稀疏测线大地电磁资料三维反演研究:合成算例(英文)

受勘探成本和工区环境等因素的影响,当前大多数大地电磁实际工作采取布置稀疏测线采集数据和使用二维反演方法解释这些稀疏测线数据的方式。然而,二维反演方法在解释三维地电构造数据时存在局限性,有时甚至做出错误的地质解释。本文尝试了使用三维反演方法对大地电磁稀疏测线数据进行反演解释。使用大地电磁全信息资料三维共轭梯度反演程序对理论模型合成稀疏测线数据进行了三维反演。结果表明:这种反演方案是可行与有效的。同时,我们发现在不同数据的三维反演结果中,四个张量阻抗元素和两个倾子数据同时反演的结果相对更为准确,更接近理论模型。     

利用TEM测深校正MT静态偏移的技术问题

由近地表电性不均匀体引起的静态偏移严重地影响了MT资料解释的质量。研究表明 ,利用时间域电磁测深 (TEM )可以有效地解决这个问题。重点讨论了利用TEM做MT静改时需要解决的 3个技术问题 ,并以实例说明了应用效果     

Cancelling directional EM noise in magnetoteilurics1

The prospecting of densely urbanized areas by the measurement of magnetic and electric natural fields is severely hampered by electromagnetic (EM) noise. Active man-made EM noise sources can generally be considered fixed in space, thus affecting the magnetotelluric (MT) signals of a measuring site mainly along their polarization directions. Taking advantage of the impulsive nature of polarized EM noise, a time-domain directional noise cancelling (DNC) technique is proposed. The comparison of noisy data with data predicted, using a low noise reference signal or with data interpolated whenever no reference is available, allows the detection of the most likely noise sources with prevailing directional patterns using a Bayes's criterion. The DNC approach is general and can be adapted, depending on the reference signal used (single-site or remote-reference). In field data, hodograms of the prediction residuals basically confirm the directional noise model assumed in DNC. An example is presented in which the DNC technique has been applied to a single-site MT survey carried out in northern Italy, where the signal was heavily corrupted by noise with prevailing directional properties due to the densely urbanized area. MT apparent resistivities and phases obtained at the site of the survey before and after DNC are presented and discussed.     

基于压缩感知重构算法的大地电磁强干扰分离

为压制大地电磁信号中的强人文干扰,提出一种基于压缩感知重构算法的大地电磁信号去噪方法.通过构建与常见典型强干扰相匹配而对有用信号不敏感的冗余字典原子,利用改进的正交匹配追踪算法,分离出大地电磁信号中的强干扰成分.为了验证所述方法的强干扰分离效果,首先通过在实测大地电磁信号中加入理想的强干扰信号进行了仿真分离实验,然后从大量实测数据中选取三种含有不同类型强干扰的时间域片段,用所述方法对实测数据中的强干扰进行分离,最后将所述方法应用于青海试验点以及庐枞矿集区某测点实测数据的综合处理.仿真实验结果表明,该方法在分离出强干扰的同时,能够较好地保留有用信号.实测数据处理结果表明,该方法能够有效压制强干扰,改善强干扰区大地电磁数据的质量.     

A gap in the North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly

The palaeotectonic models of the North American continent have been deeply influenced by the concept of a North American Central Plains conductivity anomaly (NACPCA) which was postulated as a result of large area, wide-spaced, array studies, using the Magnetic Deep Sounding (MDS) method.

A recent closely spaced magnetotelluric (MT) survey across this proposed anomaly near the Canadian-U.S. boundary by Jones and Savage (1986) failed to detect the NACPCA at the location suggested by the MDS. However, this survey did verify a conductivity anomaly discovered by Rankin and Kao (1979) and a new anomaly 75 km east of NACPCA. Our present study verifies this latter anomaly and quantitative results are presented. The striking isotropy in apparent resistivity does not prevent the interpretation of anomalous resistivity distributions. This is discussed in the text.

The failure of the MDS array studies to detect our anomaly is readily explainable by the wide station spacing; however, the failure of the MT survey to detect the NACPCA leads us to the conclusion that it may not be a continuous feature.     

