叠前纵波和转换波地震资料Q值提取及反Q滤波(英文)

纵波和转换波联合的多波地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气勘探的有效技术,提高转换波的分辨率是其关键问题之一。影响转换波分辨率的主要原因是地层对地震波的吸收,有效地计算地层Q值、消除地层吸收对转换波传播的影响,是提高转换波分辨率的关键。本文提出了从叠前转换波道集中估算横波Q值的方法,并利用沿射线路径的波场延拓,将一种稳定有效的反Q滤波方法应用到叠前共炮点纵波和转换波道集的衰减补偿中。模型资料结果表明,本文提出的估算转换横波Q值的方法精度较高;模型资料和实际资料的吸收补偿结果表明,此稳定全反Q滤波能有效地提高叠前纵波和转换波资料的分辨率。     

基于等效加权模型的单步延拓反Q滤波方法研究及应用

通过建立等效加权模型并进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,减弱目前常规Q值模型对反Q滤波效果的限制,达到进一步提高地震记录分辨率的目的.目前,常规Q值模型包括常Q模型和层状模型,常Q模型与复杂的地下情况相差较大,导致地震波能量衰减补偿效果较差;而基于层状模型进行反Q滤波则会导致噪声逐层放大,降低地震记录信噪比.基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以有效补偿地震波振幅衰减并校正相位畸变,在保持信噪比的同时提高地震记录分辨率.通过模型测试,基于等效加权模型进行单步向上延拓反Q滤波,可以在有效压制噪声的同时增强能量衰减补偿效果;实际资料应用的结果表明:该方法不仅能有效补偿深层能量衰减,并且能较好的压制环境噪声,在提高地震资料分辨率的同时保持了信噪比.     

一种稳定的波场延拓反Q滤波算法

反Q滤波算法中稳定性是关键。针对地下介质为层状Q模型结构,本文提出一种稳定的反Q滤波算法,基于波场延拓原理,对于每个常Q层反Q滤波算法分两步完成:(1)利用一种稳定的波场延拓算法,将地表波场记录直接延拓到当前层上;(2)在当前层内进行常Q反滤波。在步骤(1)中,利用稳定的波场延拓算法并结合稳定因子,将地表波场记录直接延拓到当前层上,避免了上覆层反Q滤波误差的累积。在步骤(2)中,对于当前层内的反Q滤波,通过对该层地震信号的Gabor谱分析,拾取时变的限幅频率,并确定相应于该频率值的限幅增益值来实现反Q滤波算法的稳定性。最后通过理论模型与实际数据验证了算法的优越性。     

稳定高效的时域反Q滤波方法

本文提出了一种全新的基于等效Q值的时域反Q滤波算法,其允许等效Q值在垂向上随时间连续变化,在空间上存在弱变化;将加权最小平方方法优化设计思想引入到时域反Q补偿短算子设计当中,给出最优时域短算子设计,将大量的频率域乘法工作转化为少量的时域褶积运算;采取表驱动方案,将短算子的构建与反Q补偿运算相剥离,极大地提升了计算效率;提出了一种新的稳定性控制方法,其既保证算法具有良好的稳定性,又满足短算子设计精度的要求.数值计算表明：时域反Q滤波算法可以取得与频域算法相同的补偿效果,并保证算法具备良好的稳定性和较高的计算效率.     

用稳定高效的反Q滤波技术提高地震资料分辨率

地震波在地下传播时受到衰减影响,衰减会导致地震波场高频能量的损失和相位畸变.反Q滤波可补偿大地衰减效应.已有的反Q滤波方法存在下列不足:频率域的算法由于算子长度较长,所以计算效率较低;时间域的算法,或者对地震记录上到时较晚的同相轴进行了过度的补偿,或者为防止过度补偿后来的振幅而在最大增益处进行限制,导致振幅的多解性,而且还会影响滤波器的相位效应.本文给出一种通过直接求解时间域的Q模型方程来进行反Q滤波的算法.由于采用带状矩阵解算器,所以具有较高的计算效率,理论数据和实际地震资料的试算结果证明,本方法对地震波的吸收衰减进行了出色的补偿,提高了地震资料的分辨率.     

