瞬时偏振滤波技术压制X分量中的面波(英文)

瑞雷面波与体波在偏振上的差异使得利用偏振特征分离这两种波场成为可能。为克服滑动时窗法在应用中存在的一些问题,本文将工程地震和天然地震信号分析中的复数道技术与瞬时偏振分析技术引进到能源领域多分量地震勘探转换波记录中的面波压制处理。理论模拟与野外实测数据的处理试验显示了较好的压制面波、保留有效信号的去噪效果,证明了该技术值得在多分量数据处理中推广应用。     

Robust adaptive polarization analysis method for eliminating ground roll in 3C land seismics

To improve the data quality of converted waves, and better identify and suppress the strong ground-roll interference in three-component (3C) seismic recordings on land, we present an adaptive polarization filtering method, which can effectively separate the groundroll interference by combining complex polarization and instantaneous polarization analysis. The ground roll noise is characterized by elliptical plane polarization, strong energy, low apparent velocity, and low frequency. After low-pass filtering of the 3C data input within a given time-window of the ground roll, the complex covariance matrix is decomposed using the sliding time window with overlapping data and length that depends on the dominant ground-roll frequency. The ground-roll model is established using the main eigenvectors, and the ground roll is detected and identified using the instantaneous polarization area attributes and average energy constraints of the ground-roll zone. Finally, the ground roll is subtracted. The threshold of the method is stable and easy to select, and offers good groundroll detection. The method is a robust polarization filtering method. Model calculations and actual data indicate that the method can effectively identify and attenuate ground roll while preserving the effective signals.     

台站地震资料的时频域自适应极化分析和滤波

提出一种自适应协方差的时频域极化滤波方法。该方法在广义S变换时频方法的基础上,构造时频域自适应协方差矩阵,通过特征分析计算时频域瞬时极化参数,设计极化滤波器,实现多分量地震极化分析和滤波。其优势在于协方差矩阵的分析时窗的长度由多分量地震数据的瞬时频率确定,可以自适应于有效信号的周期,在每个时频点计算极化参数不需要进行插值处理;结合时间频率信息,解决在时间域或频率域波形或频率重叠的信号具有明显的直观性。模型数据及实际三分量台站地震数据处理结果表明,该极化滤波方法在台站地震资料分析和处理方面具有很好的直观性和较高的分辨率。     

极化滤波在三分量噪声衰减中的应用研究

极化滤波是根据各种地震波在三分量地震记录上偏振方向、程度的不同,将待处理的地震数据分解到该数据协方差矩阵的特征向量方向上来压制干扰,从而达到提高信噪比的目的.理论合成数据试算结果表明用该方法去除噪声方法灵活、保真性好、分辨率高.但是在实际资料的处理中,由于地层结构复杂多样,各种类型的波相互干扰,噪声衰减的效果受到一定影响.     

Rayleigh wave separation using high-resolution time-frequency polarization filter

Obtaining geological information from seismic data motivates researchers to innovate and improve seismic wave processing tools. Polarization-based methods have received much attention regarding their ability to discriminate between different phases of the seismic wave based on polarity. Combining the intuitive definition of polarity in the frequency domain (monochromatic waves) with the non-stationary properties provided by time-domain methods, time-frequency approaches are attracting widespread interest because they localize the information extracted from the seismic waves in the joint time and frequency domains. Due to the lack of high-resolution time-frequency maps, the time-frequency polarization approach was not able to resolve specific temporal polarity changes in the seismic signal. The main objective of this study was to devise a robust time-frequency-based polarization filtering method using high-resolution polarization attributes obtained directly from the sparse time-frequency map without using Eigen analysis or analytic signals. The method proposed here utilizes a computationally effective sparsity-based adaptive S-transform to obtain a high-resolution polarization map of an inherently non-stationary seismogram for the entire frequency content of the signal at different times. The superiority of the proposed method over the S-transform method was verified using synthetic and real data sets to calculate the polarization attributes in the time-frequency domain and separate the Rayleigh waves from the seismogram.     

