稀有L-糖氟苷的合成

本文采用"头尾翻转"策略,发展了一种通过烷氧自由基β-裂解(AOF)氟化反应,制备稀有L-糖氟苷的方法。通过容易制备的(-D-糖碳苷,选择性裸露伯羟基,再经二价银介导的AOF氟化反应制备了L-葡萄八碳糖氟苷,L-甘露八碳糖氟苷,L-来苏糖氟苷,5-氰基-L-来苏糖氟苷,为稀有L-糖氟苷的制备提供了新思路。     

不饱和古罗糖醛酸三糖和甘露糖醛酸三糖的结构表征

以双功能褐藻胶裂解酶 (Pseudoalteromonas sp.strain No. 2 72 )分别降解均聚古罗糖醛酸(PG)和均聚甘露糖醛酸 (PM) ,经 Bio- Gel- P6和 POROS- HQ2 0分离得到 2种三糖纯品 ,经 ESI- MS,1 H- NMR,1 3 C- NMR,1 H- 1 H COSY,1 H- 1 3 C HMQC确定其结构为 Δ4,5-古罗糖醛酸 - α(1→ 4 ) - L-古罗糖醛酸 -α(1→ 4 ) - L -古罗糖醛酸 (简写为Δ GG)和Δ4,5-甘露糖醛酸 -β (1→ 4 ) - D-甘露糖醛酸 -β (1→ 4 ) - D-甘露糖醛酸 (ΔMM) ,为进一步从事构效关系研究提供结构信息。     

北极楚科奇海域沉积物中总糖的分布及来源

对2003年7月至9月采自北极楚科奇海域的4个站位表层沉积物及1个站位的柱状沉积物样品的总糖、总碳、有机碳、无机碳、总氮、总磷的含量进行了测定,并对其有机碳和有机氮同位素(1δ3C和1δ5N)的变化进行了研究,结果表明:北极楚科奇海域沉积物中的总糖与有机碳为明显的正相关关系,说明糖类是有机碳重要的组成部分;表层沉积物中TOC/TN平均值为9.273,1δ3C和1δ5N的平均值分别为-21.61‰和7.1‰,显示出表层沉积物中糖类物质以海洋藻类来源为主、混入部分陆源物质的分布特征;柱状样品不同深度沉积物中TOC/TN平均值为13.45,也反映出糖类物质为海洋自生和陆源输入共存的分布特征。     

中性糖对古糖酯含量测定的影响

采用硫酸-苯酚法、硫酸-咔唑法和硫酸-间羟联苯3种方法分别对古糖酯的含量测定进行了研究，并考察了3种方法中加入8种单糖即阿拉伯糖(Ara)、半乳糖(Gal)、葡萄糖(Glc)、果糖(Fru)、木糖(Xyl)、甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)和岩藻糖(Fuc)后对古糖酯含量测定的影响。结果表明3种方法测定古糖酯含量时，其吸收值与古糖酯浓度(在0.1～0.5mg／mL范围内)都呈良好的线性关系，不同的中性糖对3种测定方法影响不同。样品回收率亦不相同。     

大鼠口服古糖酯后尿液中糖胺聚糖的变化及其对一水草酸钙晶体抑制活性的影响

通过对尿液总糖胺聚糖的含量测定,尿液原型古糖酯的检测以及尿液对一水草酸钙晶体生长和聚集抑制率的变化,研究大鼠一次性口服古糖酯（２００ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ）后,三天内尿液糖胺聚糖的变化,以及尿液对一水草酸钙晶体生长和聚集抑制率的变化。结果表明,大鼠口服古糖酯后,尿总糖胺聚糖含量在第一天和第二天显著升高,第三天恢复到原有水平。与之对应,尿原型古糖酯在第一、二天可以测到,第三天消失,尿液对一水草酸钙晶体聚集抑制活性显著增强,但对晶体的生长抑制没有显著增强作用。该实验部分提供了古糖酯的代谢结果,并为古糖酯作为尿路结石抑制剂提供了有力的实验证据。     

分步电泳法检测古糖酯

应用分步电泳法检测水溶液和大鼠尿液中的古糖酯 (Propyleneglucol Guluronate SodiumSulfate,PGSS) .该醋酸纤维膜电泳选用两种电泳液 :(1) 0 .1mol· L-1的醋酸锌溶液 ,p H6 .0 ;(2 )1.0 mol· L-1的醋酸钡溶液 ,p H5.0。电泳膜于 0 .5%阿利辛兰水溶液中染色 ,1%醋酸溶液褪色。该法能够检测不同介质中的古糖酯 ,水溶液中的检测下限为电泳膜上加样 10 0 ng,尿液中古糖酯浓度高于 50 0 ng/ m L,经提取可以用此法测得。实验证实该法灵敏、稳定性高、重现性好。     

