signals easier.     

Fault detection by reflected surface waves based on ambient noise interferometry

Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults. In this study, we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions. Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones. In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface, fault-reflected surface waves are expected. We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China. The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data, and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear. Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle, fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms.     

中国大陆背景噪声成像研究及应用前景

对长时间序列的背景地震噪声进行互相关计算可以得到台站间的经验格林函数,这种方法不依赖天然地震及人工震源,仅利用台站记录的背景噪声就能得到地下结构,该方法可以更为便捷地获得地震活动性较低地区的地下构造.随着背景噪声层析成像技术的发展应用,该方法会进一步提高地壳上地幔速度模型的分辨率.本文综述了背景噪声成像技术及其在中国大...     

Effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves

With the development of the dense array, the surface wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy under the array can be directly obtained by beamforming the noise cross-correlation functions (NCFs). However, the retrieval of the Green's function by cross-correlating the seismic noise requires that the noise source has a uniform distribution. For the case with uneven noise source, the azimuthal dependence on the sources in the expression for the spatial coherence function, which corresponds to the NCF in the time domain, has the same form as the azimuthal dependence of the surface wave velocity in weakly anisotropic media. Therefore, the uneven noise source will affect the surface wave anisotropy extraction. In this study, three passive seismic methods, i.e., beamforming, SPAC (spatial autocorrelation), and NCF, are compared to demonstrate that an uneven source distribution and uneven station distribution have equivalent effects on the outcome from each method. A beamforming method is proposed to directly extract the velocity and azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves. The effect of uneven noise source and/or station distribution on estimating the azimuth anisotropy of surface waves was investigated using data from the ChinArray Phase II. A method for correcting the apparent anisotropy in beamforming results caused by an uneven station distribution is suggested.     

基于环境噪声测试的隐伏断层场地H/V谱比特征分析

基于四川石棉县安顺场隐伏断层穿越区的60余次环境噪声测试,探讨了隐伏断层对环境噪声H/V谱比特征的影响,并且通过研究区所获卓越频率对其覆盖层厚度进行估算,以覆盖层厚度的变化揭示了隐伏断层的行迹。结果显示:① 在排除可能受河流影响引发的高频区后,隐伏断层带处的H/V谱比曲线多呈现高频、低放大系数和多峰值频率等特点;② 覆盖层厚度在部分强风化区和河流高频区存在5—10 m的差异;③ 环境噪声阵列反演所得部分覆盖层厚度变化较大区域与隐伏断层的形迹吻合。      

SOURCES OF ERROR IN A SEISMIC DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM*)

The use of digital recorders and computers in seismic exploration promises major enhancement of the quality of final documents available to interpreters. The ultimate objectives of recording and processing remain what they always have been: 1 Record the reflection wavelet as a function of time; this requirement has been met with satisfactory accuracy for a number of years. 2. Record the reflection wavelets with sufficient fidelity to permit the interpreter to recognize them. Various factors affect our ability to achieve this second objective. Certain recording errors are associated with digital recording systems. However, an understanding of the sources of error will enable the operator to use his system properly and to estimate the noise level or inaccuracy of field recordings. Field operations do not require rigorous error analysis; in most cases a satisfactory approximation can be obtained from simple calculations. Three types of “noise”–seismic, instrument and power line–introduce errors. Factors which contribute to over-al recording system error include specifically input noise, power supply ripple, crosstalk, A-D conversion error, quantizing noise, aliasing, distortion. Examination of each component of a recording system, permits the determination of its ultimate effect on the over-all noise level–or error level–of the entire system. Many of the error sources produce statistically independent noise which is not correlative. Where this is true, error voltages from various sources may be combined by taking the square root of the sum of the mean square noise voltages, giving a result slightly greater than the largest single voltage if one source is much greater than any other source. This simplification can be used to estimate over-all system noise levels. Distortion and crosstalk depend on signal amplitude and should be added algebraically in each category. Each final sum should be used as a statistically independent noise source with respect to other system noise sources. Using the foregoing examples and simplified system for estimating over-all system noise, and assuming that much of the distortion (which limits signal/instrument noise ratio to 54 db) can be removed by filtering, we determine that the combined effect of all sources of error is to reduce the system S/N ratio to approximately 74 db. With proper care digital field recording systems can produce very good field records, and exotic computer processes can enhance signal and reduce various forms of noise. However, one always must recall that the level of confidence which one can place in an interpretation of seismic data must be dependent on a knowledge of the accuracy of the basic data.     

