流体饱和周期性层状孔隙介质模型平行层面传播的纵波频散和衰减研究

孔隙介质中的地震波传播一直是油气地震勘探领域的研究热点和难点问题.该科学难题源自不同尺度的裂隙、孔隙、溶洞与岩石骨架之间的耦合作用,导致地震波场特征复杂.目前相关的研究主要集中于探索孔隙介质中地震波的传播机制及地震响应的特征与变化规律,包括对地震波在复杂孔隙介质中传播,进行比较精确的数学物理描述以及数值实现.地球物理学家们集中于研究垂直于地层层面方向入射的地震波频散和衰减,而忽略了实际地球介质中的地震波是以任意角度(方向)入射并进行传播的普遍性情况.在前人的研究基础上,本文的创新之处在于将纵波的入射方向扩展到平行于流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质模型层面方向.针对流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质模型,提出了介观波致流(Wave-induced Fluid Flow, WIFF)对流体饱和孔隙层状介质中平行于层面方向入射的纵波频散、衰减及频变各向异性的新模型.利用准静态Biot孔弹性方程推导出了模型的孔隙压力、流体流动速度、平均应力和平均应变等物理量的解析表达式,进而得到流体饱和的周期性层状孔隙介质复纵波模量的精确解析解．然后,利用复纵波模量讨论了纵波速度频散、衰减和频变各向异性特征,讨论了背景...     

含混合裂隙、孔隙介质的纵波衰减规律研究

地下多孔介质中的孔隙类型复杂多样,既有硬孔又有扁平的软孔.针对复杂孔隙介质,假设多孔介质中同时含有球型硬孔和两种不同产状的裂隙(硬币型、尖灭型裂隙),当孔隙介质承载载荷时,考虑两种不同类型的裂隙对于孔隙流体压力的影响,建立起Biot理论框架下饱和流体情况含混合裂隙、孔隙介质的弹性波动方程,并进一步求取了饱和流体情况下仅由裂隙引起流体流动时的含混合裂隙、孔隙介质的体积模量和剪切模量,随后,在此基础上讨论了含混合裂隙、孔隙介质在封闭条件下地震波衰减和频散的高低频极限表达式.最后计算了给定模型的地震波衰减和频散,发现地震波衰减曲线呈现"多峰"现象,速度曲线为"多频段"频散.针对该模型分析讨论了渗透率参数、裂隙纵横比参数以及流体黏滞性参数对于地震波衰减和频散的影响,表明三个参数均为频率控制参数.     

地震波在孔隙介质中低频衰减现象的粘弹性特征分析及近似（英文）

由于介观尺度的孔隙流体流动,弹性波传播过孔隙岩层时在地震频段表现出较强的频散和衰减。Johnson理论给出了在任意孔隙形状的条件下,部分气水饱和孔隙介质的理论相速度和品质因子的解析解。本文在Johnson模型的基础上,通过对Q值曲线的低频和高频近似,推导了Q值曲线的近似公式,以及基于孔隙介质基本地球物理参数和孔隙斑块几何形态参数T和比表面积S/V的最大衰减Qmin近似公式。通过与理论值的对比,对Qmin近似公式存在的线性误差进行改正,进一步提高了精度。复杂的斑块形态对最大衰减Qmin和过渡频率ftr的都产生一定影响,且对ftr影响更大。因为数值模拟直接求解介观尺度的Biot孔隙介质方程需要极大的计算量,我们使用Zener模型建立了等效粘弹模型,有效地模拟了地震频带内的衰减和频散现象。     

地震波衰减品质因子Q值与岩石孔隙度关系

正地震波衰减品质因子Q是描述地震波在传播过程中能量衰减性质的参数。近年来,研究中强地震前后尾波衰减Q_c值变化特征的文章越来越多,并认为某些频率的尾波Q_c在中强地震前会出现不同程度的变化。从理论上讲,中强地震前几年,由于应力的积累,在破裂强度较弱的部位,破裂集中丛生,会影响对地震波的散射和吸收,引起地震波衰减品质因子Q值的变化。实验表明,饱和岩石的Q值低于干燥岩石。究其原因,湿岩石中存在的一个个薄薄液膜能起到     

基于AVO反演的频变流体识别方法

研究表明流体引起衰减与频散往往表现为频变AVO现象.一些频散地震属性,例如纵波频散,已经证实为可靠的碳氢指示因子.为了更有效地识别流体,基于f-μ-ρ近似构建了新的流体因子D_f,即频变流体项.该属性的反演首先需要连续小波变换(CWT)谱分解得到不同频带地震数据,通过去相关与先验约束来保证反演结果可靠性.模型试算证实了频变反射系数近似公式的精度可靠性,D_f可以识别出强衰减介质所引起的频散现象.实际数据试算中,D_f可以较好地识别储层孔隙流体,尤其对于气层,具有较好的指示效果.该流体因子将Gassmann流体项的高孔隙流体敏感性与叠前数据丰富的振幅频率信息相结合,反演效果与岩石物理认识相符.此研究有助于利用衰减频散现象借助AVO反演实现流体识别.     