一种稳定的VSP反Q滤波方法

VSP-垂直地震剖面法勘探技术能够提供准确的速度参数、层位标定、井孔周围的构造、岩性及储层的分布范围,为利用地面地震反射信息进行构造精细解释、储层横向预测和油藏描述提供可靠的资料依据.但是地震波在地下介质中传播会产生吸收衰减,降低VSP资料的信噪比和分辨率.本文提出了一种针对VSP资料的稳定的反Q滤波方法.先分离波场,然后对下行波和上行波分别进行反Q滤波补偿.用模型数据和实际VSP资料进行试算,都取得了很好的效果.     

一种改进的广义稳定反Q滤波方法

由于地层的黏弹性和非均质性,地震波在传播过程中振幅衰减,相位畸变,导致地震资料分辨率和信噪比降低.反Q滤波是补偿地层衰减的一种常用方法.常规的反Q滤波方法的振幅补偿算子只与时间、频率有关,其振幅补偿频带范围、强度固定不变,不能够根据地震记录的自身特点灵活地进行振幅补偿.基于此,本文在广义稳定反Q滤波法的基础上,提出了一种改进的广义稳定反Q滤波方法.新方法提出了一种新的稳定因子,并通过参数p对振幅补偿算子进行了优化.其振幅补偿算子与地震资料信噪比、走时、频率、品质因子相适应,可以更加精确地对振幅进行补偿.理论数据测试和实际地震资料应用均表明,新方法在振幅补偿和噪声压制上优于广义稳定反Q滤波法,其处理后的地震资料振幅恢复保真度、分辨率和信噪比更高,对储层预测和精细解释工作具有重要意义.     

叠前地震资料提高分辨率处理方法及应用

对于隐蔽性油气藏和复杂构造油气藏,地震反射资料难以满足精度要求,需要开展地震资料提高分辨率处理.为此,使用反Q滤波、广义S变换、谱整形技术及谱白化技术等方法处理了涠西南地区叠前地震资料,并且分析了四种提高分辨率方法的应用效果.结果表明,四种方法都能提高主频、拓宽频带,其中反Q滤波的效果最好,广义S变换效果次之.反Q滤波结果中波组的低频和中高频能量分配合理,并且在中高频段反Q滤波结果的信噪比明显高于其它三种方法.此外,使用不同Q值对反Q滤波结果影响比较大.随着Q值增加,主频和带宽都稍有降低的趋势,但是信噪比提高了.当Q值大于200.0时信噪比改善的空间已经很小,这时再提高Q值,换来的只是主频降低和带宽缩小.     

一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波

地层的Q吸收会造成地震波振幅衰减、相位畸变,分辨率和信噪比明显降低.反Q滤波可消除由于地层Q吸收造成的振幅衰减和相位畸变,从而提高地震资料的分辨率;但反Q滤波振幅补偿的数值不稳定性问题会严重降低地震资料的信噪比,并产生很多假象.截止频率法和稳定因子法反Q滤波振幅补偿方法虽可控制数值非稳定性问题,但振幅补偿函数的增益限为一个时不变的常数,且与地震数据动态范围无关,其经常会压制深层地震波的高频成分,反而降低地震资料的分辨率;因此,本文在研究截止频率法和稳定因子法的基础上,结合地震数据的动态范围对地震记录分辨率的影响,提出了一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波振幅补偿方法,其增益限和稳定因子都是时变的,且都自适应于地震数据有效频带的截止频率.合成数据和实际数据试算表明,本文的自适应增益限的反Q滤波方法可恢复地震信号有效频带范围内的能量,且能较好地控制数值非稳定性问题,最终获得高分辨率和高信噪比的地震数据.     

地震波频散效应与反Q滤波相位补偿

本文以Futterman提出的地震波振幅衰减和相速度频散表达式为基础,从井震匹配的角度出发,推导了不进行反Q滤波、仅反Q滤波振幅补偿、仅反Q滤波相位补偿,以及反Q滤波相位与振幅同时补偿四种情况下,地震波速度频散与相速度及地震记录振幅谱间的表达式,并从理论上说明了反Q滤波相位补偿的必要性.通过相同观测系统,炸药震源和可控震源分别激发采集的零偏移距VSP资料实例,验证了本文所推导的速度频散表达式的合理性;通过井震标定实例,进一步说明了反Q滤波相位补偿,可有效消除地震子波速度频散,提升地面地震资料与零偏移距VSP走廊叠加剖面的匹配度,最终提高地震资料成果的可信度.     

