基于InSAR同震形变场反演汶川Mw7.9地震断层滑动分布

通过综合分析2008年5月12日汶川地震野外地震地质考察的地表破裂带空间分布及分段资料,结合InSAR干涉形变场资料,构建了五段断层几何结构模型,该模型与野外地震地质考察结果在多数分段上基本一致;基于此五段断层模型,运用敏感性迭代拟合算法反演了汶川地震InSAR同震形变场,获得了断层滑动分布及部分震源参数.结果表明,基于余震精定位获得的地震断层倾角模型模拟的同震形变场与InSAR形变场吻合较好,且残差较小;反演的滑动分布主要集中于地下0～20 km,最大滑动量分别位于北川及青川等地区,最大可达到10 m;沿SW-NE走向,断层面的滑动方向主要以右旋兼逆冲形式为主,在汶川及都江堰地区以强烈的逆冲为主兼有一定右旋走滑分量,在北川及映秀地区以逆冲兼右旋运动为主,在平武及青川等地区则逐渐过渡为以右旋运动为主兼有一定的逆冲分量,其中汶川地区的平均滑动角为97°,北川地区的平均滑动角为119°,青川地区平均滑动角为138°.反演矩张量为7.7×10²⁰ N·m,矩震级达M_w7.9.     

基于InSAR同震形变场反演汶川M_w7.9地震断层滑动分布

通过综合分析2008年5月12日汶川地震野外地震地质考察的地表破裂带空间分布及分段资料,结合InSAR干涉形变场资料,构建了五段断层儿何结构模型,该模型与野外地震地质考察结果在多数分段上基本一致;基于此五段断层模型,运用敏感性迭代拟合算法反演了汶川地震InSAR同震形变场,获得了断层滑动分布及部分震源参数.结果表明,基于余震精定他获得的地震断层倾角模型模拟的同震形变场与InSAR形变场吻合较好,且残差较小;反演的滑动分布主要集中于地下0～20 km,最大滑动量分别位于北川及青川等地区,最大可达到10 m;沿SW-NE走向,断层面的滑动方向主要以右旋兼逆冲形式为主,在汶川及都江堰地区以强烈的逆冲为主兼有一定右旋走滑分量,在北川及映秀地区以逆冲兼右旋运动为主,在平武及青川等地区则逐渐过渡为以右旋运动为主兼有一定的逆冲分量,其中汶川地区的平均滑动角为97°,北川地区的平均滑动角为119°,青川地区平均滑动角为138°.反演矩张量为7.7×10~(20)N·m,矩震级达M_w7.9.     

InSAR观测与小震分布联合分析2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震应力卸载对周围区域的影响

为分析2021年5月21日云南省漾濞M_S6.4地震后震区应力变化对周围断层的影响,本文通过InSAR技术获得了漾濞地震的同震形变场,并联合小震分布数据建立断层破裂滑动模型,继而通过计算断层面上的同震库仑应力来评估此次地震对周边断层的影响,以便有效地分析地震破裂的时空解析度.结果显示:(1)在升降轨InSAR数据获得的精细同震形变场中,升轨最大视线向形变量约为5.00 cm,降轨最大视线向形变量约为7.80 cm;(2)余震精定位的主震震中为(99.89°E,25.67°N),震源深度为13.29 km,除主震之外震源深度主要集中在5—15 km;通过小震位置拟合出的发震断层走向为NW-SE(316.69°),断层倾角为88.56°,滑动角为177.97°;(3)基于InSAR同震形变场结果及小震拟合断层参数联合反演得到此次地震的断层滑动以右旋走滑为主,升轨断层最大滑动量为0.80 m,对应的深度为8.85 km,平均滑动量为0.22 m,矩震级为M_W6.41;降轨的断层最大滑动量为0.30m,对应的深度为6.88 km,平均滑动量为0.05 ...     