基于微观孔隙结构特征的速度频散和衰减模拟

孔隙尺度的喷射流流动是引起地震波速度频散和衰减的重要机制之一.目前,大多数喷射流模型仅考虑硬孔隙与微裂隙之间的局部流动,而忽略了具有不同孔隙纵横比微裂隙间的喷射流作用.为了研究各种类型孔隙间的流体流动效应,本文对经典喷射流模型进行了扩展,通过结合等效介质理论和孔隙结构模型,根据从干燥岩石超声速度-压力曲线中提取的微裂隙孔隙纵横比分布,求取出岩石中各种微裂隙的体积压缩系数,并在此基础上,利用孔隙空间的压力松弛效应对微裂隙间的喷射流效应进行了模拟,并运用Biot理论描述了硬孔隙间的宏观流动效应.扩展后的理论模型不仅考虑了微裂隙与硬孔隙间的局部流动、硬孔隙与硬孔隙间的Biot宏观流,还加入了微裂隙与微裂隙间的喷射流作用,且模型的高、低频极限始终与Mavko-Jizba理论和Gassmann方程保持一致.模型应用分析发现,对于砂岩和大部分致密灰岩样品,扩展模型均能给出与超声实验测量数据吻合良好的估计结果.此外,扩展模型预测的速度频散及衰减表明,喷射流机制在地震和测井频段发挥着重要作用,其速度频散曲线由低频至高频呈逐渐增大趋势,不具有明显的快速变化特征,与经典频散曲线形态存在显著差异;在低有效压力下,频散和衰减程度较大,喷射流机制发挥主要作用,而随着有效压力的增加,Biot宏观流机制开始占主导,频散和衰减程度逐渐减小.     

基于数字岩心动态应力应变模拟的非均匀孔隙介质波致流固相对运动刻画

地震波传播激发的不同尺度的流固相对运动(宏观、中观和微观)是许多沉积岩地层中地震波频散和衰减的主要原因,然而野外观测和试验测量都难以对非均匀多孔介质孔隙压力弛豫物理过程进行精细刻画.通过数字岩石物理技术,本文建立了三个典型的数字岩心分别用于表征孔隙结构、岩石骨架和斑状饱和流体引起的非均质性,利用动态应力应变模拟技术计算数字岩心的位移和孔隙流体增量图像.通过分析和比较三个数字岩心的位移和孔隙压力增量图像,细致刻画了发生于非均匀含流体多孔介质内的宏观、中观和微观尺度的流固相对运动:1)宏观尺度的波致孔隙流体流动导致波长尺度上数字岩心不同区域的孔隙压力和位移差异;2)中观尺度的流体流动发生在软层与硬层之间、气层与液层之间;3)微观尺度的流体流动发生在孔隙内部或相邻孔隙之间.数值模拟试验也证明基于数字岩心的动态应力应变模拟技术可以从微观尺度上更好的理解波致孔隙流体流动发生的物理机理,从而为建立岩石骨架、孔隙流体、孔隙结构非均质性和弹性波频散-衰减特征的映射关系奠定基础.     

包含Biot机制和分数阶黏弹性机制的波传播模型

含流体孔隙介质中的波能量耗散通常由多种力学机制造成.传统Biot理论中的能量耗散仅仅考虑了固流两相相对运动引起的摩擦耗散,无法准确预测波在孔隙介质中低频段出现的高频散与强衰减现象.为了建立一个能准确预测地震波频段高频散与强衰减现象的动力学模型,我们在Biot理论的基础上引入黏弹性机制,并利用分数阶导数刻画黏弹性本构关系,最终获得了一种新的孔隙介质波传播模型.与传统的Biot模型相比,新模型考虑了含流体孔隙介质中固体骨架的内耗散,对波能量耗散的刻画更为精准.通过数值算例,我们研究了分数阶导数的阶数参数对快P波和S波频散和衰减的影响,并通过来自不同地区且具有不同物理性质的几组流体饱和岩芯实验数据,对比研究了新模型的有效性.结果表明,文章提出的新模型能更准确地预测快P波和S波在低频段出现的高频散和强衰减现象.     

