地震波场叠前零偏移距化算法研究

在能源地震勘探中,为了更好地实现叠前倾斜地层的时差校正,提高速度分析和叠加的精度,提出了一种快速实现叠前部分偏移的算法,即零偏移距化（MZO）算法。该算法应用波场外推的技术及波动方程偏移的有限差分算法,可在共偏移道集上实现,对于3D资料须应用同方位角共偏移距道集。经实际资料测试,其计算速度比同类的DMO方法快一倍,且处理效果相当。      

DMO技术在苏北二维地震资料处理中的应用效果

由于苏北盆地历经了多次地质运动,造成地层构造复杂,倾角多变,断层多等系列地质因素。以往这一地区的地震资料处理,通常采用的是常规水平叠加,作为地层界面水平的情况是较为适用的。当地层界面倾斜时,它不能实现真正的共反射点叠加,在构造复杂地区,会使叠加剖面分辨率降低。DMO技术（倾角时差校正技术）是目前资料处理中的一项非常重要的技术,它主要是针对叠前能识别出倾角的道集中（如共炮检距道集）,经特定的速度分析和倾角时差计算,来消除正常时差校正（NMO）无法消除的地层倾角的影响,实现叠前部分偏移,得到最佳叠加速度,以达到提高剖面叠加质量的目的。     

抛物线拉冬变换算法在近偏移距道数据恢复中的应用

在地震数据处理中,恢复缺失的近偏移距道数据是一项非常重要的工作。本文简述了一种利用抛物线拉冬变换算法来实现空间插值的方法。该方法首先要对原始的共炮点道集（或ＣＭＰ道集）进行动校正,然后通过选择正确的曲率参数对包含零偏移距道的数据作抛物线拉冬变换,再经反变换之后就可将原来缺失的数据正确地恢复出来。文中用理论合成记录验证了该方法的有效性。     

倾角动校正的理论

对倾斜地层进行常规动校正(NMO)时,所用的等效速度或均方根速度与地层倾角有关。当剖面上同时存在不同倾角的反射界面时,我们只能选择与某一个倾角对应的等效速度,所以传统的NMO校正和共中心点叠加(CMP)处理对倾角起滤波作用。倾角动校正(DMO)具有叠前偏移的功能,对叠前资料作DMO,则速度与倾角无关。理论上,DMO校正基于偏移距延拓(OC);实现上、类似于传统的叠后偏移。本文从几何地震学的观点出发推导出DMO校正的算子,然后从波动理论角度证明了它的正确性。     

叠前时间偏移成像技术及其应用

零炮检距剖面是地震反射成像过程中的重要成果。通过弯曲反射界面模型,分析了共中心点(CMP)道集与共反射点(CRP)道集的差别,认为当反射界面倾斜时,常规处理中的CMP叠加不能得到准确的零偏移距剖面,而沿CRP道集叠加的叠前时间偏移能得到准确的零偏移距剖面,另外,还介绍了叠前时间偏移的实现方法和步骤,包括预处理、偏移速度场的建立和偏移后CRP道集的处理等,并结合实际资料进行了效果分析。     

国外地震勘探方法的某些进展

本文介绍了近年来国外地震勘探方法中某些方面的最新进展,主要涉及垂直地震剖面方法和倾角时差校正(DMO).由单偏移距向多偏移距的发展,由单分量向多分量接收的发展是近年来垂直地震剖面方法上的重大进步.倾角时差校正和叠前偏移的发展克服了长期以来存在于地震勘探中的水平叠加理论基础与勘探实践的矛盾,由此发展出了各种较精确且实用的处理方法.     

基于预测滤波的层间多次波衰减方法

在地震勘探中由于与反射信号时差小,层间多次波在近偏移距难以完全去除。地震剖面道集上近偏移距多次波的存在增加了反演的多解性,此外多次波在叠加剖面上形成的假反射也增加了解释的误差。提出一种基于预测滤波的层间多次波衰减方法,首先通过倾角滤波衰减中远偏移距的多次波,然后将含有残留的层间多次波的道集按照随机顺序排序,最后应用预测滤波方法按照随机干扰去除剩余的层间多次波。经实际数据检验,本方法对近偏移距小时差层间多次波具有良好的衰减效果。     

零偏移距共反射面叠加原理及其在工程地震勘探中的应用

对一种能增强工程地震勘探数据质量的新叠加技术——零偏移距共反射面叠加进行了研究。目前模拟零偏移距剖面常规方法存在需要精确宏速度模型及不能对地下反射界面产生最佳照明的问题,而零偏移距共反射面叠加具有完全数据驱动、与宏速度模型无关、能够产生对地下反射界面最佳照明及提高模拟零偏移距剖面成像质量的优势。针对零偏移距共反射面叠加还未在国内工程地震勘探中进行广泛应用的现状,详细介绍了零偏移距共反射面叠加基本原理及其实现过程,并使用一套人工合成断层模型数据及来自某高速公路段附近一条二维测线的实际工程地震勘探数据进行了测试计算。理论模型试算结果及在工程地震勘探实际资料处理中的应用表明零偏移距共反射面叠加可提高地震数据信噪比,增强地震反射同相轴连续性,改善模拟零偏移距剖面质量,是一种非常有发展前景的工程地震成像方法。     

