基于地震剖面瞬时峰值能量频率的衰减分析与气藏预测方法

由于流体本身的粘滞性和摩擦性,使得地震波在含油气地层中传播时衰减形成低频阴影.通过对叠后地震资料做时频分解,分析地层衰减特征,是当前除了AVO技术之外,比较流行的直接识别流体和气藏的技术.本文基于波动方程正演,模拟了地震波对含油气地层的响应.然后采用连续小波变换分析不同尺度剖面的瞬时能量特征,提取分频剖面上每一个点的峰值能量对应的频率,得到瞬时峰值能量频率剖面.通过分析瞬时峰值能量频率剖面,分析了地震波在地下介质中传播时的衰减特征.最后应用此方法对实际地震剖面进行了分析,验证了其有效性.     

松辽盆地丰乐地区营城组火山岩储层预测

徐家围子断陷的主要产气层段为营城组火山岩段地层,所以研究该地层对寻找天然气藏具有非常重要的意义.本文利用丰乐地区的高分辨率地震资料、岩石物性资料、测井资料对下白垩统营城组火山岩进行构造精细解释,火山岩地震相及岩相分析从而进行储层预测,利用均方根振幅、瞬时频率能量及瞬时吸收系数能量等地震属性分析结合地震反演技术精细刻画火山岩储层.结果认为：均方根振幅、瞬时频率能量和瞬时吸收系数能量能较好预测火山岩相和储层物性;有利储层在反演剖面上表现为中低阻抗特征,中等密度;较好储层主要分布在工区的西部与中部.     

基于三参数小波变换的吸收衰减梯度检测

时频分析是地震资料处理和解释中一种强有力的工具,通过对地震波信号进行时频分析,可以获得地震波的吸收衰减梯度属性,从而应用于储层的含油气性检测.将目前时域局部化性质很高的三参数(TP)小波变换和谱拟合方法引入吸收衰减计算中,通过对TP小波时频谱进行子波谱估计获得更平滑、能量聚焦性更好的时频谱,然后利用最小二乘曲线拟合从中提取稳定的地震波低频段和高频段吸收衰减梯度,以期更好地进行储层含气性检测.实际资料的处理分析结果表明,不论是低频吸收衰减梯度,还是高频吸收衰减梯度,对致密砂岩含气储层的预测结果均与实际情况吻合较好,能够清晰可靠地指示含气储层的部位,且与基于瞬时谱分析提取的归一化地层吸收剖面的分析结果一致,有利于刻画含气储层空间展布,直接指示油气存在,为油气检测提供了一种有效可行的手段.     

基于瞬时相位和Curvelet变换的地层结构提取方法

储层的几何形态和空间展布预测是储层预测的主要内容.本文根据Curvelet变换的奇性分析特征及地震资料瞬时相位在追踪地质层位的优势,提出了基于Curvelet变换的地层结构提取方法.将提取的地层结构剖面和瞬时频率或其它与地层岩性相关属性联合显示,能更清晰、直观地解释有利储层的几何形态和空间展布特征.通过合成资料和实际数据的算例,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

低频伴影快速识别与应用

油气的存在并不是对所有频率成分的地震信号都产生影响,它只使部分频率能量发生变化,当储层含油气时,将会引起高频能量的衰减和低频能量的增强.通过频谱分析,确定储层由于含油气引起能量变化的主要高频和低频,利用分频属性确定油气范围.时频三原色显示技术的优势在于其同时利用了高、中、低频率融合在一起显示,更直观方便的突出了地震体的优势频率,为含油气性预测提供参考.Marr小波具有计算简单、速度快,又具有良好的局部性能,可以用Marr小波模拟雷克子波对地震记录进行分频,利用三原色显示技术达到快速成像的目的.实际应用表明该方法对低频伴影能做到快速准确识别的效果,该项技术的发展将为深水少井和无井区隐蔽油气藏的研究提供有力的技术支持.     