非均质碳酸盐岩储层岩石物理建模:孔隙度估算与烃类检测(英文)

在非均质天然气藏中,天然气一般呈细小"斑块状"分布于含水岩石骨架内。这种非均质性,即"斑块状饱和",会引起显著的地震波速度频散和能量衰减现象。为了建立地震响应和流体类型之间的联系,本文进行了碳酸盐岩岩石物理建模。首先利用CT扫描分析部分饱和岩石中的流体分布,然后预测不同频率下波响应与岩性、孔隙流体基本性质之间的定量关系,基于岩石薄片分析孔隙结构和地震反演数据制作岩石物理图板,并将这种方法应用于阿姆河右岸地区的灰岩气藏,基于叠后阻抗反演和叠前弹性参数反演,采用地震数据估算岩石孔隙度与含气饱和度,预测结果与多井试气结果吻合。     

致密碳酸盐岩跨频段岩石物理实验及频散分析

致密碳酸盐岩在成岩和后成岩过程中形成了复杂的孔隙结构特征,其速度等地震弹性参数不仅与孔隙度有关,而且还与孔隙结构特征密切相关.为了进一步研究致密碳酸盐岩内部流体相关的速度频散特征,针对致密碳酸盐岩进行实验室的频散测量与频散理论分析尤为重要.本研究选用了一块典型的致密型碳酸盐岩样品,在对样品进行了精细的包括CT扫描与镜下薄片的孔隙结构描述基础上,进行了实验室跨频段(从地震频段-超声频段)的频散测量与频散响应分析.比较实验室跨频段岩石物理频散测量可以获得如下认识:1)较之于典型的"喷射流"机制,改进的"喷射流"模型可以半定量地解释频散测量的结果,这大大提高了对致密碳酸盐岩频散响应的理解与认识;2)改进的"喷射流"模型还不能完全精确地匹配实验室频散测量结果,这说明除了微观尺度下的"喷射流"机制,还存在着其他控制频散与衰减的机制;3)本项工作对研究致密碳酸盐岩储层中不同频段地震波响应以及对储层预测与流体识别提供了理论依据.     

碳酸盐岩跨频段岩石物理测量与理论建模——不同孔隙结构对碳酸盐岩频散与衰减的影响研究

碳酸盐岩孔隙结构类型复杂多样,当地震波经过含有不同孔隙结构的流体饱和岩石后往往会产生不同的波频散和衰减特征,这使得根据波的不同响应特征来推断碳酸盐岩的孔隙结构类型,甚至孔隙流体性质信息成为可能.本文针对白云岩、灰岩以及人工碳酸盐岩样品开展了跨频段（超声+低频）实验测量和理论建模,探索碳酸盐岩的孔隙结构类型和孔隙流体对模量频散和衰减的影响机制.首先根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜的图像对碳酸盐岩样品进行了孔隙结构类型分析,并将样品主要分为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔洞型三类,然后测量了相应样品完全饱和流体后在不同围压下的模量频散与衰减.在完全饱和甘油并处于低围压时,裂缝型与孔洞型样品均出现一个衰减峰,分别位于1 Hz与100 Hz附近,而裂缝-孔隙型样品则具有两个衰减峰,一个在1 Hz附近,另一个在100 Hz附近.裂缝型样品（裂缝主导）的衰减峰相比孔洞型样品（中等刚度孔隙主导）对应的衰减峰在低围压下幅度更大,且对围压变化更敏感.在测量数据的基础上,建立了考虑纵横比分布的软孔隙和中等刚度孔隙的喷射流模型,认为该模型能一定程度上解释裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔洞型三种类型碳酸盐岩在测量频带的频散.以上研究加深了对不同孔隙类型主导的碳酸盐岩储层地震响应特征的认识,对储层预测工作的进一步精细化具有重要意义.     

