Distance decay of place attachment and perceived authenticity of mountain tourism destinations in China

Place attachment has been a research focus in the fields of park and recreation management.Place attachment plays an important role in promoting sustainable development of parks and mountain tourism destination,however,there are limited studies that identified the spatial patterns of place attachment,especially in the context of mountain tourism destinations in China.Also,the geospatial spectrum of visitors is usually broad,examining the multivariate relationships among spatial proximity,perceived authenticity,and place attachment are essential for mountain tourism destinations to promote destination image and strengthen emotional bonding with targeted visitor groups.In this study,we selected an iconic and highly visited park,Jiuzhai Valley National Park in China,as our study site and conducted an on-site visitor survey to collect 557 samples.Study uses factor analysis and the structure equation model to analyze the relationship among spatial proximity,perceived authenticity,and place attachment.Results validate the two-dimension structure of place attachment and perceived authenticity.Study findings suggest that spatial proximity has significant impacts on existential authenticity and place identity,but has no significant impacts on place dependence.Perceived authenticity has a positive impact on place attachment.Study results advance the theories of place attachment and provide effective strategies to enhance emotional attachment between visitors and mountain tourism destinations.     

Assessment of alpine summit flora in Kashmir Himalaya and its implications for long-term monitoring of climate change impacts

In an era of climate change,the availability of empirical data on alpine summit vegetation in the Himalaya is still scarce.Here we report the assessment of alpine summit flora in Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary,Kashmir Himalaya.We employed a globally standardized Multi-Summit Approach and four spatially isolated summits spanning an elevation gradient of 210 m(between 3530-3740 m a.s.l.) from natural treeline to nival zone were studied.Sampling of the summits was carried out in the year 2018 to collect floristic data together with records of soil temperature.A total of 142 vascular plant species were recorded in the sampled summits.Majority of the species were of herbaceous growth form and with perennial life span.Based on Raunkiaer's life form,hemicryptophytes were the most dominant followed by therophytes and phanerophytes.The summit flora showed the predominance of narrow-endemic species,with broad-and non-endemics declining with elevation.A significant relationship between growth form,Raunkiaer's life form,and the degree of endemism with elevation was observed.Both species diversity and soil temperature showed a monotonic decrease with increasing elevation.Interestingly,soil temperature clearly determined the magnitude of species diversity on the summits.Furthermore,based on floristic composition,the lowest summit had the highest dissimilarity with the rest of the summits.The present study employed globally standardized protocol to scientifically assess the patterns of plant diversity on the alpine mountain summits of Kashmir Himalaya,which in turn has wide implications towards long-term monitoring of climate change impact on alpine biodiversity in the rapidly warming Himalaya.     

基于GIS的煤炭资源遥感动态分析——以山西省乡宁县为例

本文以多时相TM与ETM影像为数据源,对乡宁县的煤炭资源进行了动态监测。直接采用原数据进行煤矿信息提取精度很低,为此需要进行图像预处理。依据多元数理统计分析,确定了探测煤炭资源的最优波段组合为4,5,3。由于其他地物信息的干扰,此时影像仍不能很好地反映煤矿信息,因此需要对图像进一步做增强处理。通过对图像的主成分变换,有效地消除了山体阴影的影响。在此基础上,对图像进行计算机监督分类,制作了乡宁县煤炭资源分布图。采用这种方法极大地提高了遥感图像的解译精度。利用GIS的叠加和统计分析,获得了矿点的数量。通过实验,证明了基于GIS的煤炭资源遥感动态监测是可行的,而且对于环境保护和规范煤矿开采也具有很好的应用价值。     

多尺度DEM提取地势起伏度的对比分析——以福建低山丘陵区为例

坡度和起伏度是地形描述中最常用的参数,它们能快速、直观地反映地势起伏特征;坡度是划分平原和非平原的重要依据之一,地势起伏度可进一步划分台地、丘陵、小起伏山地、中起伏山地和大起伏山地等类型,基本地貌类型就是由海拔和起伏度两个指标确定的形态类型,它是遥感解译划分更详细地貌类型的基础。本研究以福建省1∶25万和1∶10万的DEM为实验数据,计算坡度划分平原和山地大区,其临界坡度值约为3°;利用ArcG IS空间分析中栅格窗口递增方法,对应不同尺度的DEM,计算地势起伏度,确定研究区的最佳分析窗口面积为4.41km²,得出中国低山丘陵区计算基本地貌形态类型的最佳尺度DEM为1∶25万比例尺,而1∶10万比例尺DEM适用于没有连绵起伏的更小范围的低山丘陵区;利用已有研究成果得出不同尺度DEM计算地势起伏度与最佳格网单元之间的函数关系。该研究对提取我国低山丘陵区基本地貌形态类型具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Consumer attitudes towards the mountain product label: Implications for mountain development