无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin法大地电磁场二维正演模拟

有限差分法和有限单元法在大地电磁场数值模拟中已经得到了广泛的应用,但其数值结果的精度在很大程度上依赖于网格的离散程度.当模拟起伏地形、弯曲界面等复杂地电模型大地电磁场响应时,常常需要花费大量的时间以便得到较合理的离散网格.无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin法(MLPG)不同于有限差分法和有限元法,其形函数和权函数脱离了网格的束缚.本文详细推导了二维大地电磁场边值问题的弱式形式,并将其离散为局部积分域内的表达形式.通过模拟二维海洋地电模型大地电磁场响应,并与结构网格有限元结果进行对比,验证了本文算法和程序的正确性及精度.设计了一个含有弯曲界面的二维地电模型,讨论了不同离散网格对MLPG无网格法模拟结果的影响,并与结构有限元法结果进行了比较,结果表明MLPG无网格法模拟结果受离散网格影响较小.最后利用MLPG无网格法计算了两个海洋起伏地形模型的大地电磁响应,讨论了海底起伏地形对大地电磁响应的影响.     

实数编码遗传算法在大地电磁测深二维反演中的应用

作为全局非线性优化的新方法之一的遗传算法,近年来已从生物工程流行到大地电磁测深资料解释中.然而,大地电磁反演问题具有不适定性,解的非唯一性.通过结合求解不适定问题的Tikhonov正则化方法,本文采用实数编码遗传算法求解大地电磁二维反演问题.此算法在构建目标函数时引入正则化的思想,利用遗传算法求解最优化问题.常规的基于局部线性化的最优化反演方法易使解陷入局部极小值,而且严重的依赖初始模型的选择.与传统线性化的迭代反演方法相比,实数编码遗传算法能够克服传统方法的不足且能获得更好的反演结果.通过对大地电磁测深理论模型进行计算,结果表明:该算法具有收敛速度快、解的精度高和避免出现早熟等优点,可用于大地电磁资料解释.     

Modelling the 2D terrain effect on MT by the boundary-element method

The boundary-element method is used to model the 2D terrain effect on the magnetotelluric (MT) field. Firstly, the boundary-value problem of a 2D magnetotelluric field is transformed into an integral equation problem by using Green's theorem. Then the boundary-element method is used to solve the integral equation and to obtain the MT field and its normal derivative on the terrain. From these values, the apparent resistivity can be calculated. Compared with the finite-element method, the boundary-element method is simpler in element division and the initial data preparation. The configuration of a terrain divided by the boundary-element method is more consistent with the practical terrain. The method proposed in this paper can be run on a microcomputer, so that it can be used in the field.     

基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离

为了剖析大地电磁信号和强干扰的本质特征,进一步精细分离出微弱的大地电磁有用信号,提出基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离方法.首先,运用递归分析法扩展大地电磁一维时间序列的维数,分析了嵌入维数、延迟时间和判别阈值对递归图的性能,并研究了不同长度的序列对递归定量分析参数的影响情况,然后,构建典型的大地电磁强干扰类型和微弱的大地电磁有用信号样本库,针对样本库讨论了强干扰和微弱大地电磁信号之间的递归定量分析参数,分析了K均值聚类和模糊C均值聚类的信噪辨识效果.最后,对实测大地电磁数据进行信噪辨识处理,并仅对辨识为强干扰的时间段采用数学形态滤波进行噪声压制.实验结果表明,递归分析能定性及定量地描述大地电磁信号时间序列的非线性特征和原动力系统的本质规律,与聚类算法相结合能对矿集区实测大地电磁信号进行信噪辨识;处理后的卡尼亚电阻率-相位曲线更为光滑、连续,其结果更为精细地保留了大地电磁信号低频段的缓变化信息,整个低频段的大地电磁数据质量得到了明显改善.     

大地电磁资料的灵敏度研究

本文研究了大地电磁资料对地球电性结构模型参数的灵敏度,它在反演解释中具有重要意义.通过研究均匀半空间中视电导率资料的灵敏度函数与计算分析实际观测资料的Fréchet导数和斜率表明,视电导率资料的灵敏度在地表最大,从地表向下呈指数衰减,频率愈高,电导率愈大,衰减也愈快.视电阻率资料和阻抗相位资料对高频、浅层和低阻层具有更高的灵敏度,几何参数的平均灵敏度高于电性参数的平均灵敏度,通常阻抗相位资料比视电阻率资料更灵敏.同时,根据阻抗实部定义的视电阻率与Kunetz定义的时间域大地电磁响应,反映地层电性差异的灵敏度最高. 文章还指出,在实际的反演解释中,如何正确有效地应用阻抗相位资料,提高分辨能力,仍是急待解决的问题.     

