NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部结构和隐伏断裂——地震反射剖面结果

应用浅层地震勘探法对宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行研究。结果表明,该区存在2条隐伏断裂,分别为银川主断层南段和新华桥断层。推测银川主断层南段为近SN走向的W倾正断层,断层下盘地层界面一般呈近水平状展布,而在断层上盘,T_Q及其以下的地层界面向断面方向倾伏并显示出逆牵引现象,断层向上错断了第四系内部。钻孔联合地质剖面及浅层地震探测结果共同揭示新华桥断层为一条走向NE,倾向SW的正断层,深、浅地震测线控制的新华桥断层延伸长度9 km左右,向上错断了第四系内部的T_(02)界面。     

喜马拉雅地区的地震活动与近期地壳运动

由于穿越条件的限制,用地面地质方法研究喜马拉雅地区的近期地壳运动有许多困难,但是地震活动与地震波特点可以为我们提供这方面的信息。我们对1897年以来80年间喜马拉雅地区的地震,做了以下三方面工作:1.根据地震活动与震源机制资料研究断层的现代活动方式。2.用零矢量方法确定地块运动位移矢量的方向。3.根据地震矩估算地壳滑动速率。最后,根据这三方面的工作成果,对这一地区的近期地壳运动模式做了初步讨论     

烟台市及其邻近地区活断层地震危险性评价

本文是"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目专题(2012BAK19B04-01)"郯庐地震断裂带中段地震活动规律及地震危险区判定研究"部分成果的总结。在分析了烟台市及其邻近地区的地震地质、地球物理、断层综合地球物理探测、探槽开挖、断层活动性鉴定等技术手段获得的反映区域地震构造环境、深部构造背景、活动断裂长期滑动习性的定性和定量资料、历史与现代地震活动性和地球动力学资料的基础上,甄别出了具有发生破坏性地震的活断层段。同时采用定性、定量和综合判定的方法,评价了烟台市及其邻近地区主要活动断裂的地震危险性。本文的研究成果可为胶东半岛地区的地震监测预报、地震区划、震害预测和断层危害性评价提供基础依据。     

Velocity Structure Beneath Active Faults and Seismic Tectonic Characteristics in the Beijing Area

Velocity structure beneath active faults in the Beijing area has been discussed,based on the digital crustal model of velocity from deep seismic sounding profiles and tomography imaging of P waves. We found that there exists nearly vertical deep faults beneath the Shunyi Depression and the Machiko Depression,which are very likely to be seismogenic faults in the future. In the superficial crust,the north segment of the Shunyi-QianmenLiangxiang fault,the north segment of the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault and th...     

Landslide distribution and size in response to Quaternary fault activity: the Peloritani Range,NE Sicily,Italy

Landslides contribute to dismantle active mountain ranges and faults control the location of landslides. Yet, evidence of the long‐term, regional dependency of landslides on active faults is limited. Previous studies focused on the transient effects of earthquakes on slope stability in compressive and transcurrent regimes. Here we show that in the Peloritani range, NE Sicily, Italy, one of the fastest uplifting areas in the Mediterranean, a clear geographical association exists between large bedrock landslides and active normal faults of the Messina Straits graben. By interpreting aerial photographs, we mapped 1590 landslides and sackungs and 626 fault elements and their facets in a 300 km² area in the eastern part of the range. We used the new landslide and fault information, in combination with prior geological and seismic information, to investigate the association between bedrock landslides and faults. We find that the distribution and abundance of landslides is related to the presence of large active normal faults, and matches the pattern of the local historical seismicity. Landslide material is more abundant along the East Peloritani Fault System where the long‐term activity of the faults, measured by the average yearly geological moment rate, is larger than in the West Peloritani Fault System where landslides are less abundant. Along the fault systems landslide material concentrates where the cumulated fault throws are largest. We conclude that large landslides and their cumulated volume are sensitive to local rates of tectonic deformation, and discriminate the deformation of the single fault segments that dissect the Peloritani range. Our findings are a direct test of landscape evolution models that predict higher rates of landslide activity near active faults. Our work opens up the possibility of exploiting accurate landslide and fault maps, in combination with geological and seismic information, to characterize the long‐term seismic history of poorly instrumented active regions. © 2015 The Authors Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Variations in short-period shear-wave attenuation in the Baikal Rift Zone and their relationship to seismicity

This paper presents results from a study of variations in short-period shear-wave attenuation in the lithosphere of the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ). We used earthquake records made at the Ulan-Bator station (ULN) at epicentral distances of ～400–1300 km. The ratios of maximum amplitudes in the Sn and Pn waves were considered. We show that these ratios are on the whole considerably higher than those in other areas of Central Asia. It was found that zones of low shear wave attenuation coincide with the rupture zones of large earthquakes that occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries. We identified zones of high attenuation where no large (M～ > 7.0) seismic events have occurred during at least 180 years. The hypothesis we propose is that precursory processes before future large earthquakes may be occurring in these zones. We discuss the question of whether wave attenuation characteristics may be related to seismicity.     