To protect and promote the originality and authenticity of mountain foodstuffs, the European Union set Regulation No 1151/2012 to create the optional quality term "mountain product". Our research aimed at exploring the attractiveness of the mountain product label for consumers, considering both attitude towards the label itself and purchase intentions. We propose a model to investigate relationships between four latent constructs-mountain attractiveness, mountain food attractiveness, attitude towards the mountain product label, and purchase intention-which have been tested, thus confirming the statistical relevance of the relationships. All 47 items selected for describing the latent constructs are suitable for this purpose. Ridge and LASSO results also show that 17 items of the first three constructs are relevant in explaining purchase intentions. Some contextual variables, such as age, income, geographical origin of consumers, and knowledge of mountain products and mountains for tourism purposes, can positively influence consumers' behavior. These findings could support the design of mountain development strategies, in particular marketing actions for both the product and the territory.     

Identification of landing sites for rescue helicopters in mountains with use of Geographic Information Systems

Helicopters are often used in mountain rescue both for rescuers moving in the area of accidents and for evacuating victims, but in steep or forested terrain finding a landing place can be problematic. The main aim of this research is to use Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and cartographic database analysis to select locations that can be used as landing site for the rescue helicopters. Methods were based on GIS analysis; both raster and vector data were used for identifying touchdown points for rescue helicopters. Based on DEM data, locations with a low slope gradient were identified; topographic vector data were used for identifying unforested sites. Then buffer zones for buildings and power lines were excluded, and it was checked whether the areas had any topographic features that prevented helicopter landings. The findings were verified on an orthophotomap. In result, GIS analyses have selected 1232 polygons that fulfilled initial criteria. Their verification on orthophotomap has shown that only 55% of them could be potentially used as landing site. Landing sites can be found mainly on side ridges of mountain ranges and in valley beds, when those on ridges are most important in this research. The greatest difficulties and methodological challenges are posed by: identification of sites having a shape which prevents landing, the obsolescence of data due to environment dynamics, the presence of features that are not shown on maps but prevent helicopter landings. A map of landing sites is a very useful tool to conduct rescue operations, but each use of a given landing site requires both in-field and numerical verification. The analysis demonstrated that GIS toolsare useful in pre-planning of rescue missions, and also showed that such data must be kept up-to-date and in-field verification is needed continuously, the more so as it plays an important role in ensuring the safety of rescuers and victims.     

高时间分辨率遥感在土壤质地空间变化识别中的应用

在土壤信息推测研究中,遥感技术通常被作为辅助手段,用来提供地形和植被数据,并利用它们与土壤之间的关系推导土壤空间信息。然而,在平原等地形平缓的农业区,易于观测的地形和植被等环境因素,通常与土壤的协同程度较低,不能有效用于推测土壤质地等属性的空间变化。对于这类地区,如何寻找新的易于获取的变量,以准确地揭示土壤属性的空间变化,是需要解决的问题。本文提出了利用高时间分辨率遥感捕捉这类地区土壤质地空间变化的方法。采用光谱-时间响应线对多时相的光谱数据进行组织表达,使用光谱信息散度定量刻画不同光谱-时间响应线之间的差异。结果显示,在相同的地形和植被条件下,土壤质地相同的区域,其地表动态反馈模式明显相似;土壤质地不同的区域,其反馈模式也明显不同;土壤质地越相似,反馈模式也呈相似趋势。这表明,高时间分辨率遥感获取的地表动态反馈能够有效地指示土壤质地的空间差异。本文的工作表明了高时间分辨率遥感在土壤空间变化识别方面的应用潜力。     

相邻历元误差相关的抗差卡尔曼滤波算法分析

根据卡尔曼滤波理论以及抗差理论,本文推导出了相邻历元误差相关的抗差卡尔曼滤波模型,其对观测值中含有粗差有良好的抗差性。通过对含有粗差的变形监测数据分析,与相邻历元误差相关的卡尔曼滤波模型进行比较,采用本文构造的抗差卡尔曼滤波模型处理数据,无论是否有粗差存在观测值里,变形计算结果与实际结果大体一致,粗差对计算结果的影响不敏感。在对变形监测数据分析时,可得出卡尔曼滤波方法估计的状态向量,没有寄存大量的以往观测数据,而是使用最近的观测数据,经过不断的预测和改正,把新的状态展示在系统中。     