基于连续小波变换Teager-Kaiser能量在储层预测中的应用

Teager-Kaiser能量算子是一种用来分析单频信号局部离散性非线性能量密度比较有效的方法.不同类型地质体以及含油气储层将引起地震信号的能量密度产生异常,基于连续小波变换Teager-Kaiser能量就是利用这个特征进行储层预测.本文采用连续小波变换(CWT)的多尺度分辨属性和Teager-Kaiser能量算子相结合的办法进行储层预测,该方法得到的结果和20多口井的实钻资料非常吻合,能有效地刻画砂体的边界特征,平面展布和横向上的非均匀性,同时还得到一定的沉积相特征.通过理论以及实际资料分析表明基于连续小波变换Teager-Kaiser(WAVETK)能量可以作为一种有效的方法进行储层预测.     

地震属性分析在彩16井区储层预测中的应用

介绍了地震属性分类及地质含义,并以彩16井区为例优选出对储层含油气性敏感的地震属性参数,建立它们与含油气性的关系,利用单属性及多属性聚类分析评价了目的层的储层质量,并进行了有利储层预测,并指出下一步的有利勘探目标.     

非常规储层异常压力测井预测方法及应用

超压在含油气盆地中普遍存在,异常压力的预测是油气探勘开发中的重要研究内容.本文基于测井预测异常压力的方法,对准噶尔盆地致密油、松辽盆地致密气、川南五峰—龙马溪组页岩气的超压特征进行了研究,探讨了该方法在非常规油气勘探中的运用.研究表明,莫索湾地区三工河组致密储层平均压力为47.52 MPa,压力系数平均为1.3,八道湾组平均压力为62.5 MPa,压力系数平均为1.4.德惠断陷从营城组顶部,地层表现出超压的特征,压力系数从1.32～1.7,具有明显的高压-超高压特征,且随着深度的增加,地层压力与静水压力的差值越大.川南五峰—龙马溪组页岩压力系数1.22～1.61,平均值为1.44,具有超压的特征.超压为致密储层保留了大量原生孔隙,压力系数可以作为非常规油气有利区预测、储层评价的标准.     

地震属性分析技术综述

近年来,地震属性分析技术在地层岩性解释、构造解释、储层评价、油藏特征描述以及油藏流体动态检测等方面得到了广泛应用,并且在油气勘探开发中起着越来越重要的作用.地震属性技术能提取隐藏在地震资料中的有用信息,提高对储层有利区预测的准确度.因此,对地震属性技术在储层预测中的应用的研究显得十分重要.本文就地震属性的发展历程、地震属性分类、地震属性提取和地震属性的优化及预测方法进行了归纳总结,并对地震属性技术在国内外的发展情况作了简要的介绍.     

叠后多属性分析在哈山西石炭系火山岩裂缝预测中的应用研究

裂缝油气藏在油气勘探开发中占有重要地位,准确地预测储层中的裂缝发育程度等参数是勘探开发中的难点.本文采用叠后多属性分析技术对哈山西地区的石炭系火山岩裂缝密度进行了定量预测:在储层特征分析的基础上,首先提取了对裂缝发育反映较好的多种地震属性,包括相干体、倾角方位角、曲率、蚂蚁体、弧长、瞬时频率、均方根振幅、反射强度、道微分、吸收衰减属性,并对提取的属性进行了敏感性分析.在此基础上,利用BP神经网络的方法,对裂缝密度进行了定量预测,预测结果与工区钻井资料吻合,为下步的勘探开发提供了依据.     

地震属性技术在四维地震监测中的应用

四维地震(4D seimic)主要是指利用重复三维地震测量资料进行油藏动态监测。在油田开发过程中,由于储层特性变化所引起的地震振幅异常、频率变化以及反射同相轴下拖现象等均可作为注蒸汽波及范围四维地震监测的良好识别标志。由于叠后地震资料中常常存在动校正速度不准、动校正拉伸畸变、剩余静校正误差、以及CDP道集中各道波形的差异性等多方面的问题,这会对叠后地震资料所反映出的四维地震异常特性产生影响,造成解释结果的差异性和不确定性。为此,本文尝试开展叠前地震属性反演研究,利用瞬时频率、瞬时频率梯度、能量衰减85%时的频率、最大振幅频率、最大振幅、总能量等多种衰减属性的叠前剖面及其差值剖面来定性解释四维地震实验区的注入蒸汽在剖面上的反映。     

Integrating seismic attributes in the accurate modeling of geological structures and determining the storage of the gas reservoir in Gorgan Plain (North of Iran)