2016年新疆阿克陶地震Sentinel-1 InSAR同震形变特征

2016年11月25日新疆克孜勒苏州阿克陶县发生M_W6.6地震。 本文利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术, 对Sentinel-1卫星获取的升、 降轨雷达数据进行了处理, 提取了该次地震的同震形变场, 并结合形变场特征与震源机制解, 采用梯度下降法反演发震断层的滑动分布。 结果表明, 升、 降轨LOS向同震形变场在发震断层两侧具有明显不同的形变特征, 主要形变区域分布在断层两侧, 升轨LOS向形变量可达-8.2 cm与11.2 cm, 降轨LOS向形变量可达-21.4 cm与13.1 cm; 反演的升、 降轨干涉形变场与InSAR测量值之间的残差得到有效控制, 大部分的残差介于±5 cm之间; 断层滑动分布主要集中于沿断层面深约2~18 km处, 最大滑动量位于沿断层面深约7 km处可达0.96 m; 平均滑动角约182.29°, 最大滑动处的滑动角约197.13°, 两个滑动分布中心的滑动角均接近180°, 表明阿克陶地震为一典型的右旋走滑破裂性事件; 当剪切模量取32 Gpa时, 反演的发震断层地震矩M₀可达9.75×10¹⁸, 相当于矩震级M_W6.60, 与地震波形反演结果一致。     

2016年新疆阿克陶MS6.7地震同震形变特征和断层滑动分布反演

本文针对2016年11月25日在新疆阿克陶发生的地震, 用差分干涉测量技术(D-InSAR)对3种不同观测模式的升、 降轨数据进行处理, 提取了多视线向的同震形变场; 根据不同模式的LOS向形变量, 构建形变分解模型, 将其分解为垂直向形变量和沿断层走向形变量; 结合同震形变场特征与震源机制解, 采用单断层模型, 利用梯度下降法(SDM), 以Multi-LOS向形变进行约束, 反演了阿克陶地震的同震滑动分布特征。 研究结果表明, 升、 降轨LOS向同震形变场在发震断层两侧具有不同的形变特征, 发震断层走向近EW向; LOS向形变量分解表明, 此次地震破裂以右旋走滑为主; 滑动分布反演的形变残差介于0~5 cm之间, 发震断层的滑动量主要位于2~16 km深部, 最大滑动量可达1.02 m, 位于断层面深部5.83 km处, 最大滑动量处的滑动角为185.24°; 平均滑动角为181.32°, 平均滑动量为0.12 m; 滑动分布反演也证明该地震为右旋走滑破裂事件, 与LOS向形变分解结果一致; 当剪切模量μ=3.2 GPa时, 反演得到的地震矩震级约M_W6.6。     

汶川地震同震形变场的GPS和InSAR邻轨平滑校正与断层滑移精化反演

为克服InSAR观测汶川地震同震形变场的邻轨不连续问题,提出联合GPS观测值与邻轨平滑约束的同震位移校正方法,采用GPS观测形变去除PALSAR轨道误差引入的残留平地相位,基于形变平滑条件校正邻轨干涉相位的不连续性.ALOS/PALSAR干涉处理结果表明,校正后同震形变场的准确度与平滑性得以显著提高,InSAR高相干点残差达3.6 cm,校正后精度提高约60%,低相干点精度提高约40%,校正后形变场的邻接平滑因子标准差减小约33%,验证了轨道误差校正与邻轨平滑约束方法的准确性与可靠性.进一步基于弹性半空间位错模型的断层滑移反演结果表明,断层滑移主要分布于映秀、北川和青川地区,集中于地壳深度0~16 km范围,最大滑动量（位于北川县城）约为9.0 m,GPS反演模型残差为5.5 cm,InSAR反演模型残差达9.2 cm,InSAR反演精度约有30%的显著提高,由模型反演计算得到的地震矩为8.0469×10²⁰ N·m.     