随机森林方法支持的复杂地形区土地利用/土地覆被分类研究

随机森林方法目前已经成为遥感分类机器学习中一种有效方法,探索基于中等分辨率的Landsat卫星数据与随机森林方法相结合对复杂地形区长时间序列数据的获取及土地利用/土地覆被变化及模拟研究是非常有意义的。本文基于Landsat8OLI卫星多光谱数据,采用随机森林分类方法对青海省湟水流域复杂地形区土地利用类型进行了分类研究。针对复杂地形区域的情况,将研究区进行地理分区,根据每个分区的特点,选择相应的地形特征参数,并通过提取Landsat 8数据的光谱信息与纹理信息构建最优特征集,探索随机森林方法在复杂地形区土地利用分类的适用性。结果表明：使用Landsat8OLI数据进行随机森林分类,能较好地得到湟水流域复杂地形区域的土地利用类型结果;光谱、地形及纹理信息的结合在不同分区的表现结果不同。在脑山区光谱与地形信息结合能使随机森林分类效果最佳,总体精度达到91.33%,Kappa系数为0.886;而在浅山区与川水区综合考虑光谱、地形、纹理信息进行随机森林分类效果最佳,浅山区与川水区总体精度分别达到92.09%和87.85%,Kappa系数分别为0.902和0.859;利用随机森林算法进行优化选择纹理特征组合可以在保证分类精度的同时能够快速地提取土地利用类型信息,为复杂地形区土地利用类型的区分提供了实际可行的方法。     

伊宁至阿克苏铁路那拉提山越岭段关键性工程地质问题遥感解译与分析

伊宁至阿克苏铁路由北至南需2次翻越天山, 北侧那拉提山越岭段自然气候恶劣、地质环境复杂, 线路方案的设计、选择明显受地质条件的约束, 前期选线勘测需要彻底摸清区内各类地质问题。在分析区域地质构造背景的基础上, 采用高分二号、Landsat8卫星影像和航空高分辨率影像等多源数据, 对区内存在的恰普河中游及巩乃斯镇东滑坡群、近EW-NEE向地震活动断裂带、巩乃斯河上游危岩落石区等关键地质问题开展了详细的解译分析, 结合现场调查, 对其发育位置、规模、形态、稳定性等进行了评价, 为外业工程地质勘察、线路方案比选提供了可靠的基础资料, 充分发挥了遥感技术在复杂山区铁路勘察中的指导作用。      

地震灾区1∶25000影像地图快速制作方法

在地震灾区重建规划用图测绘生产实践的基础上,总结了充分利用已有基础测绘资源及灾前灾后影像资料,采用航测遥感技术对多源遥感影像的处理及多源数据快速整合的技术和方法,提出了可靠、及时、高效率制作地震灾区影像地图的技术路线.     

基于格网的汶川地震场地灾害监测分析

本文利用格网技术(Fishnet),对龙门山地区"5.12"大地震震后的多期次遥感影像数据及基础地理信息数据进行评价、整合并实现了动态管理,在此基础上得到覆盖整个龙门山构造带的、能够反映不同地物信息的影像群.汶川地震造成了大量山体崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地震场地灾害,这些灾害体表现为成群、成带分布的特征,并且单一的小灾害体...     

西北太平洋柔鱼资源与海洋环境的GIS空间分析

本文根据1995～2001年的西北太平洋地区(35°N～45°N,140°E～170°W)巴特柔鱼资源调查与生产的实际情况对柔鱼渔获量进行了研究,并利用同期遥感反演的海洋表层温度数据(SST)和近表层叶绿素a数据(Chlorophylla),拓展了GIS的空间分析功能,定量地研究了我国远洋柔鱼产量与水温、叶绿素等海洋要素场之间的关系,揭示西北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场的环境特征,以期为我国西北太平洋海区的鱿鱼生产服务。     

基于多源遥感数据的断裂构造提取方法研究——以南水北调中线工程核心水源区为例

以南水北调中线工程核心水源区为例,利用中、高分辨率光学影像、雷达影像和数字高程模型等多源遥感数据,开展断裂构造提取方法研究。综合利用多源遥感数据的对地穿透能力、光谱信息和空间几何信息,进行图像增强、融合处理和三维地形分析,突出目标区断裂构造的影像标志。通过多源遥感解译,结合现场调查验证,初步查明目标区内3条主要断裂的几何展布信息,为该区的活断层探测和地震危险性评价提供参考。     