Three dimensional seismic operation of Gorgan Plain was studied around a well, which is situated in North of Iran following the hitting of a thin overpressure gas layer (thickness of 9.6 m), with the purpose of the accurate modeling of geological structures and determining the approximate gas storages. The geological structures of the reservoir were modeled using the seismic attributes (coherence, instantaneous amplitude and spectral decomposition (FFT)). The obtained results clearly demonstrated the shape and volume of the existing structural traps in the studied area. In order to estimate the thickness of gas layer in the 3D seismic volume and determining the gas storage, the thickness changes based on the seismic amplitudes were used because its thickness was less than the critical resolution thickness for this layer. However, due to its low thickness, the lack of indicator peak in seismic sections and strong faults of area, it was difficult to pursue this layer in the seismic volume and map its exact amplitude. Considering this issue, a new method with integrating of seismic attributes was recommended. First, the instantaneous amplitude attribute of the thin reservoir layer reflector in computed synthetic seismogram were fabricated and then the frequency regarding the highest amount (dominant frequency) was chosen by Fourier Transform. Finally, spectral decomposition (FFT) with the resulting frequency was gained over the cross-section of the layer's instantaneous amplitude attribute in the 3D seismic volume choosing a proper time window. In such a situation, an increase of its thickness was seen as its amplitude increase and the minimum gas storage of this reservoir was calculated using the area of the restricted part of high thickness (over 9.6 m).     

A comparative study on hydrocarbon detection using three EMD-based time–frequency analysis methods

Due to strong heterogeneity of marine carbonate reservoir, seismic signals become more complex, thus, it is very difficult for hydrocarbon detection. In hydrocarbon reservoir, there usually exist some changes in seismic wave energy and frequency. In their instantaneous spectrums there often exist such phenomena that show the characteristics of attenuation of high frequency energy and enhancement of low-frequency energy. The three EMD-based time-frequency analysis methods' instantaneous spectra all have certain oil and gas detection capability. In this paper, we introduced the Normalized Hilbert Transform (NHT) and a new method named the HU method for hydrocarbon detection. The model results in the Jingbian Gas Field which is located in the eastern Ordos Basin, China, show that NHT and HU methods can be adopted. They also detect the gas-bearing reservoir efficiently as the HHT method does. The three EMD-based methods, that is, the Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT) and NHT and HU methods, were respectively applied to analyze the seismic data from the Jingbian Gas Field. Firstly, the seismic signals were decomposed into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. The second IMF signal (IMF2) of the original seismic section better indicates the distribution of the reservoir. Information on hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir is mainly in IMF2. Secondly, the HHT, NHT and HU methods were respectively used to obtain different frequency division sections from IMF2. Hydrocarbon detection was realized from the energy distribution of the different frequency division sections with these three EMD-based methods. The practical application results show that the three EMD-based methods can all be employed to hydrocarbon detection. Frequency division section of IMF2 using NHT method was better for the seismic data from the Jingbian Gas Field than when using the HHT method and HU method.     

A new extension of seismic instantaneous frequency using a fractional time derivative

The seismic instantaneous frequency attribute has been applied to interpret a depositional layer. Instead of the standard instantaneous frequency, the Caputo fractional differential operator has been demonstrated as a more suitable mathematical tool of nonlinear analysis for the depositional layer. Based on the Caputo operator, we propose a fractional extension of instantaneous frequency attribute to detect thin layers of sandstone formations. From numerical analysis of a 25-Hz Ricker wavelet, we found that the fractional instantaneous frequency of 0.99 order keeps an approximation of standard instantaneous frequency and enhances the negative frequency (anomalous frequency spike), which help in more precise geological interpretation. A three-layer wedge model and a case history from the Bohai Bay Basin showed that the 0.99 order instantaneous frequency provides more depositional sandstone information than the standard instantaneous frequency. The anomalous frequency spike, at the merging point of the top and the base reflections or at the tip of the stratum, of 0.99 order instantaneous frequency is more prominent than that of the standard one. The results help to interpret the thickness changes of thin sandstone formations. In practical application, the 0.99 order instantaneous frequency has revealed several deposition phases and lateral heterogeneity of a fluvial reservoir system. Therefore, the 0.99 order instantaneous frequency is a valuable seismic attribute for reservoir characterization.     