异常振幅衰减法压制海上船噪声干扰CSCD

海上船噪声干扰是海洋地震数据中的主要干扰波之一,由于其反射同相轴符合地震时距曲线规律,且其频谱与有效信号基本重叠,用滤波等常规噪声压制技术很难对其进行有效地压制。由于海上船相对于地震采集拖缆的位置具有随机性,共炮点域中的规则船干扰在共偏移距域内变为随机强能量噪音,为此提出一种用异常振幅衰减法压制海上船噪声干扰的方法,其思路是先将炮集抽成共偏移距道集,然后用异常振幅衰减法对船噪声干扰进行压制。通过对实际海洋地震资料进行处理,得到了良好的应用效果。     

共中心点倾斜迭加偏移

反射地震数据可通过偏移共中心点倾斜迭加剖面成像。其基本方法就是对相同射线参数的各共中心道倾斜迭加剖面合成。早期研究人员已经描述过倾斜迭加炮平面或取代共中心点道集的共接收器道集的偏移方法,但是,共中心点倾斜迭加具有中心点坐标的实用的优点。除此之外,偏移方程未对陡倾角、宽偏移距或垂向速度变化作任何假设。本方法理论上的缺陷在于没有对横向速度变化进行精确处理。倾斜迭加偏移是一种“迭加前的偏移”方法,它可解决常规迭加存在的问题(特别是当水平反射层与陡倾角反射层相交时的倾角选择性问题)。在图象上,所有倾角的正确处理可提高横向分辨力。在偏移改善地震资料以后,倾斜迭加偏移可提供一种测定层速度的简单方法。对超临界反射和折射运用倾斜迭加偏移的旅行时间处理方法也是准确可行的。这些同相轴与中心点的附加度量转换成p-t面。倾斜迭加偏移方程将p-t面转换成一个深度-共中心点速度面。与通常的偏移一样,在速度的反演过程中自动考虑了倾角影响。     

Restoration of seismic data using the two-dimensional DMO equation

This paper presents a method for restoring missing seismic traces by using the two-dimensional dip moveout (DMO) equation. A fundamentally new formulation of the initial-boundary-value problem based on the Goursat problem is proposed. A modified finite element method is used for numerical solution. The method is tested on model examples and actual seismic data.     

三维地震数据的方位角时差校正及其应用

三维地震数据的同一共中心点道集是由不同方位角的地震道组成的。当地下地层倾斜时,共中心点道集的反射同相轴就存在方位角时差。本文根据方位角时差校正（ＡＭＯ）的基本原理,从ｆ－ｋ域的正、逆ＤＭＯ出发,通过稳相法得到积分法ＡＭＯ脉冲响应的时间、振幅因子公式。把ＡＭＯ应用于一束实际三维地震数据处理,经ＡＭＯ处理后的剖面绕射波和断面反射波得到了加强,其效果是令人满意的。     

叠前时间偏移的偏移孔径与采集孔径关系分析

叠前时间偏移是复杂构造成像有效的偏移方法之一,它能适应纵横向速度变化较大、倾角较大的偏移成像.影响偏移成像效果的主要因素是偏移孔径和偏移速度.偏移孔径过小,偏移剖面将损失陡倾角的同相轴;偏移孔径过大,会降低资料的偏移质量.虽然偏移孔径同野外采集孔径是完全不同的概念,但偏移孔径是受采集孔径约束的,采集孔径不够时,给再大的...     

地层倾角对转换波动校速度分析的影响

动校正速度的求取是三维转换波数据处理的重要环节,其精度高低对转换波的叠加成像质量影响很大。理论上转换波的速度求取受包括界面倾角在内的多种因素影响,但实际应用时这些因素往往被忽略。为证明倾角对动校速度的影响程度,依据前人的研究成果,模拟倾斜地层计算了不同倾角条件下二维测线CCP道集、三维全方位CCP道集PS波动校正速度,并对由不同倾角引起的计算精度差异进行了研究。研究结果表明,对于二维转换波CCP道集,界面倾角不同,动校拉平的速度会差别较大,即使如此也总能实现很大倾角范围内的CCP道集的同相叠加,获得较好的成像质量;对于三维全方位CCP道集,当界面倾角超过一定范围,无论怎样进行精细扫描,得到的都只能是适合特定方位的速度,无法得到适合任意方位的动校扫描速度,随着界面倾角的减小,利用速度扫描的办法可以在一定的偏移距范围内将来自不同方位的记录较平,界面倾角越小,可以校平的偏移距越大;另外由于道集内的地震记录依赖视倾角的动校正速度,在反射界面倾斜的情况下,方位不同,动校正速度不同,致使二维反射PS波资料往往比三维反射PS波资料容易叠加成像。     

Location specific forecasting of maximum and minimum temperatures over India by using the statistical bias corrected output of global forecasting system