Seismic wave characterization using complex trace analysis in the stationary wavelet packet domain

One of the most important tasks in seismology and applied geophysics is the identification of the different kinds of waves that form a seismic record by means of polarization analysis. In particular, this involves the extraction of body waves (linear polarization) or surface waves (mostly elliptical polarization) from a set of seismic data and which forms a key point in several studies.     

STUDIES OF ROADWAY MODES IN A COAL SEAM BY DISPERSION AND POLARIZATION ANALYSIS: A CASE HISTORY*

Field data from two-component in-seam seismic measurements are used to study roadway modes and their interaction with reflected seam waves. Using the multiple-filter technique to investigate the dispersion behaviour of the different waves, it can be shown that the roadway modes disperse very similarly to the related transmitted seam waves. However, because of the free surface of the coal face, the dispersion curves of the roadway modes show a velocity reduction and a slight shift to lower frequencies compared to those of the related transmitted seam waves. Polarization analysis using hodograms, rectilinearity and polarization angle confirms these results. The parameters found by polarization analysis can be used to design polarization filters which help to separate roadway modes and reflected events in the traveltime range of superposition in the presented field case.     

Surface wave attenuation based polarization attributes in time-frequency domain for multicomponent seismic data

In the paper, we propose a surface wave suppression method in time-frequency domain based on the wavelet transform, considering the characteristic difference of polarization attributes, amplitude energy and apparent velocity between the effective signals and strong surface waves. First, we use the proposed method to obtain time–frequency spectra of seismic signals by using the wavelet transform and calculate the instantaneous polarizability at each point based on instantaneous polarization analysis. Then, we separate the surface wave area from the signal area based on the surface-wave apparent velocity and the average energy of the signal. Finally, we combine the polarizability, energy, and frequency characteristic to identify and suppress the signal noise. Model and field data are used to test the proposed filtering method.     

Application of the time-frequency polarization analysis to study the complexity of surface wave propagation

A new technique called the time-frequency polarization analysis was introduced in this paper. The technique combined the traditional surface wave analysis techniques (moving window and multi-filter) with the singular value decomposition method to measure the incidence azimuth of surface waves with different wavelengths. It was applied to study the progagation paths of surface waves across the different blocks of Chinese continent and different zones of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau. The results show that the method can make full use of the differences in frequency compositions and arrival times of different surface wave modes, and give better polarization analysis results. The analysis by actual data shows that the lateral heterogeneity of the lithospheric structure influences the propagation paths of surface waves severely. Deviations of the paths across the Qinghai-Xizang plateau from great circle paths are great. Deviations of the surface waves across the different zones in Qinghai-Xizang plateau are different. This project was sponsored by the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation.     

Recognize seismic anomaly of telluric field by data projection vertical to the polarization

IntroductionThe telluric field observation and study in ewthquake prediction are re-developed since lastdecade mainly due to following three reasons: @ Greek scientists claimed they have predictedvarious earthquakes with high successful rate by VAN approach in their ten years of observationsand researches, which has attracted attentions from various aspects in the world; @ The debate onVAN (Ruan, 1998; Uyeda, 1995) approach arid mechanism pllts forward many urgellt researchprojects which in…     

2013年8月德钦—得荣M_S 5.9地震序列S波分裂

2013年8月28日、31日云南德钦、四川得荣交界地区分别发生M_S 5.2、M_S 5.9地震,采用纵横比与偏振分析相结合的方法,测定此次地震序列S波分裂参数,即快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间。BZL流动地震台得到272对S波分裂参数,等面积玫瑰图显示快波优势方向为NWW向,与台站附近断层走向和地震序列分布长轴方向一致;在M_S 5.9地震发生后,快波偏振方向出现紊乱现象;观测到在M_S 5.9地震发生的前一天慢波延迟时间迅速下降,表明较大地震发生前地壳应力突然释放。     

Ground roll attenuation using a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform

The ground roll and body wave usually show significant differences in arrival time, frequency content, and polarization characteristics, and conventional polarization filters that operate in either the time or frequency domain cannot consider all these elements. Therefore, we have developed a time-frequency dependent polarization filter based on the S transform to attenuate the ground roll in seismic records. Our approach adopts the complex coefficients of the S transform of the multi-component seismic data to estimate the local polarization attributes and utilizes the estimated attributes to construct the filter function. In this study, we select the S transform to design this polarization filter because its scalable window length can ensure the same number of cycles of a Fourier sinusoid, thereby rendering more precise estimation of local polarization attributes. The results of applying our approach in synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the proposed polarization filter can effectively attenuate the ground roll and successfully preserve the body wave.     