Estimation of Q p and Q s of Kinnaur Himalaya

The attenuation characteristics of the Kinnaur area of the North West Himalayas were studied using local earthquakes that occurred during 2008–2009. Most of the analyzed events are from the vicinity of the Panjal Thrust (PT) and South Tibetan Detachment Thrust, which are well-defined tectonic discontinuities in the Himalayas. The frequency-dependent attenuation of P and S waves was estimated using the extended coda normalization method. Data from 64 local earthquakes recorded at 10 broadband stations were used. The coda normalization of the spectral amplitudes of P and S waves was done at central frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 Hz. Q _p increases from about 58 at 1.5 Hz to 706 at 12 Hz, and Q _s increases from 105 at 1.5 Hz to 1,207 at 12 Hz. The results show that the quality factors for both P and S waves (Q _p and Q _s) increase as a function of frequency according to the relation Q?=?Q _o f ⁿ , where Q _o is the corresponding Q value at 1 Hz frequency and “n” is the frequency relation parameter. We obtained Q _p?=?(47?±?2)f ^(1.04±0.04) and Q _s?=?(86?±?4)f ^(0.96±0.03) by fitting power law dependency model for the estimated values of the entire study region. The Q ₀ and n values show that the region is seismically very active and the crust is highly heterogeneous. There was no systematic variation of values of Q _p and Q _s at different frequencies from one tectonic unit to another. As a consequence, average values of these parameters were obtained for each frequency for the entire region, and these were used for interpretation and for comparison with worldwide data. Q _p values lie within the range of values observed for some tectonically active regions of the world, whereas Q _s values were the lowest among the values compared for different parts of the world. Q _s/Q _p values were >1 for the entire range of frequencies studied. All these factors indicate that the crust is highly heterogeneous in the study region. The high Q _s/Q _p values also indicate that the region is partially saturated with fluids.     

Q measurements for PhaseX overtones

Linear stacking procedures are used to retrieve the attenuation of 91 modes belonging to the 3rd, 4th and 5th Rayleigh overtones branches in the 80–160 s period range, and contributing to the so-called PhaseX wave group. Our data show in general slightly less attenuation than expected from available models. Data space inversion shows that, when combined with previously measured fundamental modeQ's, this new dataset improves resolution significantly in the 1000–2000 km depth range. Based on this remark, we carry out a number of parameter space inversions. Our results suggest a narrow (80–200 km) zone of high attenuation (Q =75–90), low attenuation in the intermediate mantle (670–1500 km); (Q 350), and lower values in the deeper mantle (Q 200).     

川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像研究

本研究联合使用川滇地区36个台站(云南区域数字台网中22个台站,四川区域数字地震台网中14个台站)记录的644个帆3.5～6.0地震共7468条波形数据,开展川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像研究.研究中以2.8～3.6km/s的传播速度窗选取Lg波波段,采用平移窗方法计算Lg波垂直向观测位移谱.我们首先利用Lg波观测谱反演得到了研究区的平均QLg(f),通过棋盘测试方法确定将研究区划分为0.5°×0.5°的网格,用平均值QLg-1作为每个网格的初始值,分别反演了0.5Hz,1Hz,2Hz,5Hz等多个频率的QLg(f)分布.     

On the Causes of Frequency-Dependent Apparent Seismological Q

Variability of the Earth’s structure makes a first-order impact on attenuation measurements which often does not receive adequate attention. Geometrical spreading (GS) can be used as a simple measure of the effects of such structure. The traditional simplified GS compensation is insufficiently accurate for attenuation measurements, and the residual GS appears as biases in both Q ₀ and η parameters in the frequency-dependent attenuation law Q(f) = Q ₀ f ^η . A new interpretation approach bypassing Q(f) and using the attenuation coefficient χ(f) = γ + πf/Q _e(f) resolves this problem by directly measuring the residual GS, denoted γ, and effective attenuation, Q _e. The approach is illustrated by re-interpreting several published datasets, including nuclear-explosion and local-earthquake codas, Pn, and synthetic 50–300-s surface waves. Some of these examples were key to establishing the Q(f) concept. In all examples considered, χ(f) shows a linear dependence on the frequency, γ ≠ 0, and Q _e can be considered frequency-independent. Short-period crustal body waves are characterized by positive γ _SP values of (0.6–2.0) × 10^?2 s^?1 interpreted as related to the downward upper-crustal reflectivity. Long-period surface waves show negative γ _LP ≈ ?1.9 × 10^?5 s^?1, which could be caused by insufficient modeling accuracy at long periods. The above γ values also provide a simple explanation for the absorption band observed within the Earth. The band is interpreted as apparent and formed by levels of Q _e ≈ 1,100 within the crust decreasing to Q _e ≈ 120 within the uppermost mantle, with frequencies of its flanks corresponding to γ _LP and γ _SP. Therefore, the observed absorption band could be purely geometrical in nature, and relaxation or scattering models may not be necessary for explaining the observed apparent Q(f). Linearity of the attenuation coefficient suggests that at all periods, the attenuation of both Rayleigh and Love waves should be principally accumulated at the sub-crustal depths (~38–100 km).     