连续观测站的噪声分析

分析了中国地壳运动观测网络在全国布设的27个GPS连续站开始运行以来至2005年11月的站坐标时间序列. 在对数据进行清理的基础上， 分析了各站坐标分量噪声的功率谱密度， 计算了表征各分量的噪声特性的谱指数. 谱指数显示， 大部分站的各坐标分量时间序列的噪声可以用白噪声+闪烁噪声的模型来描述， 少部分则可用白噪声+闪烁噪声+随机漫步噪声的模型来描述. 采用最大似然估计准则， 定量估计了模型中的各噪声分量. 结果表明， GPS站坐标时间序列中白噪声甚至不是噪声的主要成分. 因此， 仅顾及白噪声得到的测站运动参数的误差估计， 实际上是过高的， 或者说是过于乐观的. 相应地， 对这些运动参数作出解释时， 如果不充分考虑这一因素， 有可能会对读者产生误导.      

Very broadband seismic background noise analysis of permanent good vaulted seismic stations

This paper describes the results of a preliminary study conducted to analyze seismic background noise at sites of recently deployed very broadband stations of the Egyptian National Seismological Network (ENSN). The main purpose of the study is to assess the effects of permanent seismic vault construction and also to establish characteristics and origin of seismic noise at those sites. Another goal of this study is to determine the time needed for noise at those sites to stabilize. The power spectral densities of background noise at short period band (SP), very broadband (VBB), and ultra long period band (ULP) for each component of each broadband seismometer deployed in the different investigated sites are calculated. A MATLAB code has been developed that manages data processing and data analysis and compares the results with the high-noise model (NHNM) and low-noise model (NLNM) of Peterson (1993). Based on the obtained analysis, the noise stability and the efficiency of each station to record regional and teleseismic events are measured. The results of this study could be used in the future to evaluate station quality, to improve those processes that require background noise values, such as automatic association, and to improve the estimation of station and network detection and location thresholds.     

Analysis on the noises from continuously monitoring GPS sites

In this paper,we analyze the time series of site coordinates of 27 continuously monitoring GPS sites covered bythe Crustal Movement Observation Network of China over the whole country.The data are obtained in the periodfrom the beginning of the observation to the November of 2005.On the basis of data processing,we analyze thepower spectrum density of coordinate component noise at each site and calculate the spectral indexes manifestingthe noise property of each component.The spectral indexes indicate that for most sites,the noise of time series ofeach coordinate component can be addressed by the model of white noise flicker noise;and for a small amountof sites,it can be described by the model of white noise flicker noise random walk noise.We also quantita-tively estimate each noise component in the model by using the criterion of maximum likelihood estimation.Theresult shows that the white noise in the time series of GPS site coordinates does not constitute the main part ofnoise.Therefore,the error estimation of site movement parameters is usually too small,or too optimistic if weconsider the white noise only.Correspondingly,if this factor is not fully considered in explaining these movementparameters,it might mislead the readers.     

AVO反演的不确定性分析

叠前地震数据反演可以得到比常规叠后波阻抗反演更丰富、更有效的岩性信息,但叠前数据体的噪声及其它因素严重影响了AVO反演的稳定性,如何评估AVO反演结果的可靠性显得尤为重要.本文从贝叶斯理论出发,假定均匀先验分布、高斯噪音分布,推出不确定性分析方程,利用协方差矩阵中的方差描述反演问题的不确定性,模型研究显示反演不确定性与叠前信噪比、纵横波速度比、覆盖次数及反演采用的角度范围相关,方法预测的反演误差可定量解释反演结果的可靠性,为解释人员提供有效的质量监控手段.