Practical aspects of wavefield separation of two-component surface seismic data based on polarization and slowness estimates

The processing of multicomponent seismic data, carried out individually on the different wavetypes (P-, S- and converted waves), should result in an improved image of the subsurface. We examine the wavefield‐separation method proposed by Cho and Spencer . We discuss practical aspects related to the separation of interfering waves on two-component surface seismic data and illustrate these using synthetic data. A sliding spatial window is used for analysis. The choice of its width represents a trade-off between stabilizing the method in the presence of random noise and ensuring a good spatial resolution. No a priori knowledge of the subsurface is required, but locally, the characteristic parameters of the waves, i.e. horizontal slowness and polarization, are assumed to be constant inside the analysis window. These parameters are estimated at each frequency, but a statistical analysis provides a more robust estimate, especially in the presence of random noise. This approach also solves the problem of eigenvalue sharing and switching. Additional smoothing of the estimates according to a model may further improve the results. The width of the analysis window may be decreased if the waves inside the data window differ significantly in amplitude. The dominant wave in each case is separated from the lower-amplitude waves and subtracted from the data. This novel iterative approach thereby allows for the isolation of low-amplitude events.     

局域双曲线Radon变换压制散射波研究与应用

一般而言,由于地下非均质体的存在所产生的二次波源,由它再生成新的波场,叫散射波场。目前,将散射波作为有效波来成像,已开始在溶洞和裂缝等特殊地质体的识别中得到应用。但对于野外资料采集来说,地表复杂地区,如戈壁、砾石区和山前带,大量存在的散射波却是干扰波,它们的存在会严重影响资料的品质,而其研究与实际应用国内外还很少。因此,通过正演模拟,分析散射波的基本特征,在此基础上研究散射波的去噪方法显得十分必要。本文从地震波运动学时距关系出发,研究了反射波和散射波的几何特征;然后用有限差分正演,模拟了散射波场,用理论模型研究并测试了局域双曲线Radon变换散射波去噪新方法。对于实际炮集资料,分析了F-K滤波方法压制散射噪声的局限,采用局域双曲Radon变换有效地去除了炮集中存在的散射噪声,取得了较好的应用效果。     

Crustal seismic anisotropy in Yunnan, Southwestern China

Using seismic data recorded by Yunnan Telemetry Seismic Network from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2005, the polarization directions of fast shear waves are obtained at 15 seismic stations by SAM technique, which is a systematic analysis method on shear-wave splitting. The results show that predominant directions of polarizations of fast shear waves at most stations are mainly nearly in the N–S or NNW directions in Yunnan. The predominant polarization directions of fast shear waves at stations located on the active faults are consistent with the strike of active faults, directions of regional principal compressive strains from GPS measurement, and directions of regional principal compressive stress. A few of the stations show that polarization patterns of fast shear waves are more complicated or inconsistent with the strike of active faults and the directions of principal GPS compressive strains; these stations are always located at the junction of several faults. We conclude that the predominant polarization direction of fast shear waves indicates that the direction of the in situ maximum principal compressive stress is controlled by multiple tectonic aspects, such as the regional stress field and faults.     