柴达木盆地第四系气藏烃类检测研究

与致密的单相地质体相比，当地质体中含流体如油、气或水时，会引起地震波能量的衰减；通过提取反映地震波能量衰减快慢的属性就能在一定程度上预测地下的流体，这种属性体可以作为烃类检测因子.柴达木盆地第四系生物气藏分布范围广，勘探潜力巨大.为了更深入对柴达木盆地天然气藏进行预测研究，对本工区11条测线的纯波数据进行了衰减属性分析研究，效果非常好.为预测柴达木盆地第四系天然气藏提供了实际参考和理论依据.     

A new energy density calculation method for reservoir delineation using seismic low-frequency signal

In comparison to high-frequency signals, low-frequency seismic signals suffer less from scattering and intrinsic attenuation during wave propagation, penetrate deeper strata and thus can provide more energy information related to the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on the asymptotic representation for the frequency-dependent reflections in the fluid-saturated pore-elastic media, we first derive a novel equation of the reservoir energy density and present an efficient workflow to calculate the reservoir energy density using low-frequency seismic data. Then, within a low-frequency range (from 1 to 30 Hz), we construct an objective function to determine the optimal frequency, using the energy densities calculated from the post-stack seismic traces close to the wells. Next, we can calculate the reservoir energy density using the instantaneous spectra of optimal frequency at the low-frequency end of the seismic spectrum. Tests on examples for synthetic and field data demonstrate that the proposed reservoir energy density can produce high-quality images for the fluid-saturated reservoirs, and it produces less background artefacts caused by elastic layers. This method provides a new way to detect the location of hydrocarbon reservoirs and characterize their spatial distribution.     

三维AVO解释技术在洪泽地区岩性油藏勘探中的应用

洪泽地区由于沉积的特点，储层横向变化快，油藏受构造、岩性、油源多因素控制。在对该区三维AVO属性体解释中，利用多元回归方法求取了横波曲线，分岩性和含油气性统计了纵、横波、泊松比参数分布规律，建立了本区的含油砂岩的正演模型，从而降低了AVO解释的多解性。通过井-震结合对四种AVO属性数据体进行了标定，并确定了各属性体应用范围，进而进行了储层和含油气检测。实践表明，该方法能有效地利用AVO属性数据体进行储层预测及油气检测，具有一定的推广价值。     

柴达木盆地三湖地区天然气地震预测关键技术及应用

针对柴迭木盆地三湖生物天然气预测,提出了地震预测方法的三项关键技术:地震资料处理中的静校正技术(初至波折射静校正技术);地震叠后预测技术(包括如下5项内容:共偏移距扫描;频率扫描;速度谱剖面分析;反射同相轴下拉量分析;烃类检测);地震叠前预测技术(包括如下2项内容:不同偏移距叠加剖面分析;叠前反演分析).在三湖北斜坡地区应用这三项关键技术,发现了台东2号舍气异常,成功钻探了台东2井.     

Improving reservoir thickness prediction using seismic attributes and attributes fusion

Usage of any single attribute would introduce unacceptable uncertainty due to limited reservoir thickness and distribution, and strong lateral variations in lithological traps. In this paper, a wide range of prestack and post-stack seismic attributes is utilized to identify a range of properties of turbidity channel sandstone reservoir in Block L118 of J Oilfield, China. In order to better characterize the turbidity channel and lower the uncertainty, we applied multi-attribute fusion to weight a variety of seismic attributes in terms of their relevance to the identification of turbidity channel reservoir. Turbidity channel boundary is clearly present in the new attribute and the reservoir thickness prediction is improved. Additionally, fluid potential of reservoir was predicted using this fused attribute with a high value anomaly indicating high fluid potential. The multi-attribute fusion is a valid approach for the fine prediction of lithologic reservoirs, reducing the risks typically associated with exploration.     

鄂北上古生界隐蔽气藏地震储层预测技术

鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界陆相致密碎屑岩隐蔽气藏具有低孔、低渗、致密、薄互层、多层叠置和非均质性强的特点.其勘探开发一直是世界性难题.针对该区储层特点,展开了以三维地震为核心的储层综合地球物理预测技术研究,开发应用了储层岩石物理分析、地震属性优化、随机模拟反演、地震吸收衰减、地震频谱分析、地震波正演模拟、地震相划分和AVO等多项技术,形成了一整套适合该地区油气地质特征的方法技术系列,有效提高了储层预测的精度,提高了勘探开发井位部署的成功率.