Modulus defect,velocity dispersion and attenuation in partially-saturated reservoirs of Jurassic sandstone,Indus Basin,Pakistan

Partially saturated reservoirs are one of the major sources of seismic wave attenuation, modulus defect and velocity dispersion in real seismic data. The main attenuation and dispersion phenomenon is wave induced fluid flow due to the heterogeneity in pore fluids or porous rock. The identification of pore fluid type, saturation and distribution pattern within the pore space is of great significance as several seismic and petrophysical properties of porous rocks are largely affected by fluid type, saturation and fluid distribution pattern. Based on Gassmann-Wood and Gassmann- Hill rock physics models modulus defect, velocity dispersion and attenuation in Jurassic siliclastic partially-saturated rocks are studied. For this purpose two saturation patterns - uniform and patchy - are considered within the pore spaces in two frequency regimes i.e., lower frequency and higher frequency. The results reveal that at low enough frequency where saturation of liquid and gas is uniform, the seismic velocity and bulk modulus are lower than at higher frequency where saturation of fluid mixture is in the form of patches. The velocity dispersion and attenuation is also modeled at different levels of gas saturation. It is found that the maximum attenuation and velocity dispersion is at low gas saturation. Therefore, the dispersion and attenuation can provide a potential way to predict gas saturation and can be used as a property to differentiate low from high gas saturation.     

A wave propagation model with the Biot and the fractional viscoelastic mechanisms

Energy loss in porous media containing fluids is typically caused by a variety of dynamic mechanisms.In the Biot theory,energy loss only includes the frictional dissipation between the solid phase and the fluid phase,resulting in underestimation of the dispersion and attenuation of the waves in the low frequency range.To develop a dynamic model that can predict the high dispersion and strong attenuation of waves at the seismic band,we introduce viscoelasticity into the Biot model and use fractional derivatives to describe the viscoelastic mechanism,and finally propose a new wave propagation model.Unlike the Biot model,the proposed model includes the intrinsic dissipation of the solid frame.We investigate the effects of the fractional order parameters on the dispersion and attenuation of the P-and S-waves using several numerical experiments.Furthermore,we use several groups of experimental data from different fluid-saturated rocks to testify the validity of the new model.The results demonstrate that the new model provides more accurate predictions of high dispersion and strong attenuation of different waves in the low frequency range.     

Comparative review of theoretical models for elastic wave attenuation and dispersion in partially saturated rocks

Saturation of porous rocks with a mixture of two fluids (known as partial saturation) has a substantial effect on the seismic waves propagating through these rocks. In particular, partial saturation causes significant attenuation and dispersion of the propagating waves, due to wave-induced fluid flow. Such flow arises when a passing wave induces different fluid pressures in regions of rock saturated by different fluids. As partial fluid saturation can occur on different length scales, attenuation due to wave-induced fluid flow is ubiquitous. In particular, mesoscopic fluid flow due to heterogeneities occurring on a scale greater than porescale, but less than wavelength scale, is responsible for significant attenuation in the frequency range from 10 to 1000 Hz.Most models of attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscopic heterogeneities imply that fluid heterogeneities are distributed in a periodic/regular way. In 1D this corresponds to periodically alternating layering, in 3D as periodically distributed inclusions of a given shape (usually spheres). All these models yield very similar estimates of attenuation and dispersion.Experimental studies show that mesoscopic heterogeneities have less idealized distributions and that the distribution itself affects attenuation and dispersion. Therefore, theoretical models are required which would simulate the effect of more general and realistic fluid distributions.We have developed two theoretical models which simulate the effect of random distributions of mesoscopic fluid heterogeneities. The first model assumes that one fluid forms a random ensemble of spherical inclusions in a porous medium saturated by the other fluid. The attenuation and dispersion predicted by this model are very similar to those predicted for 3D periodic distribution. Attenuation (inverse quality factor) is proportional to ω at low frequencies for both distributions. This is in contrast to the 1D case, where random and periodically alternating layering shows different attenuation behaviour at low frequencies. The second model, which assumes a 3D continuous distribution of fluid heterogeneities, also predicts the same low-frequency asymptote of attenuation. However, the shapes of the frequency dependencies of attenuation are different. As the 3D continuous random approach assumes that there will be a distribution of different patch sizes, it is expected to be better suited to modelling experimental results. Further research is required in order to uncover how to relate the random functions to experimentally significant parameters.     

Seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks: The role played by fracture contact areas