云南活动性断裂带的结构变异与孕震体构造的空间关系

中国的强震主要发生在一些板内大型走滑断裂带上,地震的破裂基本上是以走滑型破裂为特征。在这些活动性的走滑断裂带上形成的孕震体构造与该走滑断裂结构在空间的变化有关,并且表现出几种主要的变异形式。结合西南地区地震构造的实例,本文剖析了这几种结构变异形式,阐明了孕震体构造存在的空间机制。本文从地震与构造丛集相关及其所具有的分维特征入手,展开了对孕震区断裂结构变异特征的识别和孕震体空间机制的探讨,表述了一条活动性大断裂必须由若干次级断裂和无数中小断裂的空间组合,才能形成孕震体的必要条件。     

Characteristics of Tectonic Deformation and Mechanisms for the Active Maxianshan-Xinglongshan Fault System in the Lanzhou Area

A detailed investigation permitted us to obtain quantitative data concerning fine geometric structures of 4 faults of the active Maxianshan-Xinglongshan fault system and the latest movement along them. Of them the northern Maxianshan border fault is a large-scale, strongly active Holocene reverse sinistral strike-slip fault, the other 3 faults, the southern Maxianshan border fault and the southern Xinglongshan border and the northern Xinglongshan border faults are the accompanying active late-Pleistocene thrust faults, which are incorporated into the main strike-slip fault, the northern Maxianshan border fault at depth. It is the most important earthquake-controlling fault in the Lanzhou area, the fault influences and constrains the seismic activity in the area.     

Quaternary volcanic and tectonic segmentation of Central America

Central America is divided into seven segments based on differences in the strikes and positions of volcanic lineaments in the historically active volcanic chain. This block-like pattern is also seen in the contrasting volcano morphology, recent fault patterns and the distribution of shallow earthquakes. Discontinuities in the deep seismic zone can be identified at some segment margins. The boundary areas between the segments are characterized by faulting transverse to the volcanic lineaments, frequently accompanied by basalt cinder cone fields, by concentrations of shallow earthquakes and by catastrophic historic eruptions. This volcanological, structural and seismological data can be explained by a segmented converging plate margin. At shallow depths the underthrust lithosphere is broken along tear faults into 100 to 300 km long segments. The separate segments descend into the mantle with different strikes and dips and give the geology its segmented character. Evidence for similar segmented converging plate margins is found in Mexico and in other parts of the circumpacific and alpine belts.     

The characteristics of the shear-wave attenuation field in the Altai lithosphere and their relationship to seismicity

The short-period S-wave attenuation field has been mapped for the lithosphere of the Altai and adjacent areas in Mongolia and southern Siberia. A total of approximately 500 earthquake seismograms were used. These were recorded at the Makanchi and Ulan-Bator stations at distances of ~300–1900 km. It is shown that the attenuation of shear waves is much stronger in the west of the area of study compared with the east. A V-shaped band of high attenuation in the upper mantle has been identified in the west of the area where the epicenters of the magnitude 6.9 1990 Zaisan and the magnitude 7.3 2003 Chuya earthquakes were situated; a similar band extends northwestward to the west of Lake Ubsu Nur. The attenuation is comparatively low in the rupture zones of large (М ≥ 7.0) pre-1970 earthquakes. It was concluded that fluid-charged zones are formed in the lithosphere prior to large earthquakes in the Altai, as well as in other areas of Central Asia. Following large seismic events, the fluids were rising into the crust from the upper mantle during a few tens of years, thus reducing the attenuation of Sn waves. We have identified zones of high attenuation with no significant earthquakes being recorded there during historical time. It is our opinion that earthquake precursory processes may be occurring in these zones.     