不同类型糖源对大菱鲆脂肪代谢酶活性和脂肪酸组成的影响

以初始体质量(8.77±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为研究对象,在室内流水系统中进行9周的养殖实验,比较分析饲料中3种不同类型的糖源(葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精)对大菱鲆脂肪代谢相关酶活性和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,不同类型的糖源显著影响肝脏中与脂肪合成相关的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)和苹果酸酶(ME)的活性(P0.05)。饲料糖源为葡萄糖时,大菱鲆肝脏中G6PD和ME的活性显著高于其他处理组,而蔗糖和糊精处理组之间没有显著差异。对与脂肪分解代谢相关酶的活性分析表明,肠道脂肪酶的活性受饲料中不同糖源的影响显著(P0.05);肝脏脂蛋白脂酶的活性在糖源为葡萄糖时显著低于其他处理组(P0.05);不同糖源对肝脂酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05);糊精组的总脂酶活性显著高于葡萄糖组(P0.05)。葡萄糖组大菱鲆肌肉中的C16∶0和C18∶0的含量显著高于糊精组,而C16∶1和C18∶1n-9的含量显著低于糊精组(P0.05)。研究表明,饲料中不同类型的糖源对大菱鲆肌肉脂肪酸的影响集中在饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸上,而对多不饱和脂肪酸的影响有限。     

选择性糖苷化合成二糖甾体皂苷

合成了一种二糖薯蓣皂苷。本文在实现6′-O-Piv-β-D-半乳糖薯蓣皂苷4制备的基础上,通过与葡萄糖给体9进行区域选择性糖苷化反应和乙酰化反应得到化合物7,通过解析7的1 H NMR,13 C NMR,1 H-1 H COSY,HMQC,HM-BC谱图,确定了化合物4选择性糖苷化的位点是其2′-OH,最后经脱除保护基得到二糖皂苷8。     

产自两株海洋真菌的三种鞘脂类的结构测定

3种鞘脂类代谢产物N-2’-羟基十六碳酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(A)、N-2’-羟基-3’E-十八碳烯酰基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4E,8E-十八碳二烯-1-醇(B)和N-十六碳酰基二氢鞘氨醇(C)分别产生于来源于中国南海的2株海洋真菌(菌株编号为1924和3893),通过2DNMR、MS等方法测定了它们的结构。这是首次从南海红树内生真菌分离得到的3种鞘脂类代谢产物。     

灰树花糖蛋白中总糖含量的测定

探讨糖蛋白中总糖含量测定的简捷方法,以2种灰树花糖蛋白(GF6A,GF6B)为原料,分别以硫酸-苯酚法和次亚碘酸钠法对其中的总糖含量进行了比较分析。结果显示,应用前者方法测定多糖含量分别为85.45%和38.46%,采用后者方法测定结果分别为87.03%,36.51%,2种方法测定的结果相近,其中以硫酸-苯酚法因不需对样品进行预水解,方法简便、可靠,更适合于糖蛋白中总糖含量测定。     

Phosphorus and nitrate run‐off in hill pasture and forest catchments,Taita, New Zealand

Abstract

Phosphorus and nitrogen were measured in stream run‐off from the four catchments of the Taita Experimental Basin (41° 11′ S, 174° 58′ E). The land is used as exotic conifer forest, native forest, and hill pasture. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate chemical losses per unit area in floods and at low flows.

At low flows, the hill pasture (fertilised with lime at 630 kg·ba^?1·y^?1, and superphosphate at 380 kg·ha^?1·y^?1) tended to lose more phosphorus and nitrate than the forested land, but differences were small, and not always significant. During large floods, the hill pasture (No. 5 Catchment) lost about 3 times as much reactive phosphate and 2–5 times as much total phosphorus as the forested land, and 130–190 times as much nitrate as land in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 Catchments. Nitrate losses from land in the No. 4 Catchment (mainly native forest) were as high as those from the hill pasture, so high nitrate loss is not associated solely with agriculture.

Losses of total phosphorus via the catchment streams were estimated as: No. 5 Catchment (hill pasture), 293 g·ha^?1·y^?1; Native Forest 2 Catchment, 201 g·ha^?1·y^?1; No. 4 Catchment, 124 g·ha^?1·y^?1; Exotic Forest Catchment, 71 g·ha^?1.y^?1. Nitrate‐N losses were estimated to have been 1356 g·ha^?1·y^?1, 11.5 g·ha^?1·y^?1, 1436 g·ha^?1·y^?1, and 44 g·ha^?1·y^?1 respectively. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were similar in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 streams, but the Exotic Forest tended to lose smaller amounts because it yielded about 50% less water per unit area.