Frequency dependent polarization analysis of ambient seismic noise recorded at a broadband seismometer in the central United States

We present a new approach to polarization analysis of seismic noise recorded by three-component seismometers.It is based on statistical analysis of frequency-dependent particle motion properties determined from a large number of time windows via eigenanalysis of the 3-by-3,Hermitian,spectral covariance matrix.We applied the algorithm to continuous data recorded in 2009 by the seismic station SLM,located in central North America.A rich variety of noise sources was observed.At low frequencies (0.05 Hz) we observed a tilt-related signal that showed some elliptical motion in the horizontal plane.In the microseism band of 0.05-0.25 Hz,we observed Rayleigh energy arriving from the northeast,but with three distinct peaks instead of the classic single and double frequency peaks.At intermediate frequencies of 0.5-2.0 Hz,the noise was dominated by non-fundamental-mode Rayleigh energy,most likely P and Lg waves.At the highest frequencies (3 Hz),Rayleigh-type energy was again dominant in the form of Rg waves created by nearby cultural activities.Analysis of the time dependence of noise power shows that a frequency range of at least 0.02-1.0 Hz (much larger than the microseism band) is sensitive to annual,meteorologically induced sources of noise.     

三分量地震资料的偏振分析

将奇异值分解运用于三分量地震资料矩阵中,得到了径向能量这一具有物理内涵的数学表达式.证明了资料矩阵的总能量可用奇异值的平方和来表达,以及P波到达的径向能量最大值在第一奇异向量方向出现.据此得到偏振属性,其中最显著的特点P波出现在径向能量接近于最大的地方,这可以给弱信号提供较准确的到时.为发展同时利用偏振和频散资料的联合反演不同周期面波相速度的横向不均匀分布这一新的反演方法提供偏振分析的基础数据.     

四川锦屏水库地区地壳剪切波分裂特征及蓄水影响初探

利用雅砻江流域地震台网2011年8月1日至2014年12月31日期间及四川省地震台网1个地震台站2008年5月1日至2015年8月31日期间记录的地震观测波形资料,采用剪切波分裂分析得到了四川锦屏水库地区中上地壳各向异性参数,即快剪切波偏振方向和慢剪切波时间延迟.结果显示,研究区内台站的快波优势偏振方向存在明显的局部特征,左侧4个台站的快波优势偏振方向与区域主压应力方向比较一致,右侧台站优势偏振方向各异.研究发现,台站MLI的快波偏振方向变化与水库水位的变化具有很好的相关性,在2013年7月,水库水位急剧升高到约1800m后,台站的快波偏振方向也发生了90°变化,这是一种被称为90°翻转(90°-flip)的现象.蓄水导致的应力增加(以及可能的渗水)产生的高孔隙压影响了剪切波分裂特征.     

乌兰浩特地震台典型地震事件震相特征分析

选取乌兰浩特地震台记录到的典型天然地震事件及爆破事件,根据断裂带分布及波形记录特征,分析地震及爆破事件的震相特征。结果表明,研究区域近震波形Pn、Pg、Sn、Sg震相及Sm面波较清晰,Pg、Sg波走时差一般不大于23 s,与中国地震台网中心发布的M_S震级间的偏差一般小于0.6级;远震P、S、pP、sP震相可较清晰识别,Pm、L面波记录较明显,P、S波走时差一般不小于25 s,震级偏差一般小于0.4级,且通过震相特征及实地考察发现,爆破多为霍林郭勒区域爆破事件。     

Acquisition and processing of pure and converted shear waves generated by compressional wave sources

The most common source of seismic energy onshore is a vertical impact on the earth's surface or an explosion at some depth in a borehole. These sources produce mainly compressional waves. Here it is shown how these sources can be used to generate shear waves either by conversion in the depth or in the immediate vicinity of the source itself. The use of theoretical seismograms can help to identify the individual onsets especially on the horizontal components of the earth's movement. Due to the more complex raypath, converted waves need a special data processing. The spectral behaviour can be improved by spectral balancing followed by a spiking deconvolution. As the CDP-concept is no longer applicable for converted PS-waves a special sorting for a common conversion point (CCP) is applied. The identification and analysis of the individual waves can be simplified by a detailed polarization analysis taking into account the full dynamic behaviour of the observed waves. Prestack depthmigration of converted PS waves allows to deduce additional information on the material properties of reflecting horizons. The depth-migration of individual shot gathers is achieved in the frequency-space domain. Thus the kinematic and dynamic aspects of these secondary waves is a valuable tool for a better understanding of the elastic behaviour of the subsurface.