地下水污染预警研究进展

分析了地下水脆弱性、地下水污染风险和地下水污染预警三者之间层层递进的关系;在归纳总结国内外地下水脆弱性和地下水污染风险评价理论和方法的基础上,综述国内外相关地下水污染预警的大量研究成果,基于地下水污染预警等级划分方法,整体上将地下水污染预警方法概括为基于设定临界值的地下水污染预警和基于既定标准的地下水污染预警两大类。最后阐述地下水污染预警研究在地下水资源可持续发展中的重要意义,并指出地下水污染预警的评价方法和理论研究应进一步考虑多学科的交叉、与先进技术的耦合以及资料的精确度等问题。     

地下水脆弱性和风险性评价研究进展综述

地下水脆弱性和风险性评价与区划是区域地下水资源保护的重要依据。本文回顾了各国地下水脆弱性评价与编图研究工作以及地下水污染风险评价研究的最新进展,提出地下水污染风险评价的框架及其指标体系,最后指出今后需要深入研究的问题。     

北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险评价

本文依据北京实际情况,提出了地下水污染风险评价指标体系。以灾害风险理论为基础,提出了地下水污染风险评价方法,对北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险进行了分区评价。评价认为：北京平原区浅层地下水污染高风险区主要位于永定河冲洪积扇顶部。     

西南岩溶山区某石化类场地地下水污染风险评价

本论文以西南岩溶山区某石化类场地为例,以污染场地风险评价导则作为指导,结合国内外地下水污染风险评价方法,在完成场地地下水污染风险识别以及源项分析的基础上,建立了符合场区实际水文地质条件的地下水水流及溶质运移数值模型,对不同情形下污染物泄露对场区浅层孔隙-溶蚀裂隙地下水的影响进行预测,结合预测结果建立了场区地下水污染风险...     

张集地区地下水易污性及污染风险评价

文章在地下水易污性和污染风险评价方法的基础上,根据张集地区的水文地质状况和土地利用情况,建立了地区地下水易污性和污染风险评价的指标方法:GRADIC法和GRADICL法,并利用GIS/Arcinfo软件对地区地下水易污性和污染风险进行评价,得到张集地区地下水易污性指数和污染风险指数及其分布图。评价结果对于张集地区地下水合理开发利用、科学管理和有效保护,实现地区地下水资源的可持续利用具有实际意义。     

基于GIS应用DRASTIC模型评价贵阳市地下水污染风险

介绍了DRASTIC模型的七个评价因子:地下水埋深、含水层净补给量、含水层介质类型、土壤类型、地形坡度、包气带介质Ⅰ的影响和含水层的导水系数.以地理信息系统(MAPGIS软件)为基础平台,结合地下水污染风险评价专业模型(DRASTIC模型),评价了贵阳市地下水污染风险,并进行了模型验证.通过MAPGIS软件做出了贵阳市地下水污染风险预测图,并对贵阳市地下水污染风险提出了防治对策,最后对地下水污染风险评价进行了总结与展望.     

基于地下水污染预警信息系统的污染防治研究

在地下水水质现状、地下水污染趋势、含水层固有脆弱性、污染源荷载风险、地下水污染危害性五个要素的基础上建立了地下水污染预警评价指标体系,利用GIS组件开发技术,与地下水污染预警模型相结合,采用VB.NET+Arc GIS和Engine+Access集成的组件式GIS二次开发模式,开发可脱离GIS平台独立运行的地下水污染预警系统。系统可分别进行研究区域的水质评价、水质预测、含水层固有脆弱性评价、污染源荷载风险计算、污染风险评价、污染预警分析。对典型水源地地区地下水环境污染的警度进行识别,对即将可能出现的警情进行预报,并依据警度划分了防护治理区、重点防护区和一般防护区,提出了相应的防治措施,为政府部门制定地下水污染防治规划服务。     

黑龙江省黑河市地下水脆弱性评价及地下水资源保护区划

在黑河市地下水环境开发利用状况及污染情况调查的基础上,开展了该市地下水污染特征及分布规律研究.根据研究区的具体情况,选取影响地下水脆弱性的地下水埋深、地下水净补给量、含水层介质、土壤介质、地形坡度、包气带介质和水力传导系数7个参数作为评价因子,建立黑河市地下水脆弱性评价DRASTIC指标体系和评价标准,并结合MapGIS软件实现了地下水脆弱性等级分布图及地下水保护防治区划的定量化及数字化.结果表明：该区地下水脆弱性等级为Ⅲ-Ⅳ级,表明地下水容易受到污染.根据评价结果对该区进行地下水资源保护分区,并提出了防治措施.     