断层破裂面倾角变化对断陷盆地强地面运动的影响

地震事件中,断层破裂面的倾角大小直接影响到地表强地震动的分布状态,尤其在断陷盆地中,强地面运动特征还可能受到盆地结构及盆地内多条围限断层的影响.本文模拟了银川断陷盆地内的活动断层--银川隐伏断层南段发生M_w6.5特征地震时,断层破裂面倾角在30°~85°范围内变化时引起的强地面运动,探讨了断层破裂面倾角变化对盆地内强地面运动分布特征和强度的影响.结果表明:破裂面倾角较缓时,银川盆地内的强地面运动分布区域不仅仅决定于发震断层的产状,同时还受到断层上盘距离最近的芦花台断层的影响,致使强地面运动集中于两条断层所围限的区域;随着发震断层破裂面的倾角逐渐增大,强地面运动以发震断层产状的影响为主,强震集中区向发震断层靠近并分布于发震断层上盘,且沿断层走向方向出现了强度不同的地震动反射区;尤其是发震断层破裂面倾角接近垂直时,受银川盆地"西陡东缓"结构和盆地西边界贺兰山东麓断裂反射作用的影响,竖向地震动反射区强度在远离发震断层的西北方向明显增大,致使芦花台断层附近区域与银川断层南段上盘区域成为地震发生时可能遭受震害最严重的地区.本文探讨结果提醒我们在类似区域的活动断层附近进行建(构)筑规划和地震工程设计时,有必要考虑发震断层破裂面倾角大小和盆地内其它断层构造的共同影响,综合评价潜在地震对盆地内近断层地表及各类建(构)筑物的危害性.     

城市活断层高分辩率地震勘探震源对比试验研究

国内外大量地震震例研究表明，巨大的城市地震灾害主要是由隐伏于城市之下的活动断裂上发生的地震造成的，因此，探测城市活断层是十分必要和紧迫的。高分辩率地震勘探是目前探测城市活断层较为有效的地球物理方法，它包括激发技术、接收技术、观测系统、地震数据处理与解释技术等。而震源是地震勘探的首要问题，城市特定的人文环境和城市活断层的特点对高分辩率地震勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求，较小的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱，城市较严重的干扰决定了震源勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求，较小数点的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱，城市较严重的干扰决定了震源要有较强的抗干扰能力。通过在福州市跨八一水库断裂进行的可控震源、真空加速落锤、锤击震源、枪震源以及炸药震源的试验研究，利用频谱分析技术，得到了各种震源谱的特征，并给出了可控震源、真空加速落锤和锤击震源叠加时间剖面对比，探讨了各种震源在城市活断层探测中的有效性。     

地震方法确定活动断裂上断点的影响因素分析

中国不少城市位于较厚的第四纪松散沉积物覆盖区,在这些松散层内,发育了许多具有相当规模的隐伏断裂,用地震方法能够探测到它们的存在。但用地震方法探测到的这些隐伏断裂的上断点是否代表了真正意义的断裂上断点?文中在讨论地震记录分辨率的基础上,探讨了影响地震勘探效果的记录信噪比、地质构造条件以及资料处理和解释方法:为提高地震记录的信噪比和分辨率,需要采取相应的技术措施,如在数据采集过程中,使敷设的地震剖面垂直断裂走向,在保证地震记录具有较高信噪比的条件下,采用合适的覆盖次数和小道间距接收的工作方法有助于获取更浅波阻抗界面的反射波;在数据处理和解释的过程中,准确求取反射波的速度,采用一些提高地震记录分辨率和信噪比的处理技术,摒弃一些混波处理手段,有助于改善利用地震方法探测隐伏断裂上断点的效果。而对于没有波阻抗差异的地层界面,包括隐伏断裂已经错断的那些地层界面,地震方法则难以对其进行探测。即使地震方法探测到的不一定是真正意义上的隐伏断层上断点,其结果依然可为今后钻孔剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断层活动性的判定提供科学依据。     

Temporary Array Data for Studying Seismic Anisotropy of Variscan Massifs – The Armorican Massif,French Massif Central And Bohemian Massif

We present the first results of a comparison of deep lithosphere structure of three Variscan massifs - the Armorican Massif, French Massif Central and Bohemian Massif, as revealed by recent tomographic studies of seismic anisotropy. The data originate from several field measurements made in temporary arrays of stations equipped with both short-period and broadband seismometers with digital recording. The study is based on teleseismic body waves and a joint inversion of anisotropic data (P-residual spheres, the fast shear-wave polarizations and split times) and demonstrates that the three Variscan massifs appear to consist of at least two parts with different orientation of large-scale fabric derived from seismic anisotropy. The boundaries of anisotropic lithospheric domains are related to prominent tectonic features recognised on the surface as sutures, shear zones or transfer fault zones, as well as grabens, thus indicating that some of them extend deep through the entire lithosphere.     

Quaternary faults and seismicity in the Umbro-Marchean Apennines (Central Italy): evidence from the 1997 Colfiorito earthquake

Analyses of structural and geomorphological data combined with remote sensing interpretation confirm previous knowledge on the existence of an extensional Quaternary tectonic regime in the Colfiorito area (Umbro-Marchean Central Apennines). This is characterized by a maximum principal axis of finite strain oriented approx. NE–SW, which is the result of a progressive deformation process due to pure and radial extension. Surface geological data, the crustal tectonic setting (reconstructed using a CROP 03 seismic reflection profile), and seismological data relative to the autumn 1997 Colfiorito earthquake sequence constrain the following seismotectonic model. We interpret the seismogenic SW-dipping low-angle normal fault pictured by seismic data as an inverted thrust ramp located in the basement at depth between 5 and 10 km. The surface projection of this seismogenic structure defines a crustal box within which high-angle normal faults are responsible for the deformation of the uppermost crust. The regional patterns of pre-existing basement thrusts therefore control the seismotectonic zoning of the area that cannot be directly related to the high-angle normal fault systems which cut through different crustal boxes; the latter system records, in fact, re-shear along pre-existing normal faults. Moreover, Quaternary slip-rates relative to high-angle normal faults in the Central Apennines are closely related to seismic hazard within each crustal box.     