基于Sentinel-1A数据的四川长宁MS6.0地震同震形变场分析及断层滑动分布反演

利用大地测量数据研究2019年6月17日四川长宁M_S6.0地震同震形变场特征和发震断层参数, 基于DInSAR技术处理升降轨Sentinel-1A数据获取干涉相位图, 并考虑大气折射效应和余震形变误差实现同震形变场改正。四叉树采样后的形变数据作为反演数据源, 采用弹性半空间分层模型反演发震断层几何面滑动分布。结果表明本次地震发震机制为兼具逆冲和左旋走滑, 矩震级为M_W5.9, 断层破裂尺度达28 km×20 km, 震源深度约9.4 km。升降轨视线向同震形变场在断层两侧呈现形变特征差异, 最大沉降量分别是8.34 cm(升轨)和4.23 cm(降轨), 最大抬升量分别是5.5 cm(升轨)和7.5 cm(降轨); 发震断层走向为302°, 倾角为43°, 平均滑动角为50°, 断层面最大滑动量达到0.28 m。     

基于多期DInSAR数据的2016年定结地震序列发震断层特征研究

2016年5月22日,在西藏定结县发生四次MW4~5地震,研究本序列地震的发震断层几何和运动特征对于认识周边活动断裂性质具有重要意义.由于发震地区偏远,且观测台网分布稀疏,本研究采用星载雷达干涉测量(DInSAR)技术进行了同震形变场重建,但是定结地震震级较小,单干涉像对获取的形变场受相位噪声影响较大.为了解决这一问题,本研究基于时间序列Sentinel-1A干涉数据生成多期同震与非同震干涉图,并利用叠加平均法对本次定结地震同震形变场进行重建,提取了定结2016年5月22日多次地震产生的同震累计整体形变场.基于InSAR同震形变场和区域地质特征,研究进行了滑动分布反演,确定其主要贡献的发震断层几何参数及滑动分布:断层走向为188°,倾角为43°,平均滑动角为78°,发震断层的运动性质以正断为主兼具少量左旋走滑分量,滑动主要集中在断层垂直深度0~9km处,最大滑动量约为25cm,位于断层倾向深度3km处,反演得到的矩震级为MW5.58.本研究结果表明采用星载InSAR叠加平均技术可以较好地压制相位噪声,有效提取此类中小型浅源地震同震微弱形变场.最后,我们认为本次定结地震与藏南拆离断层与申扎-定结断层的活动密切相关.     

InSAR数据约束的2021年5月21日云南漾濞MS6.4地震发震构造研究

运用Sentinel-1A卫星数据和D-InSAR技术,获取2021-05-21云南漾濞M_S6.4地震的同震形变场。结果显示,漾濞地震同震形变场长轴近NW展布升降轨形变场符号相反,视线向最大沉降量和抬升量为0.1 m。InSAR同震形变场反演的滑动分布主要集中在沿走向2～12 km,倾向1～9 km的范围内,最大滑动量0.35 m,发震断层长9.8 km、宽4 km,滑动量主要集中在地下3～6 km范围内,滑动角-146.7°。同震位移场及滑动分布模型反映本次地震为发震断层的右旋走滑事件,地震破裂未达到地表。断层模型反演结果显示,矩震级为M_W6.1,发震断层以北西走向右旋走滑运动为主,初步认为本次M_W6.1地震发震断裂可能是一条NW向的维西—乔后断裂西侧的隐伏次生断裂。     

芦山MS7.0级地震InSAR形变观测及震源参数反演

2013年4月20四川省芦山县发生M_S7.0级地震,目前的研究资料表明地震发生在龙门山断裂南段,但地表未发现明显破裂.本研究利用InSAR技术与Radarsat-2雷达数据,获取了芦山地震同震的部分形变场,结果表明,近场区域的LOS位移发生视线向隆升,量值在7 cm左右.随后利用弹性半空间的位错模型反演了断层面参数,综合反演结果及震源机制解最终确定了发震断层的初始模型,以形变场观测数据为约束,基于梯度下降法反演获得了断层面上的滑动分布,反演得到的矩震级为M_w6.45级,断层走向213°,倾角39°~43°,最大滑动位于地表以下约13 km深度位置,最大滑动量0.91 m,平均滑动角71°,整体上仍以逆冲滑动为主,兼具左旋走滑.推测在双石-大川断裂以东12 km处展布一条隐伏断裂,为本次的发震断裂.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.