基于综合方法的地下水污染脆弱性评价——以山东济宁市浅层地下水为例

地下水资源在中国北方对社会经济发展起着不可替代的支撑作用。因此,地下水污染防护十分重要。地下水污染脆弱性评价可以识别出地下水污染高风险区,为地下水资源保护提供一个强有力的决策依据。本文以灾害风险理论为基础提出了地下水污染脆弱性评价模式和指标体系。采用实证权重方法和GIS技术对济宁市北部地下水污染脆弱性进行了评价,并将评价成果应用于济宁市地下水水源保护区划研究。     

成都市新都镇地下水环境污染及其机理研究

本文在分析评价新都镇地下水环境污染现状的基础上,着重探讨了该区地下水污染机理,并简要提出了防治污染的对策.     

Dynamic assessment of pollution risk of groundwater source area in Northern China

Based on the dynamic analysis and research of pollution risk of groundwater sources, this paper creates the dynamic assessment method of pollution risk of groundwater source area under the theory of “source-pathway-receptor”, and applies this method to one typical fissure karst groundwater source area in northern China. Following the 30-year petroleum pollutant migration simulation and pollution risk assessment of groundwater source area, this study finds that the very high risk zone is mainly located in Q Petrochemical Company and the surrounding area and the area adjacent to River Z. Within this period of thirty years, the pollution risk of groundwater source area has showed a dynamic trend that features an inverted “V” shape. The ratio of very high risk zone to the total area will be 18.1%, 17.47% and 16.62% during the tenth year, the twentieth year and the thirtieth year separately, and will reach the highest level of 19.45% during the fifteenth year. Meanwhile, the vertical migration distance of pollutant centre concentration changed from the surface soil at the outset to the deepest point of about 250 meters underground during the tenth year. The results of this risk assessment indicate the dynamic feature of pollution risk. The dilution, degradation and migration of petroleum pollutants in groundwater system contribute to an ultimate decline in pollution risk.     

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution: a combination of GIS, fuzzy logic and decision making techniques

The assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution aims at highlighting areas at a high risk of being polluted. This study presents a methodology, to estimate the risk of an aquifer to be polluted from concentrated and/or dispersed sources, which applies an overlay and index method involving several parameters. The parameters are categorized into three factor groups: factor group 1 includes parameters relevant to the internal aquifer system’s properties, thus determining the intrinsic aquifer vulnerability to pollution; factor group 2 comprises parameters relevant to the external stresses to the system, such as human activities and rainfall effects; factor group 3 incorporates specific geological settings, such as the presence of geothermal fields or salt intrusion zones, into the computation process. Geographical information systems have been used for data acquisition and processing, coupled with a multicriteria evaluation technique enhanced with fuzzy factor standardization. Moreover, besides assigning weights to factors, a second set of weights, i.e., order weights, has been applied to factors on a pixel by pixel basis, thus allowing control of the level of risk in the vulnerability determination and the enhancement of local site characteristics. Individual analysis of each factor group resulted in three intermediate groundwater vulnerability to pollution maps, which were combined in order to produce the final composite groundwater vulnerability map for the study area. The method has been applied in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (Northern Greece), an area of approximately 14,000 km². The methodology has been tested and calibrated against the measured nitrate concentration in wells, in the northwest part of the study area, providing results related to the aggregation and weighting procedure.     

Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and index methods

 The concept of groundwater vulnerability is a useful tool for environmental planning and decision-making. Many different methods have been developed for assessing this vulnerability. Hydrogeologists have failed to reach a consensus concerning the definitions of and reference terms for groundwater vulnerability assessment. Therefore, a review of vulnerability assessment and mapping methods providing a new classification system is necessary. This is focused on techniques that use the overlay and index class methods. New research challenges in vulnerability assessment are identified, especially the need for developing dynamic links between numerical models and overlay and index methods. Received: 28 October 1998 · Accepted: 31 May 1999     

地下水污染风险源识别与分级方法

由于目前缺乏一套完整成熟的地下水污染风险源准确识别与分级方法, 在综合解析污染源结构、污染物输移过程评价的基础上, 构建了涵盖地下水易污性和地下水污染源两部分多因素耦合的风险源识别模型, 其中从污染源特性和污染物性质两方面建立了污染源危害性评价参数体系.以地下水易污性指数和污染源潜在危害性评价指数作为风险源分级指标, 采用乘积模型进行了风险源的评价与分级.选择某水源地对所建方法进行实例分析, 确定了地下水污染的高风险源区.结果表明, 污染源和地下水易污性共同决定了地下水污染的风险源, 所建方法对地下水污染的预防及污染源的有效监管有重要意义.      

Aquifer vulnerability assessment using GIS and fuzzy system: a case study in Tehran–Karaj aquifer,Iran

Aquifer vulnerability assessment techniques have been developed to predict which areas are more likely than others to become contaminated as a result of activities at or near the land surface. This research focuses on the evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in an urban area. Among several assessment methods, DRASTIC has been selected for this study. ArcGIS has been used to overlay and calculate different layers and obtain the vulnerability map. In order to show the importance of fuzzy algorithms in classification, both Boolean and fuzzy algorithms were used and compared. The fuzzy algorithm could recognize the areas with low and negligible vulnerability potentials whereas the Boolean model classified them as moderate. Two sensitivity tests, the map removal sensitivity analyses and single-parameter sensitivity analysis, were performed to show the importance of each parameter in the index calculation.     

Groundwater chemical pollution risk: assessment through a soil attenuation index

Aquifer vulnerability is frequently estimated through methodologies that don’t consider most physical and chemical soil parameters. A soil attenuation index is proposed to estimate groundwater chemical pollution risk, that takes into account organic carbon content, pH, cation exchange capacity, clay content, phreatic depth and landscape position. The attenuation index is constructed by a methodology similar to that developed for water quality index. P, Mn and Zn concentrations in groundwater from selected places were used to validate the proposed index.     

基于不确定性的地下水污染风险评价研究进展

地下水污染风险研究在工程决策中具有重要意义。但地下水系统本身具有各种不确定性,基于这些不确定性的地下水污染风险评价也因此具有不确定性,而且贯穿整个地下水污染风险评价过程。所以,进行不确定性分析是对地下水污染风险进行评价时的必要步骤。一般来讲,基于不确定性分析的地下水污染风险评价结果更可靠,因此也更具有实用价值。本文在对不确定性进行分类（随机不确定性和模糊不确定性）的基础上,通过大量文献调研和分析,对目前国内外用于地下水污染风险评价分析的不确定性分析方法（包括随机理论方法、模糊理论方法、随机-模糊耦合方法等）进行了归纳总结,并基于各种方法目前的研究现状,分析了不确定性理论在地下水污染风险评价研究中的发展前景。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场污染风险评价

本文是在系统调查和收集各类资料的基础上,根据垃圾场地固有的防污性能和垃圾场与地下水水源保护区间的关系进行综合评价,垃圾场地内在风险采用灰色聚类法进行评价。垃圾场地下水污染风险评价可以为地下水污染防治和修复提供技术支持。     

辽西地区地下水水质污染评价及趋势分析

依据辽宁西部的锦州、阜新、盘锦、朝阳、葫芦岛地区2006-2010年间地下水水质检测结果,采用地下水水质综合污染指数评价方法,与污染起始值相比较,认为超过污染起始值即为受到了污染。辽西地区地下水水质污染评价结果表明,地下水未污染范围逐年增加,大部分水质点处于极轻微污染—中度污染状态,重度—严重污染的水质点逐年变化不大且略有减少。地下水水质综合变化趋势分析结果表明,辽西地区各年均以地下水水质稳定占主导趋势,地下水水质变差趋势明显减弱,地下水水质总体趋于稳定,并且地下水水质逐年向好的方向转化。