The presence of fractures in fluid‐saturated porous rocks is usually associated with strong seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. This energy dissipation can be caused by oscillatory wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between the fractures and the host rock, an intrinsic attenuation mechanism generally referred to as wave‐induced fluid flow. Geological observations suggest that fracture surfaces are highly irregular at the millimetre and sub‐millimetre scale, which finds its expression in geometrical and mechanical complexities of the contact area between the fracture faces. It is well known that contact areas strongly affect the overall mechanical fracture properties. However, existing models for seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks neglect this complexity. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture contact areas on seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion using oscillatory relaxation simulations based on quasi‐static poroelastic equations. We verify that the geometrical and mechanical details of fracture contact areas have a strong impact on seismic signatures. In addition, our numerical approach allows us to quantify the vertical solid displacement jump across fractures, the key quantity in the linear slip theory. We find that the displacement jump is strongly affected by the geometrical details of the fracture contact area and, due to the oscillatory fluid pressure diffusion process, is complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent. By using laboratory measurements of stress‐induced changes in the fracture contact area, we relate seismic attenuation and dispersion to the effective stress. The corresponding results do indeed indicate that seismic attenuation and phase velocity may constitute useful attributes to constrain the effective stress. Alternatively, knowledge of the effective stress may help to identify the regions in which wave induced fluid flow is expected to be the dominant attenuation mechanism.     

The influence of mesoscopic flow on the P-wave attenuation and dispersion in a porous media permeated by aligned fractures

In sedimentary rocks attenuation/dispersion is dominated by fluid-rock interactions. Wave-induced fluid flow in the pores causes energy loss through several mechanisms, and as a result attenuation is strongly frequency dependent. However, the fluid motion process governing the frequency dependent attenuation and velocity remains unclear. We propose a new approach to obtain the analytical expressions of pore pressure, relative fluxes distribution and frame displacement within the double-layer porous media based on quasi-static poroelastic theory. The dispersion equation for a P-wave propagating in a porous medium permeated by aligned fractures is given by considering fractures as thin and highly compliant layers. The influence of mesoscopic fluid flow on phase velocity dispersion and attenuation is discussed under the condition of varying fracture weakness. In this model conversion of the compression wave energy into Biot slow wave diffusion at the facture surface can result in apparent attenuation and dispersion within the usual seismic frequency band. The magnitude of velocity dispersion and attenuation of P-wave increases with increasing fracture weakness, and the relaxation peak and maximum attenuation shift towards lower frequency. Because of its periodic structure, the fractured porous media can be considered as a phononic crystal with several pass and stop bands in the high frequency band. Therefore, the velocity and attenuation of the P-wave show an oscillatory behavior with increasing frequency when resonance occurs. The evolutions of the pore pressure and the relative fluxes as a function of frequency are presented, giving more physical insight into the behavior of P-wave velocity dispersion and the attenuation of fractured porous medium due to the wave-induced mesoscopic flow. We show that the specific behavior of attenuation as function of frequency is mainly controlled by the energy dissipated per wave cycle in the background layer.     

双相介质中地震波衰减的物理机制

High-frequency seismic attenuation is conventionally attributed to anelastic absorption. In this paper, I present three studies on high-frequency seismic attenuation and propose that the physical mechanism results from the interference of elastic microscopic multiple scattering waves. First, I propose a new theory on wave propagation in a two-phase medium which is based on the concept that the basic unit for wave propagation is a nano- mass point. As a result of the elasticity variations of pore fluid and rock framework, micro multiple scattering waves would emerge at the wavelength of the seismic waves passing through the two-phase medium and their interference and overlap would generate high- frequency seismic attenuation. Second, I present a study of the frequency response of seismic transmitted waves by modeling thin-layers with thicknesses no larger than pore diameters. Results indicate that high-frequency seismic waves attenuate slightly in a near-surface water zone but decay significantly in a near-surface gas zone. Third, I analyze the seismic attenuation characteristics in near-surface water and gas zones using dual-well shots in the Songliao Basin, and demonstrate that the high-frequency seismic waves attenuate slightly in water zones but in gas zones the 160-1600 Hz propagating waves decay significantly. The seismic attenuation characteristics from field observations coincide with the modeling results. Conclusions drawn from these studies theoretically support seismic attenuation recovery.     

Seismic attenuation in porous rocks with random patchy saturation

Saturation of porous rocks with a mixture of two fluids has a substantial effect on seismic‐wave propagation. In particular, partial saturation causes significant attenuation and dispersion of the propagating waves due to the mechanism of wave‐induced fluid‐flow. Such flow arises when a passing wave induces different fluid pressures in regions of rock saturated by different fluids. Most models of attenuation and dispersion due to mesoscopic heterogeneities imply that fluid heterogeneities are distributed in a regular way. However, recent experimental studies show that mesoscopic heterogeneities have less idealized distributions and that the distribution itself affects attenuation and dispersion. Based on an approximation for the coherent wavefield in random porous media, we develop a model which assumes a continuous distribution of fluid heterogeneities. As this continuous random media approach assumes that there will be a distribution of different patch sizes, it is expected to be better suited to modelling experimental data. We also show how to relate the random functions to experimentally measurable parameters.