TUTORIAL INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC MEASUREMENTS OVER AN ELECTRICALLY DISPERSIVE ONE-DIMENSIONAL EARTH*

Frequency dispersion of electromagnetic parameters of earth materials has been widely documented in recent years. It is claimed that magnetotellurics (MT) may be significantly affected by dispersion. The paper studies the MT plane-wave interpretative problem for a one-dimensional earth characterized by the presence of dispersive layers. The theoretical properties of the MT field under the dispersion hypothesis, andthe main features of the dispersion phenomenon are synthetically reviewed. The examination of previously published MT curve responses over some models of dispersive earth section shows that ambiguity can arise when interpreting MT data with no other source of information. Thus it may be almost impossible to distinguish between the response of a dispersive section and an equally probable dispersion-free section. The dispersion magnetotelluric (DMT) method is proposed as a means to resolve the ambiguity. The DMT method is based on the execution, at the same site, of an MT sounding and of an always dispersion-free dc geoelectric deep sounding. The latter technique can be used to compute a synthetic dispersion-free MT wave impedance, to be compared with the measured MT wave impedance. The apparent dispersion function is introduced as a measure of divergence between the two wave impedances.     

利用大地电磁资料对玄武岩成像的可行性

The magnetotelluric （MT） method has been among the favorite supporting tools for seismic imaging of sub-salt and sub-basalt targets. In this paper we present an example from Kachchh, India （where basaltic rocks overlie Mesozoic sedimentary rocks）, and discuss the feasibility of using MT method as an exploration tool in this geological setting. Our results highlight the difference in magnetotelluric response caused by the thin intrabasalt layering. The key issue addressed in this paper is what MT can and cannot provide in such geological settings. First, we compute apparent resistivity and phase response curves using representative resistivity-depth models and borehole data from the study area. Later, we compare these results to assess the plausibility of using MT to image the sub-volcanic sediments at Kachchh. Finally, we substantiate our discussion through one-dimensional inversion of the field observed MT data from this region that exhibits poor sensitivity of MT for thin basalt layers.     

On the interference of man-made EM fields in the magnetotelluric 'dead band'

During processing of magnetotelluric (MT) data, acquired in a survey carried out in southern Italy, a problem was encountered, connected with the so-called 'dead band' of the MT signal (around 1 Hz). In the apparent resistivity curves of some MT soundings, a V-shaped minimum appeared, centred on the dead-band frequency. This phenomenon turned out to originate from a strong artificial source and was not due to a downward bias of the robust processing techniques adopted. The source distance from the MT sounding locations was such that the V-shaped minimum fell precisely in the dead-band frequency range. Theoretical considerations about fields generated by an electric dipole led us to the probable identification of the source as the d.c.-powered railway between Naples and Bari.     

大地电磁三维交错网格有限差分数值模拟的并行计算研究

为了更有效的提高大地电磁三维正演的计算速度,引入了并行处理技术.大地电磁三维交错网格有限差分数值模拟是按照不同频率来计算的,各频率之间求取电磁场值的过程是相互独立的.根据这一特点,可以将多个频率的计算任务平均划分为一个或者几个频率的计算子任务,分配到各个计算节点去并行执行,计算完成后将结果汇总.本文通过采用主从并行模式、分频并行计算的方案,在曙光TC5000A高性能并行平台上实现了基于MPI的大地电磁三维正演的并行计算.通过两个理论模型对实现的大地电磁三维正演并行算法进行试算,对比分析了多个节点机下程序的执行效率.测试结果表明,所实现的三维正演并行算法是正确的、高效的,为进一步的大地电磁三维反演并行算法研究奠定了重要基础.     

Joint three-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric and magnetovariational data

The problem of quantitative three-dimensional interpretation of the magnetotelluric (MT) data ranks among the most difficult problems in electromagnetic (EM) geophysics. Our paper presents a new rigorous numerical method for MT inversion, based on the integral equations technique. An important feature of the proposed method is the calculation of the Frechet derivative with the aid of a quasi-analytical approximation with an inhomogeneous background. This approach simplifies the algorithm of inversion and requires only a single forward modeling on each iteration. We have also developed a method for a joint inversion of MT and magnetovariational (MV) data. We show in the present paper that the joint inversion of MT impedances and the Wiese-Parkinson vectors can automatically allow for the static shift in the observed data, which is caused by the geoelectric inhomogeneities contained in the near-surface layer.     

庐枞矿集区大地电磁测深强噪声的影响规律

天然大地电磁场信号微弱,极化方向随机,极易受电磁噪声污染.张量阻抗分析、远参考技术、Robust估计等对随机噪声和不相关噪声有比较好的压制效果,但对强的相关噪声目前还没有有效的压制方法.庐枞矿集区人烟稠密、工业发达,是我国著名的铁、铜、硫等矿产基地之一,区内强烈的工业、通讯、矿山、民用等电磁干扰严重污染了大地电磁测深数据.本文首先根据实测的电磁场时间域波形和卡尼亚电阻率测深曲线形态,挑选出基本未受噪声污染的测点(Y1650).然后利用数学形态学从受严重污染的电磁场时间序列中提取出类方波、三角波、阶跃、脉冲和充放电5种典型噪声的波形,并以不同的方式将这些噪声波形与Y1650的电磁场波形叠加,对比分析加噪后Y1650点电阻率和相位测深曲线的变化,进而归纳出典型强噪声对庐枞大地电磁测深资料的影响规律,为进一步压制强噪声和资料处理提供依据.     

The changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere in the source region of the strongest Olyutora earthquake in the Koryak highlands

The results of the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings before and after an earthquake are analyzed. The interpretation is based on the longitudinal and transverse MT curves (along and across the strike of the main tectonic elements, respectively). The MT curves are distorted by the ρ- and coast effect. The distortions due to the coast effect are estimated by the testing three-dimensional (3D) model. It is established that the coast effect distortion at the periods up to 1000 s is small and can be disregarded. The divergence of the longitudinal and transverse MT curves, which points to the presence of the deep faults, is thoroughly studied. The inversion of the MTsounding curves is carried out by the REBOCC program of the numerical two-dimensional modeling. This program implements the procedures of elimination of the ρ-effect and the joint inversion of the longitudinal and transverse MT sounding curves. The obtained geoelectrical cross sections provide an insight into the structure of electrical conductivity of the lithosphere before and after the earthquake. The more intense variations in the electric conductivity are observed in the zone of the deep faults. These variations are related to the changes in the porosity and saturation of the rocks by the highly mineralized fluids.     

地震与大地电磁测深数据的自适应正则化同步联合反演

在传统的联合反演研究中,地球物理学者往往更多地关注数据拟合,很少涉及正则化理论.本文在电阻率和速度随机分布的大地电磁测深(MT)与地震联合反演研究的基础之上,将正则化思想引入到同步联合反演中,加入先验信息进行模型约束,选取最小模型为稳定泛函,并首次采用自适应正则化算法来确定联合反演的正则化因子.根据以往研究成果,采用非...     

海岸效应对近海地区大地电磁测深数据畸变作用研究

在近海地区采集的大地电磁测深数据通常受到海岸效应的影响,使得大地电磁测深数据发生畸变,因而很难利用大地电磁测深资料较为可靠地获得地下深部的电性结构.本文通过正演模拟方法,分析和总结海水深度变化和海底地形变化对近海地区大地电磁测深数据的畸变影响.当测区与海岸线的距离小于目标频率的大地电磁场趋肤深度时,高导海洋的存在会严重影响测区内电磁场的分布.由于海岸效应的影响,大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线和相位曲线均会发生不同程度的畸变,在低频部分,这种畸变作用尤为明显.大地电磁测深一维Occam反演方法和二维非线性共轭梯度反演方法,对近海地区浅部地层具有较好的反演效果.随着海水深度的增加和海底地形的复杂变化,两种反演方法均会出现不同程度的假异常,为地质解释工作造成了影响.近渤海地区的实测大地电磁测深数据在低频部分可能受到海岸效应的影响而导致视电阻率曲线的严重畸变.     

STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF MT AND AMT METHODS APPLIED TO A BASALT-COVERED AREA IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA,TURKEY*

The efficacy of the magnetotelluric and audiomagnetotelluric (MT/AMT) methods for detailing the structure of a hypothetical geological section is investigated by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique. The section is representative of southeastern Turkey, which is mostly covered by basalt and is a prime area for oil exploration. One of the geological units, the Germav shale at a depth of 600 m, is a problem layer for electromagnetic surveys because of its very low resistivity (on average 3 Ωm) and highly variable thickness across the area (200–900 m). In the MT frequency range (0.0004–40 Hz) its total conductance—or, since its resistivity is known from resistivity log information, its thickness—is the best resolved model parameter. The total depth to the Germav shale and the resistivity of the Cambrian/Precambrian basement are the marginally resolved parameters. In the AMT frequency range (4–10000 Hz) the resistivity of the surface basalt layer strongly affects the resolution of the other, less important, model parameters which are the total depth to the Germav shale and the total conductance of the Germav shale. The errors in the measurements determine the number of model parameters resolvable, and are also important for interpretation of the geological model parameters to within a desired accuracy. It is shown that statistical evaluation of the MT and/or AMT interpretations by using an SVD factorization of the sensitivity matrix can be helpful to define the importance of some particular stage of the interpretation, and also provides a priori knowledge to plan a proposed survey. Arrangements of MT and AMT observations, together with some Schlumberger resistivity soundings, on a large grid will certainly provide three-dimensional detailed information of the deep geoelectric structure of the area.