一种适用于水下声发射机的功率大器

本文介绍一种用于浅海话音通讯、图象视频传输的功率放大器，采用率ＶＭＯＳ场效应管作为功率输出级，电路简单、低压供电、输出的功率大、频响宽、工作安全稳定可靠，可供同行借鉴。     

鱼无声带却有妙“语”

鱼类之间能够利用自己的声音,来相互联络与传达消息,从而构成了一种奇妙的“语言”。不同的鱼儿会发出各种奇特的声音,因此,鱼类的语言也是千差万别。在近海有一种两只眼睛都长在一边的比目鱼,其叫声好似风琴低键发出的声音。然而,这样的“海洋音乐家”却非绝无仅有的。     

海洋声学层析研究现状与展望

海洋声层析是1979年美国科学家W.Munk等人提出的,通过测量传播时间等声传播信号有关参量反演声波所穿越的海洋特征,得到大面积海域中的海洋动力学状态及其变化的估计。声层析方法自提出以来受到各国的重视。在最初的20 a间,以全球测温计划(ATOC)为代表的一系列验证实验推动了声层析的理论研究、设备研制和应用。步入21世纪后,声层析与海洋动力学的数据同化、利用滑翔机等设备的移动声层析以及沿海声层析得到重视,并进行了相关的理论与实验研究。纳入成像旗下的声层析希尔伯特方法、有效低功耗的分布式传感网络声层析,以及被动声层析,或将成为声层析未来研究的重要方向。     

南海浅海海底沉积物的声衰减

报道了南海浅海海底沉积物的声衰减性质。给出了测量和计算海底沉积物声衰减的方法。分析讨论了不同频率下的声衰减以及与若干个海底沉积物物理参数的关系,结果表明,同一类型沉积物在高频段时的声衰减要比低频段的声衰减大;同一频段下粗颗粒沉积物的声衰减要比细颗粒的声衰减大;北部湾海底浅层沉积物声衰减在低频100kHz下为80~150dB/m,在高频1MHz下为150~360dB/m;海南岛南部外海海底浅层沉积物声衰减在低频下为66~160dB/m,在高频1MHz下为190~350dB/m;高频段的数据与台湾海峡北部海底表层沉积物声衰减测量分析数据比较接近,而低频段的数据与台湾海峡北部海底表层沉积物声衰减测量分析数据有较大的差别。     

MFSK水声通信接收系统中的幅度均衡设计

为了抗幅度随频率的衰减，提出了一种基于多频移频健控（MFSK）调制方式的水声通信接收系统中的幅度均衡技术，介绍了构成幅度均衡电路的基本原理以及在厦门港浅海域中的实验结果，实验结果表明，该技术能有效克服上系统中的信号民幅度随率的衰减问题。使接收到的图像清晰易读。     

液体中光声信号吸收衰减的研究

研究水的声吸收所引起的光声脉冲幅度的变化。脉冲声波由激光通过光击穿机制产生。文中给出了光声脉冲峰值声压与传播距离和声吸收系数之间的理论关系式。实验测量结果和理论曲线所描述的变化规律相符合。     

江豚声信号的记录与分析

早在50年代, Kellogg, Scheyil1l, Evans和Norris等人分别记录和研究了海豚的声信号, Schevill和 Lawrence通过实验有力地证实了海豚具有很好的回声定位能力。60年代以来,各国对海豚动物声呐进行了广泛研究,取得了很大进展。多年来,不少国外学者在实验工作的基础上对海豚的声发射与接收机制提出了一些近似的物理模型,不同程度地解释了一些海豚声呐系统中的现象,但与仿生学的综合研究的目标还相距甚远。对海豚水下声信号进行深入的定量测量与分析,仍是海豚仿生学中一项重要的基础工作,它对进一步研究、改进水下声学探测设备和强背景噪声下弱信号的识別与检测都有着实际指导意义。目前在大约五十余种海豚中,除对胆鼻海豚(Tursiops truncates)国外有过较多的研究外,对其他海豚的研究则很少。 江豚属齿鲸亚目,是体型最小的一种海豚。它主要分布在日本海和中国及东南亚各国沿岸海域,在中国长江口分布最为集中。每年3,4月份江豚到长江口一带生殖,有时沿江深入甚远。日本学者 Kazuhiro Mizue等(1968)和英国的Purves(1983)都对江豚的水下声信号作过记录与测量,但Kazuhiro Mizue等只记录到4kHz, Purves也只记录了30Hz-35kHz的信号;遗憾的是,由于信噪比太低,他们都没有进行详细的频谱分析。本实验所记录到的江豚声信号,由于记录器频带范围的限制,频率范围仅是40Hz-70kHz,其中包括了几种不同波形的较高频和低频脉冲信号,本实验对其频谱和周期作了较为详细的分析测量。     