Over the 2‐y study, an estimated 47–70% of phosphorus losses and up to 83% nitrate losses occurred in large floods; 31% and 48% respectively were apparently lost from the hill pasture catchment in a single flood. Less than 20% of estimated phosphorus losses and as little as 1% of nitrate losses occurred at low flows.

Run‐off of phosphorus and nitrate was spasmodic, and this should be considered in assessing the impact of surface run‐off on the biology and chemistry of receiving waters.     

苏北盐城凹陷复合含油气系统

苏北盐城凹陷含油气系统可划分为上、下2个复合含油气系统。上复合含油气系统，即Pz、K2p、K2t(生)-K2t、E1f1(储)一E1f1 E1f2(盖)，古生界、中生界浦口组和泰州组为烃源岩层，泰州组和阜宁组一段为储集层，阜宁组一段顶部至二段暗色泥岩为区域盖层，油气沿深大断裂运移，油气成藏关键时刻在古近纪晚期至新近纪早期，有利勘探区在深大断裂附近的中、新生界发育地区；下复合含油气系统，即Pz、K2p(生)-Pz、K2p(储)-K2p3 K2p4(盖)，油气通过断层或不整合运移，油气大量生成的关键时刻为古近纪早期，该系统中气藏分布在古生界被中生界覆盖地区。     

养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)3种致病弧菌的分子鉴定及其系统发育学分析

从患病养殖大黄鱼分离到3株病原菌H040823-1、H050704-1、H050815-1,经常规生理生化鉴定均属于弧菌属的种类,API20E快速鉴定菌株H040823-1为副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyti-cus),菌株H050815-1为溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus),菌株H050704-1不在API20E鉴定谱内。为了进一步确定其分类地位,测定了3株病原菌的16S rRNA和HSP60(heat shock protein,HSP60)基因部分序列。16S RNA基因系统进化分析表明,3株病原菌与副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、溶藻弧菌亲缘关系较近,相互之间同源性均大于96.9%,差异不明显。HSP60基因序列分析表明,菌株H040823-1、H050704-1、H050815-1的HSP60基因序列分别与V.parahaemolyticus(AF230951)、V.harveyi(EU036994)、V.alginolyticus(DQ664545)的同源性最高,分别为96.7%、99.8%和98.0%,而与其他弧菌HSP60基因的同源性均低于91.9%,3株病原菌相互之间同源性低于92.3%,差异显著。HSP60基因构建的系统进化树表明,H040823-1、H050704-1、H050815-1分别与V.parahaemolyticus、V.harveyi、V.alginolyticus聚类。综合以上结果,菌株H040823-1、H050704-1、H050815-1可分别鉴定为副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、溶藻弧菌。结果表明,HSP60基因比16S rRNA基因更适合用于海水鱼类致病性弧菌种间的分类研究。     

Observations of the von Karman constant over open-ocean waves

Forty-six open-ocean observations of the von Karman constant k , estimated from the momentum flux, wind velocity, and air temperature differences observed at the Argus Island tower, yielded an average value of 0.40±0.18 for |Ri|⩽0.014, where Ri is the gradient Richardson number. This average value agrees with the determinations of k over land by U. Hogstrom (1988) and S.F. Zhang et al. (1988). Scatter in these oceanic data sets may be due in part to ocean-wave influence as well as to instrumental and statistical variability     

Effects of waterborne nitrite onphase I–II biotransformation in channel catfish(Ictalurus punctatus)

The effects of waterborne nitrite (3 mg/l NO₂) on channel catfish were studied to evaluate changes in hematological parameters and phase I–II biotransformation in liver slices. Nitrite-exposed fish had significantly higher methemoglobin, blood and liver nitrite, and significantly lower pO₂ than control fish. Total phase I-mediated metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin (EC) was not altered in nitrite-exposed fish compared with control fish (291±43 and 312±20 pmol/mg/h, respectively). However, phase II glucuronosyltransferase-mediated metabolism of 7-hydroxycoumarin (HC), both as a phase I metabolite of EC and as a parent substrate, was elevated in nitrite-exposed fish (204±17 and 1007±103 pmol/mg/h, respectively) as compared to control fish (149±14 and 735±87 pmol/mg/h) (P<0.05). Sulfotransferase-mediated metabolism of HC (as a metabolite of EC and as a parent substrate) was not notably altered in nitrite-exposed fish (95±16 and 617±33 pmol/mg protein/h, respectively) as compared with control fish (118±24 and 575±55 pmol/mg/h, respectively). These studies indicate that in vivo nitrite exposure and associated changes in hematological parameters do not appear to affect hepatic phase I EC biotransformation in channel catfish. However, subtle but significant changes in phase II glucuronidation, but not sulfation activity, were observed. The mechanism of these alterations is unclear. However, the data suggest that environmentally realistic concentrations of nitrite may affect the dynamics of conjugative metabolism in exposed fish.     

Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 system in rainbow trout

Effects on the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 system were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout i.p. injected with three different aromatic containing fractions: kerosene, light gas oil or heavy gas oil, originated from distilled North Sea crude oil. Kerosene treatment resulted in no effect on the P450 1A1 system, light gas oil injection caused a weak induction of EROD activities and heavy gas oil treatment resulted in a prominent induction of EROD activities as well as accumulation of CYP1A1 mRNA and P450 1A1 protein levels. The effects of heavy gas oil were compared with effects of β-napthoflavone (β-NF) on the P450 1A1 system. It was obvious that important discrepancies seemed to exist between EROD activities and corresponding CYP1A1 mRNA and P450 1A1 levels in rainbow trout treated with either heavy gas oil or β-NF i.e. heavy gas oil treatment resulted in higher specific EROD activities (EROD/P450 1A1) compared to β-NF. GC-MS analyses revealed that liver and bile from heavy gas oil treated rainbow trout in addition to naphthalene also contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrenes, anthracene, pyrenes, fluoranthene benz(a)anthracene and chrysene, while none of these compounds were detected in control trout.     

多羟基糖苷防塌剂的合成及性能研究

以淀粉为主要原料,合成了新型多羟基糖苷防塌剂DTG-1。对合成样品的理化性能、页岩抑制作用、水溶液活度、生物毒性以及对泥页岩半透膜膜效率的影响规律进行了测定,考察了DTG-1在淡水、盐水和饱和盐水钻井液中对钻井液流变性能和滤失造壁性能的影响,并对DTG-1稳定井壁及改善钻井液流型的作用机理进行了分析。研究表明,用淀粉合成的多羟基糖苷,具有一定的抑制泥页岩水化膨胀、分散和提高泥页岩的膜效率的作用,能有效降低钻井液的水活度,属于无毒、环保型钻井液处理剂;DTG-1对高密度钻井液具有很好的流型改善作用,用DTG-1配制的钻井液具有组成简单、流变性易调整、高温稳定性好、抗污染性强等特点。     

一种绿藻分离物的显微研究

用光镜和电镜对一种绿藻分离物(MC-1)的显微结构进行研究。显微与亚显微结构表明,MC-1以似亲孢子方式繁殖,在细胞形态、叶绿体和蛋白核结构上具有绿藻门绿藻目绿球藻科绿球藻属的形态分类特征。结合形态及生理生化特性,该藻种可能是绿球藻属的一个新种,建议定名为嗜碱绿球藻Chlorococcum alkaliphilus。     

Chlorophyll in Copepod Faecal Pellets: Changes in Pellet Numbers and Pigment Content during a Declining Baltic Spring Bloom

Abstract. Zooplankton stock as well as faecal pellet numbers were monitored over 2 weeks during May in the central Baltic. Considerable changes in concentrations of chlorophyll and its derivates in copepod faecal pellets as well as in surface sediments were found during this period. The maximum concentration of 1.05 ngchl. a faecal pellet^-1, measured on 12 May, decreased by the end of the month to 0.08 ngchl. a faecal pellet^-1. This decrease was positively correlated with the disappearance of intact diatoms inside faeces. A flux of 1.53mgchl. a -m^-2-day^-1 via faecal pellets was calculated for the deep water layer (60–80 m) in mid May. This decreased to 0.005mgchl. a m^-2 day^-1 by the end of May. Chi. a accounted for up to 10 % of total pigments in samples from the top centimetre of the sediment surface. The means of transportation of faecal pellets as well as their function as a food supply to deeper ecosystems are discussed.     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper stress of an invasive cordgrass, Spartina densiflora

Spartina densiflora Brongn. is found in coastal marshes of south-west Spain, growing in sediments with between 300 and 3000mg Cu kg(-1) total soil DW (450-4500mg Cu kg(-1) supposing that the soil porosity is 0.5). An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of copper from 0 to 5000mgkg(-1) (64mmoll(-1)) on the photosynthetic apparatus and the growth of S. densiflora. We also determined total ash, copper, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous concentrations, as well as C/N ratio. S. densiflora survived to concentrations as high as 320mg Cukg(-1) DW in leaves, although excess of Cu diminished water use efficiency and Ca-, Mg- and P-uptake. Also, quantum efficiency of PSII, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and pigment concentrations declined with increasing external Cu. Finally, the decline in the photosynthetic function resulted in a biomass reduction of between 50 and 80% (for 600 and 5000mg Cu kg(-1), respectively).