城市活断层高分辨率地震勘探震源对比试验研究

国内外大量地震震例研究表明 ,巨大的城市地震灾害主要是由隐伏于城市之下的活动断裂上发生的地震造成的 ,因此 ,探测城市活断层是十分必要和紧迫的。高分辨率地震勘探是目前探测城市活断层较为有效的地球物理方法 ,它包括激发技术、接收技术、观测系统、地震数据处理与解释技术等。而震源是地震勘探的首要问题 ,城市特定的人文环境和城市活断层的特点对高分辨率地震勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求 ,较小的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱 ,城市较严重的干扰决定了震源要有较强的抗干扰能力。通过在福州市跨八一水库断裂进行的可控震源、真空加速落锤、锤击震源、枪震源以及炸药震源的试验研究 ,利用频谱分析技术 ,得到了各种震源谱的特性 ,并给出了可控震源、真空加速落锤和锤击震源叠加时间剖面对比 ,探讨了各种震源在城市活断层探测中的有效性     

Stick-slip and strain waves in the physics of earthquake rupture: experiments and models

The study of stick-slip is directly connected with the formulation of the consistent concept of seismicity migration and explanation of the nature of strain waves observed at the contacts of blocks and plates. We propose a phenomenological model to describe the initiation of stick-slip at the rough contact of blocks of rocks. The model contains the leading factors of stick-slip process (friction, roughness of contact surfaces, and asperity). The model reproduces the universal profile of slip velocity and displacement, velocity of dynamic rupture observed in experiments. The stick-slip motion at a rough surface of a fault is shown to be a nonlinear process and can be described by the generalized sine-Gordon equation. The results of calculations and a comparison with experimental data testify to the existence of waves of a new type — solitary waves of sliding. The analogies are found between the strain waves generated due to stick-slip at the contact of the blocks of rocks, strain waves in the crustal faults, and those within the lithosphere.     

河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率

断裂滑动速率是活动构造定量研究的最重要参数之一,不仅可以直接应用于活动构造的地震危险性预测和工程场地的地震安全性评价,还为地球动力学研究提供不可缺少的重要信息。原理上,断裂滑动速率可以用总位移量除以其累积时间而获得,但准确地确定断裂滑动速率并不是一件容易的事情,不同方法和研究者测定的同一条断裂的滑动速率可以相差3倍。文中通过对河流基座阶地演化及其对走滑断裂错动响应过程的分析发现,当一条山前河流切入河漫滩使其废弃形成阶地后,断裂的走滑位移使得河流两侧的阶地陡坎都遭到错动,其中一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错入河道而遭到河流的侵蚀,另一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错离河道,受到河流上游右侧地貌的保护而免遭侵蚀。因此,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎的位移在上阶地形成时就开始积累,阶地面的暴露年龄相当于位移累积的起始年代。另外,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎在下阶地停止侧蚀(可能同时开始接受沉积)时就开始累积位移,下阶地的初始沉积年代也代表阶地陡坎位移开始累积的时间。当然,如果能够获得被位移阶地陡坎的上下阶地年龄,就更能够把滑动速率限定在可靠的范围之内。在上述分析的基础上,提出3种利用河流阶地确定走滑断裂滑动速率的方法:第一是利用上下阶地年龄限定     

西南天山迈丹断裂阿合奇段左旋走滑的证据及其最新活动

柯坪推覆构造的根部断裂记录到的地震活动相对较弱,以至于多数学者认为该断裂晚第四纪以来活动性不强。笔者根据遥感影像解译和野外调查得到迈丹断裂的几何展布,确认F3阿合奇段为最新地表破裂带,并通过一系列河流阶地的左旋位移测量确定其晚更新世以来有过走滑活动。结合地貌测量和探槽开挖得到断层垂直错距,探槽揭示的古地震事件发生在距今(1.76±0.22)ka之后,根据现场考察获得的活动构造定量数据,依据不同震级与地表破裂关系式推算出该次古地震震级为7.5级。研究成果可能对区域活动断裂的研究以及区域活动构造图像的完整性提供基础资料,同时最新地表破裂证据的发现可能有助于更新认识该断裂的危险性。