深海RAP下的水声信道特性与通信技术研究

可靠声路径(Reliable Acoustic Path,RAP)是深海声传播的重要通道之一,其受界面影响较小, 传播损失较低,可以传播到较远的距离,而且在临界深度以下,环境噪声较低;其次,可靠声路径有效避开了多途扩展现象,声线以结构稳定的直达声为主。在总结可靠声路径物理机理和声传播优势的基础上,对比分析了几种不同海洋参数条件下 RAP 声传播特性,然后采用射线模型仿真分析了 RAP 声信道内的接收声线结构,之后基于仿真的 RAP 信道进行了单载波通信性能的分析。仿真结果发现：在 RAP 声信道内,直达声能量高,传播损失低,声线结构稳定且多途扩展小,对环境变化不敏感,在 35 km 左右的中远程距离内具有很高的信噪比;相同仿真条件下,RAP 区域的误码率较同距离浅深度的接收低很多,而且 RAP 区域接收信号信噪比高出其他区域 10 dB 左右。该研究结果对于实现垂直方向上深海信息的跨域传输具有重要意义。     

浅海声传播和混响的选频衰减

在强负跃层浅海的爆炸声实验中,发现当声源和接收器都位于跃层之上时,平均混响强度和某一航向的声传播损失在频率1000-2000Hz之间出现强烈的异常衰减现象,而且很有意思的是发射和接收均无指向性的平均混响强度的异常衰减与该航向声传播损失的异常衰减具有中心频率相同、带宽一致、附加衰减值相近的窄带共振或选频衰减特权.显然,这一异常衰减现象无法用各向异性的机理(内波、海面或海底的有规律起伏等)来解释.根据本文实验所得的传播损失和混响强度的深度结构以及一些间接的证据,我们认为这一选频附加衰减是由分散活动干跃居上部的有鳔鱼(极可能是鱼)所引起的.     

不同声反射体的声学后向散射特性的实验研究

本文重温了声散射和散射强度概念以及不同形状散射体的散射的理论分析结果。讨论了在实验室水槽中测试的三种材料、两种形状和不同尺寸反射体的散射图案的特征。     

水声通讯仪换能器系统的研制

利用溢流式换能器的液腔振动和径向振动耦合原理获得较宽的频率响应;采用声反射系统使换能器在垂直方向形成高指向性,换能器的方向性能指数增加２２ｄＢ。     

数字式水声语音通信发射器系统的研制

利用纵振换能器的纵向振动与换能器前盖板的弯曲振动相耦合原理，采用纵振换能器与声反射器配合，研制出一种适应在复杂海洋声信道进行高速率传输，具有低频，宽带，大功率等优点的水声换能器。     

A precise and continuous monitoring system of the distance between the near-bottom instruments and the sea floor

A relatively simple and inexpensive distance monitoring system (DMS) was devised to monitor continuously and accurately the position of an underwater camera with an attached pinger relative to the sea floor. Although the precision graphic recorder (PGR) or precision depth recorder (PDR) have hitherto been used to record the pinger to bottom distance, these complicated and expensive instruments are not always expected on all vessels.This newly developed system, which measures with a counting timer the interval between the direct sound pulses generated by a pinger and the bottom echoes, yielded results equal to or better than that of the PGR. The distance information thus obtained was accurate within ±2.5% under good conditions (calm weather and flat and level topography) just above the sea bed. This system simplified the photographing operations and made it possible to obtain a precise and quantitative assessment of the epibenthic fauna with the use of a single camera.The DMS is also applicable for determining the precise location of a bottom water sampler, grab sampler, or other underwater oceanographic equipment as well as that of an underwater camera.A part of this research was supported by science research fund from the Ministry of Education.     

Display of acoustic reflection profiles using a dot matrix plotter

Acoustic reflection profiling data display is traditionally done with the aid of a facsimile type of recorder. It is not uncommon to record the unprocessed acoustic data on a tape recorder for subsequent playback through a laboratory computer. This still involves the use of some sort of facsimile recorder for the ultimate display of profiles. This paper presents the results of a study to adapt a high-speed digital dot matrix plotter for the ultimate display in place of the conventional facsimile recorder. Because a minicomputer drives the display directly, a host of signal conditioning procedures are permitted, with the final display being generated in real time. Algorithms are developed to control the marking density, allow adaptive threshold control, bottom tracking, automatic gain control, and de-emphasis of water column boundary reverberation. These techniques are just a few of the many that can be employed since the computer can readily be carried on a large ship in deep water, or a small vessel in a harbour. Shallow water is the difficult case for high energy acoustic sources because the water column boundaries behave much like an excited acoustic cavity. For this reason, a section of seismic profile is shown which was obtained with a 7·5 kHz pinger in only 8 m of water in Narragansett Bay. This research was partiallysupported by the Division of Computer Research of the National Science Foundation.     