基于Kjartansson模型的反Q滤波

利用Ｋｊａｒｔａｎｓｓｏｎ提出的数学模型，建立包含有衰减和频散的正演模型。从这个模型出发，推导出适合于处理非平稳地震记录的反Ｑ滤波。用该方法不仅能补偿振幅的衰减，而且还能消除频散。通过对实际资料的处理，其结果是令人满意的。最后，给出了在最佳意义下的反Ｑ滤波方法。     

岩石的粘弹性谐振Q模型

实验表明,在应变小于10^-6范围内,砂岩对地震波的吸收主要由孔隙流体的局部运动引起,而且Q值随频率的变化出现谐振现象。据此,作者认为,地壳上部地震波能量的耗损可以表示为以下两种成分的线性组合:1.由滑动摩擦、热弹性驰豫、位错运动等引起的能量消散,它们主要与岩石的固相成分有关,可近似地用恒Q模型描述;2.由孔隙流体运动引起的能量消散,可以用谐振公式描述。根据这一认识,利用描述因果关系的Kramers-Krnig关系式可推导出表示地壳上部岩石粘弹性（复弹性模量,相速度频散和衰减函数）的公式,它们综合地描述了由各种机制引起的波的频散和吸收,并在谐振Q值等于参考常数Q值时退化为目前常用的Futterman模型。作为这种谐振Q模型的应用,介绍了它用于Q值测量结果外推和频散一吸收研究以及粘弹性介质中反射地震道合成的结果。     

尾波观测与Q值分布htt

本文依据K.Aki的单次回弹散射模式绘制了DD-1短周期地震仪的尾波包络理论量板,制定了尾波包络的综合观测方法,测定了江苏省地壳内介质的平均品质因子Q。观测表明,尾波包络曲线明显地由两个以上的分支组成。由其中一个分支得到的Q值分布与江苏的地震活动有较好的对应。      

Compressional-wave Q estimation from full-waveform sonic data

There is significant evidence that the anelastic loss of seismic energy is linked to petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability and clay content. Thus, reliable estimation of anelastic attenuation from seismic data can lead to improved methods for the prediction of petrophysical properties. This paper is concerned with methods for the estimation of attenuation at sonic frequencies (5–30 KHz) from in situ data. Two independent methods have been developed and tested for estimating compressional‐wave attenuation from full‐waveform sonic data. A well‐established technique, the logarithm spectral ratio (LSR) method, is compared with a new technique, the instantaneous frequency (IF) method. The LSR method uses the whole spectrum of the seismic pulse whilst the IF method uses a carefully estimated value of instantaneous frequency which is representative of the centre frequency of the pulse. In the former case, attenuation estimation is based on the relative variation of amplitudes at different frequencies, whilst in the latter case it is based on the shift of the centre frequency of the pulse to lower values during anelastic wave propagation. The IF method does not assume frequency independence of Q which is a necessary assumption for the LSR method, and it provides a stable frequency log, the peak instantaneous frequency (PIF) log, which may be used as an indicator for attenuation under certain limitations. The development and implementation of the two methods is aimed at minimizing the effect of secondary arrivals, such as leaky modes, and involved a series of parameter tests. Testing of the two methods using full‐waveform sonic data of variable quality, obtained from a gas‐bearing sandstone reservoir, showed that the IF method is in general more stable and suitable for full‐waveform sonic data compared with the LSR method. This was evident especially in data sets with high background noise levels and wave‐interference effects. For good quality data, the two methods gave results that showed good agreement, whilst comparison with other log types further increased confidence in the results obtained. A significant decrease (approximately 5 KHz) in the PIF values was observed in the transition from an evaporite/shale sequence to the gas‐bearing sandstone. Average Q values of 54 and 51 were obtained using good quality data from a test region within the gas‐saturated sandstone reservoir, using the LSR and IF methods, respectively.