晋冀蒙交界地区地电阻率异常与该区中强地震关系的分析研究

文章对1989年、1991年发生在山西大同一阳高的两次6．1级地震、1996年内蒙古包头西的6．6级地震、1998年的河北张北6．2级四次中强震前后华北北部地电阻率资料进行对比分析,提取出晋冀蒙交界区中强地震前地电异常信息,为今后该区中强地震的预测提供参考依据。     

区域-时间-长度算法在青海地区的应用研究

应用检测地震活动水平相对变化的区域-时间-长度算法（RTL算法），分析研究了青海地区有相对较完备小震资料的14次6级以上震例。结果表明，该区6级以上地震发生前在源区或近源区大约120km半径的空间尺度内，‰值能检测到明显的1年内和2年内时间尺度的中期地震活动异常，地震活动增强的“上升型”异常和地震活动平静的“下降型”异常各占一半。     

包头6.4级地震前后小震活动空间分布特征及其破裂方式研究

对1992 年至1996 年4 月发生在40°00′～41°10′N,108°20′110°30′E 范围内的51 次ML≥2 .0 地震空间位置与包头6 .4 级主震及其余震空间位置的相互关系研究表明,前期地震的活动展布方向与包头6 .4 级主震震源机制解主压应力方向一致,震源深度为9 ～34 km ,78% 的地震活动在20 km 以浅的地层内,前期小震活动使包头—呼和浩特地区形成了空区.包头地震发生在此空区内.包头6 .4 级主震震源较深,余震的震源都比主震的浅.在包头6 .4 级地震发生的前1 ～2 a 时间内,围绕主震空间位置发生了一系列小震,这些小震活动可能对包头地震的成因有着较大影响作用.笔者认为包头6 .4 级地震是脆性破裂,属左旋走滑兼具正断错动.     

1995年海南东方近海5.2级地震特征分析

总结了１９９５年海南东方近海５．２级地震的地质背景，宏观烈度，地震序列特征，前兆异常以及地震活动与环境因子的对应关系，并提出了未来一年或稍长时间内，该区及附近地区仍存在发生５～６级地震的危险性。     

胶东及其近海地震活动特征和近期趋势分析

利用测震学时空扫描方法。结合地质活动构造，对胶东及北部海域地震活动特征及近期地震活动趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明：该区4-5级地震有5a左右周期性，本区中等地震或外围强震前，地震活动性参数出现异常现象；据统计预测及地震学异常认为，该区近期仍有发生5级左右地震的可能。     

关于预报红河断裂西南M_S≥6 级地震的浅见

本文通过对红河断裂西南地区,70年以来发生的6次M_S≥6级地震前中、小地震活动的研究,讨论了大地震前区域地震活动的异常特征,并与两次地震的预报为例,提出该区中小地震活动的异常特征可供预报本区M_S≥6级地震参考。     

鄂西三峡地区航磁异常与地震活动

本文研究了鄂西三峡地区航磁异常特征及与地震活动的相关性,得出该区中强地震(Ms>4.7)和台网观测3级以上地震活动与航磁异常的对应关系,并指出了该区未来地震活动应注意地段,这可作为划分潜在震源区的参考。     

大同地震台水准形变异常调查与地震关系的研究

分析了大同地震台水准自观测以来的正常背景与异常变化,调查了环境变化(降雨、地下水、开采等)对观测值的影响。认为1983～1989年口泉断裂处于闭锁状态,年变速率平均为-0．7mm／a,1990年7月～1991年3月,断层出现加速活动,变化幅度为4．0mm,期间发生了1991年1月29日山西忻州5．1级地震和1991年3月26日大同阳高5．8级地震。震后曲线斜率仍然偏大,年变速率平均为-3．0mm／a,呈现新的背景值。1995年8月～1996年5月3日包头6．4级地震前,出现了异常加速—反向抬升的图象。异常加速幅度为-3．0mm,反向抬升2．0mm,这是自观测以来从未有过的现象。分析认为1990年和1995年下半年的加速变化与1991年大同—阳高5．8级地震和1996年包头6．4级地震有关。     

2002年新疆乌恰5.7级地震前地震活动异常分析

分析了乌恰5．7级地震前喀什-乌恰地区的地震活动情况和地震学参数异常过程。研究认为，5．7级地震发生在1996年9月以来形成的喀什西南4．0级以上地震空区的边缘，此次地震的活动间隔时间为1980年以来之最；震前有6项地震学参数空间扫描和5项地震学参数时间进程存在中短期异常；震前3级地震活动强度有多次起伏。     

巴楚-伽师Ms6.8地震地磁异常特点分析

通过分析、比较1996--2003年喀什地震台站记录到的新疆伽师及附近地区发生的多次6级地震的地磁前兆异常特征，发现在这几组地震活动过程中喀什地震台的地磁表现出不同的异常特征，说明与地震破裂特征有更深层次的相关性，且地磁响应比异常和总强度差值异常在一定程度上反映了台站周围小范围的震源区介质电性结构的变化。巴楚-伽师6．8级地震前地磁异常特征并不十分突出，有别于1996—1998年伽师强震群震前地磁异常量较丰富的特点。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.