Observations of shallow layering utilizing the Pingerprobe echo-sounding system

A “Pingerprobe” is a system of echo sounding in which the sound source is placed near bottom to improve resolution by restricting the area investigated. It is demonstrated that a commercially available 12-kHz “pinger” with a synchronized shipboard receiver is useful not only in the monitoring of the positioning of a bottom or near-bottom instrument package (such as a corer) but also in making observations on the acoustic nature of the sea floor. In rough terrain the Pingerprobe has measured stratified sediments in some places where the PDR (Precision Depth Recorder) cannot. Observations on proximal abyssal plains indicate that the prolonged echo character common to these areas may result from small-scale roughness or inhomogeneity. When a suspended instrument is sent to the bottom in rough terrain, or in areas of intermittent subbottom reflections, use of a Pingerprobe improves information about the conditions at the point of contact and permits selection of the desired topographic setting.     

Acoustic Doppler current profiler performance in near surface andbottom boundaries

The authors discuss the current measurement accuracy of the RD Instruments 1200-kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in the near surface and bottom boundaries. Data are presented from tests. In the first series of tests, an ADCP was mounted on a bottom sled in an upward looking mode. The sled was towed at known speeds with and without surface waves. Additionally, tests were conducted with several acoustic baffle designs installed in the transducer head. The 1200-kHz ADCP has the ability to accurately measure mean currents in a dynamic wave induced flow field. Sidelobes can bias the measurements at 85% of the range when bottom or surface boundaries are present. The amount of bias is strongly dependent on surface wave characteristics. Sidelobe bias can be eliminated with a properly designed baffle system. The profilers have the ability to measure wave particle velocities with a properly configured system     

天然气水合物赋存地层的地震波场模拟及对比

通过分析天然气水合物在海洋中的6种主要赋存状态类型,总结了每种赋存状态之间的相互转化关系及其物性参数计算方法,并应用到地震波场的正演模拟中。对比研究了声波模型、弹性波模型和双相介质模型对各种水合物赋存地层的响应特征,结果表明:1)当地层中存在孔隙充填型水合物且下伏地层不含游离气时,双相介质模拟的含水合物层底界表现负极性特征;当充填结核型水合物时,弹性介质和双相介质模拟的水合物底界反射呈负极性;2)当地层充填颗粒包裹型水合物且下伏地层含游离气时,无论是低频(25 Hz)条件还是提高子波主频(40 Hz),3种介质模拟水合物的地震响应特征都很明显,但水合物层底界反射振幅随偏移距变化的关系存在差异;3)当沉积薄层中充填颗粒间胶结型水合物且下伏地层含游离气时,弹性介质和双相介质模拟水合物薄层底界的反射振幅随偏移距的增大而减小;将水合物类型改为颗粒支撑型并提高子波主频,声波介质和弹性介质模拟水合物层底界的反射振幅随偏移距的增大而减小。     

Installation of ocean bottom bases for observation of seafloor crustal movement

Abstract

Ocean bottom bases (OBBs) have been installed on both sides of the axis of the Sagami Trough east of the Izu Peninsula, central Japan, as the first step toward long‐term geodetic and geophysical observations at the plate boundary (subduction zone). The OBB is a platform for seafloor measurements; otherwise it is difficult to find an appropriate place for precise seafloor measurements in the subduction zones. It is made of a nonmagnetic concrete block of size 1100 × 1100 × 500 mm. It was lowered from a ship using a winch wire and installed on a predetermined place with its position being monitored by an acoustic transponder system and a 30‐kHz bottom pinger with an accuracy of about 2 m.

It was confirmed later during the divings on board the submersible Shinkai 2000 that the OBB was installed on a flat mud bottom in normal condition. No change has been recognized in the installation condition in 3 years; the OBB is stable enough to be used for acoustic range measurements on the seafloor as well as for several geophysical measurements.

The resolution of seafloor range measurement can be improved by two orders by using phase measurement techniques with the aid of pulse compression. Precise acoustic range measurement of the order of 10^?5 is feasible under the following conditions: two‐way measurements between the two OBBs installed on the slope facing each other with angles larger than 1.5°. Correction is necessary for the effect of long‐term temperature variation.     

ABSS的研制及其观测水中悬沙含量的实验研究

为了声遥测浅海海底边界层上悬浮泥沙含量及其垂直分布，研制了声反向散射系统作为实验样机，介绍了该系统的设计原理及水中悬沙含量与其反向散射关系的实验研究。并分析了实验结果。