全息高精度导航地图: 概念及理论模型

本文提出了全息高精度导航地图的概念,它融合了多源数据,尤其是电磁传感器、声音传感器、热红外仪等传感器数据,从更多角度为导航提供信息。在此概念基础上,提出了一种融合多源数据的全息高精度导航地图理论模型框架,该框架包含4个步骤：① 全息道路数据采集,包含道路三维彩色激光点云、遥感影像、无人机航拍倾斜测量数据、摄像头图像、热红外图像、声场信号、电磁场信号;② 道路静态信息提取,从上述采集信息提取和标记得到,如车道线、路坎、栏杆、路牌、路灯、隧道等,作为无人驾驶车辆规划基础路线和车辆位置定位的数据基础;③ 道路动态信息提取,从上述采集信息提取和标记得到,如离前后车辆的距离、前方有无行人、道路施工护栏、泛在信息等,作为检测无人驾驶车辆周围的实时道路环境和规划无人驾驶车辆行驶路线的依据;④ 动、静态信息融合：融合道路静态信息和道路动态信息,丰富道路信息,提高道路线精度,提高全息高精度导航地图更新的效率,为导航和无人驾驶车辆提供地图服务。     

基于Landsat TM和ENVISAT ASAR数据的鄱阳湖湿地植被生物量的反演

作为湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,湿地生物量是衡量生态系统健康状况的关键指标。由于光学遥感对植被垂直分布探测的局限,使得植被指数反映生物量变化的灵敏度下降。利用C波段SAR反演生物量时,对于低中等生物量,含水量高的湿地地表的后向散射对总雷达后向散射的影响会在雷达图像上出现类似光学遥感中"异物同谱"的现象。本文用光学遥感中NDVI、RVI和DVI三种植被指数对生物量变化的敏感性,利用改进的MIM-ICS模型,对湿地植被各散射分量进行模拟分析,建立符合湿地植被类型的各散射分量模拟数据库,以LandsatTM和Envisat ASAR交替极化数据为基础,选择植被指数DVI=0.45为阈值,将湿地植被分割为低叶片密度植被区和高叶片密度植被区,分别应用统计回归模型和半经验微波散射模型,对两个区域植被生物量进行反演。最后,得到整个鄱阳湖湿地生物量为2.1×10⁹kg。研究表明,对于生物量动态范围较大的地区,采用光学和雷达遥感相结合可以有效地提高湿地植被生物量反演的精度,克服光学遥感探测植被垂直分布能力有限和雷达遥感受背景影响大的不足。     

Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT) for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park,SW Poland

National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC) of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP) in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT) and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor's motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.     

Systems for Hazards Identification in High Mountain Areas： An Example from the Kullu District, Western Himalaya

Methods and techniques for the identification, monitoring and management of natural hazards in high mountain areas are enumerated and described. A case study from the western Himalayan Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh, India is used to illustrate some of the methods. Research on the general topic has been conducted over three decades and that in the Kullu District has been carried out since 1994. Early methods of hazards identification in high mountain areas involved intensive and lengthy fieldwork and mapping with primary reliance on interpretation of landforms, sediments and vegetation thought to be indicative of slope fail ures, rock falls, debris flows, floods and accelerated soil surface erosion. Augmented by the use of airphotos and ad hoc observations of specific events over time, these methods resulted in the gradual accumulation of information on hazardous sites and the beginnings of a chronology of occurrences in an area. The use of historical methods applied to written and photographic material, often held in archives and libraries, further improved the resolution of hazards information. In the past two decades, both the need for, and the ability to, accurately identify potential hazards have increased. The need for accurate information and monitoring comes about as a result of rapid growth in population, settlements, transportation infrastructure and intensified land uses and, therefore, risk and vulnerability in mountain areas. Ability has improved as the traditional methods of gathering and manipulating data have been supplemented by the use of remotesensing, automated terrain modeling, global positioning systems and geographical information systems. This paper focuses on the development and application of the latter methods and techniques to characterize and monitor hazards in high mountain areas.     

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基于不确定性迭代优化的山地植被遥感制图

山地因其较高的异质性和特殊的环境特征给遥感科学及其应用带来了诸多问题和挑战。为实现山地植被信息的精准提取,本研究选择部分滇西北山地区域作为研究区开展方法实验,利用高分辨率遥感影像数据和数字高程模型,结合分区分层感知思想,提出一种基于不确定性理论的山地植被型组分类制图方法。首先结合地形对研究区影像进行多尺度分割制作图斑;然后根据图斑特征使用随机森林方法进行分类,将分类结果与对应类别样本间的相似性作为优化目标, 并构建混合熵模型定量计算图斑推测类型的不确定性,据此进行针对性的样本补充和分类模型的迭代优化。实验总体分类精度达90.8%,较迭代前提升了29.4%,Kappa系数达到0.875。在高不确定性区域,该方法相比使用一次性补样和随机补样方法的分类结果,精度分别提高了17%和13%。研究结果表明,通过人机交互的方式,基于不确定性理论为样本库融入增量信息的迭代优化方法能够有效提高植被型组分类的精度,相较于传统的样本选择方法具有更高的效率和更低的不确定性。