The output from Global Forecasting System (GFS) T574L64 operational at India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi is used for obtaining location specific quantitative forecast of maximum and minimum temperatures over India in the medium range time scale. In this study, a statistical bias correction algorithm has been introduced to reduce the systematic bias in the 24–120 hour GFS model location specific forecast of maximum and minimum temperatures for 98 selected synoptic stations, representing different geographical regions of India. The statistical bias correction algorithm used for minimizing the bias of the next forecast is Decaying Weighted Mean (DWM), as it is suitable for small samples. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the skill of Direct Model Output (DMO) and Bias Corrected (BC) GFS for location specific forecast of maximum and minimum temperatures over India. The performance skill of 24–120 hour DMO and BC forecast of GFS model is evaluated for all the 98 synoptic stations during summer (May-August 2012) and winter (November 2012–February 2013) seasons using different statistical evaluation skill measures. The magnitude of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for BC GFS forecast is lower than DMO during both summer and winter seasons. The BC GFS forecasts have higher skill score as compared to GFS DMO over most of the stations in all day-1 to day-5 forecasts during both summer and winter seasons. It is concluded from the study that the skill of GFS statistical BC forecast improves over the GFS DMO remarkably and hence can be used as an operational weather forecasting system for location specific forecast over India.     

2008年汶川地震破裂的滑移向量

估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。     

Estimating displacement along the Brenner Fault and orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps

The major structure accommodating orogen-parallel extension in the Eastern Alps is inferred to be the Brenner Fault, which forms the western boundary of the Tauern Window. The estimated amount of extension along this fault varies from a minimum of 10–20 km to a maximum of >70 km. All investigations that have attempted to constrain this amount of extension have calculated the fault plane parallel displacement required to restore the difference in structural level between footwall and hanging wall as constrained by geobarometry. However, these calculations neglected the component of exhumation of the footwall resulting from folding and erosion. Therefore, the total amount of extensional displacement was systematically overestimated. In the present study, we project a tectonic marker surface from the footwall and hanging wall of the Brenner Fault onto a N–S-striking cross section. This marker surface, which is the base of the Patscherkofel unit in the footwall and the base of the Ötztal basement in the hanging wall, is inferred to have occupied the same structural level in the hanging wall and footwall of the Brenner Fault before its activity. Therefore, the difference in height between the marker projected from the footwall and from the hanging wall is a measure of the vertical offset across the Brenner Fault. This construction shows that the vertical offset of the marker horizon on both sides of the Brenner Fault varies strongly and continuously along strike of the Brenner Fault, attaining a maximum value of 15 km at the hinge of the folded footwall (Tauern Dome). The along-strike change of vertical offset is explained by large-scale upright folding of the footwall that did not affect the hanging wall of the Brenner Fault. Therefore, the difference in vertical offset of 10 km between the area of the Brenner Pass and the area immediately south of Innsbruck corresponds to the shortening (upright folding) component of exhumation of the footwall. The remaining 5 km of vertical offset must be attributed to extensional deformation. The Brenner Fault itself is barely folded, its dip varies between 20 and 70°, and it crosscuts the upright folds of the western Tauern Window. Given the offset of 5 km, the dip of the fault constrains the extensional displacement to be between 2 and 14 km. We conclude that the Tauern Window was exhumed primarily by folding and erosion, not by extensional unroofing.     

VSP数据的逆时偏移

据逆时偏移的基本思想,首次引用傅氏变换和差分法相结合的方法(FDM)数值求解全声波方程,实现对垂直地震剖面(VSP)记录数据的波场外推。同时,利用射线方程实现对震源的向下延拓。从而解决了非零井源距VSP数据的偏移。 所用方法对地下界面倾角较大、速度横向变化没有限制,因而适应于地下构造比较复杂的地质情况。此外,还可用于地面地震记录的迭前深度偏移。     

Numerical investigation of slippage characteristics of normal and reverse faults under fluid injection and production

Nowadays, a great deal of petroleum geology and engineering projects associated with underground fluid injection and production (FIP) are widely conducted around the world. The FIP engineering may cause complex stress perturbation and trigger seismicity, which have been extensively reported and studied. In this paper, we investigated the fault slippage characteristics influenced by FIP. It reveals that for a fault (normal or reverse) that penetrating through the reservoir into the caprock and underburden, the footwall reservoir is the relatively stable one for fluid injection in a fluid FIP engineering. No matter it is a normal or a reverse fault, injecting fluid into footwall reservoir and producing fluid from the hanging wall reservoir can induce smaller fault slippage. After having determined the better fluid injection–production pattern, we studied the influence of three key factors of fault, i.e., dip, offset and depth, on fault stability. We found that, in our range of study, the influence of single action of fault dip, offset or depth on fault slippage in a FIP engineering was small. However, the influence of the combined effects of the factors may be large. Finally, we studied the effect of different pressure management scenarios on fault responses based on the specific fluid injection–production pattern. The results revealed that appropriate pressure management could effectively reduce fault slippage in a FIP engineering. However, inappropriate pressure management may cause much larger fault slippage. Given these concerns, it is therefore vital that the effect of pressure management scenario to be modeled prior to FIP.