煤矿突水灾害的预警原理及其应用

根据我国煤矿的水文地质务件和矿井生产的需要,本文提出了煤矿水害的预警系统,论证了煤矿水害的预警原理煤层底板递进导升突水的突水机理、陷落柱的厚壁筒破坏突水机理、老塘的土坝溃决突水机理,提出了各类突水的判别标准和预警级别确定方法,同时还介绍了水害预警的实现技术和远程监测技术.该项技术在淮北煤业集团已得到成功应用,显示了其在煤矿安全、高产、高效生产上的作用和在我国煤矿水害预测预报上的广阔前景.     

煤矿突水危险区疏干涌水及其对地下水流场的影响分析

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部某井田为研究对象,在煤矿突水危险性分析的基础上,构建煤层开采冒裂带波及上覆强含水层的矿井涌突水预测的地下水三维流数值模拟模型。预测结果表明,煤层开采形成的导水裂隙带是否导通强含水层以及导水裂隙带的渗透性能强弱,对矿井涌突水量以及地下水渗流场影响的差异较大;当导水裂隙带渗透系数小于0.001 m/d,基本为原地层的正常渗透水量;当导水裂隙带的渗透系数大于0.01 m/d,反映原地层遭受较大破坏,矿坑初期涌水为突水量,后期涌水接近稳定涌水量,涌突水对强含水层地下水降深以及流场都影响很大。     

矿井水情监测与水害风险预警平台设计与实现

任何矿井水害事故均会显现不同的预兆,为夯实水害智能预警基础,明晰了感知、辨识、评估、预测及相互逻辑关系的系统建设内涵,针对不同水害类型,根据其突水机理不同,设计三大类多模式水害典型场景,建立相应突水判据,提出了确定性理论精确预测与包括大数据及深度学习在内的非确定性趋势推测两类预测方法,为智能预警系统的预测预报、预警准则及阈值设置奠定理论基础。以陕西省彬长矿区亭南矿为例,建立了动态信息、静态信息及关联信息的指标体系,将地面水文动态监测单元、井下水情环境监测单元以及采掘工作面采动动态监测单元集成,构建原位采集和突水要素预兆感知系统,实施基于关键层电性参数动态监测、关键部位单点或多点多参数监测联合布置的突水前兆信息精准获取方案,采用确定性模拟模型和非确定性智能模型,实现水害预测预警功能,基于多源数据融合和空间联动分析技术,预警系统实现了井上下全空间水害风险预警“一张图”的可视化展示。实践表明,监测预警平台理论基础扎实,预测预警效果显著。      

矿山采掘岩体渗透变形灾变机理及防控Ⅱ:底板突水

矿山地下工程渗透变形破坏造成的典型灾害类型包括顶板突水溃砂、底板突水、防水闸墙与围岩界面渗透破坏等。本文从刘国昌先生对我国矿山水文地质工程地质学发展的奠基作用谈起,综述了矿山底板岩体渗透变形破坏突水灾害机理和防控技术进展。回顾了煤矿底板突水系数提出、改进和应用的历史,从底板渗透变形破坏产生的渗透力学机理重新阐释了突水系数的物理含义。基于底板岩体结构临界抗渗水力坡度建立了抗渗安全系数突水判别方法,其底板临界抗渗水力坡度可由半经验方法估算。在对底板突水评价方法演进分析的基础上,提出了底板危险源辨识和突水危险性动态评价方法。对底板突水灾变的主动防控措施的防控原理及效果评估方法进行了分析。最后,讨论了矿山底板渗透稳定性方面需要进一步深入研究的科学问题。     

基于多元监测信息融合分析的突水灾害状态判识方法

突水灾变演化过程中伴随着防突结构内的岩土体的信息变化,通过对潜在突水通道围岩多物理场信息进行深度融合分析,揭示了多元信息的逻辑共生关系,建立了突水演化状态判识的理论方法。从岩体渐进破坏突水与充填结构失稳突水两种典型的突水相似模型试验入手,建立了多元监测信息与量化表征函数的关联性。基于主成分分析理论揭示了多参量间的逻辑共生关系,确定了围岩多物理场信息对突水灾害的影响权重,这为突水灾害监测设计与预警提供了理论依据。结合函数拟合曲线中表征函数变化趋势发生转变的极值点与驻点,建立了突水灾害演化状态综合判识方法,最终将两种突水类型的演化阶段划分为：平静期、发展期、突变期和灾后期,并提出了任意时刻下突水灾害发生概率的能量判别方法,该理论方法为隧道及地下工程突水灾害监测预警提供了参考。     

新峰一矿构造控水作用与治理措施探讨

新峰一矿突水频繁,矿井安全受水害威胁严重,防治工程量大、难度高。通过对矿井构造应力展布规律、矿井边界及矿井内断层导水性等水文地质因素的分析,确定了该矿井突水类型。指出石炭系灰岩裂隙水和寒武系灰岩裂隙水是矿井的主要充水含水层,断裂构造是主要导水通道。地质构造对突水的控制在该矿主要体现在对突水点分布、富水带的划分以及隔水层阻水能力等方面。在对影响该区地质构造机理进行综合分析的基础上,根据矿区构造控水的特点,提出了采取物探和钻探相结合、进行放水试验、帷幕注浆和排供结合的治理措施。     

蔚县矿区北阳庄矿东二采区皮带巷里段突水机理探讨

北阳庄矿东二采区皮带巷里段2014年9月27日~11月1日发生突水事故,峰值涌水量达2 015 m3/h,同时喷出大量矸石和碎屑,突水过程时间长,水温高达30℃以上,比本矿井前两次突水水温高3~4℃,水中Ga~(++)、Mg~(++)含量也高于奥灰水,且与区域蓟县系灰岩水水质类型基本一致。通过对本区地质和水文地质条件分析,探讨了突水机理,认为本次突水主要是由于构造形成的导压裂隙带导通了深部古岩溶陷落柱,使蓟县系雾迷山岩溶水通过古陷落柱及导压构造裂隙带进入矿井而形成。该研究为矿井防治水工作提供了地质依据。     

峰峰矿区矿井突水分类及发生机理研究

在对峰峰矿区大量突水实例深入分析的基础上,根据隔水岩体初始特性即有无断层构造及其规模大小,将矿井突水分为完整隔水岩体突水、小断层破碎带突水及大断层突水三种类型。应用岩体变形与破裂机制和岩体水力学原理,对上述三种类型突水的发生机理进行研究,并讨论预防方法。     

华北型煤田矿井岩溶水涌(突)出机理与涌(突)水量预测方法探讨

北方岩溶水系统的形成与相关河流的发育贯通相辅相成。不同的岩溶水系统模式表现出不同的地下水动力学特征,岩溶水径流带控制的岩溶水网络系统是北方岩溶水系统的基本特征。天然状态下,华北型煤田煤层顶板砂岩地下水系统与底板岩溶地下水系统有水力联系的区域,是矿井岩溶水涌(突)出的危险区。煤矿采掘工程打破了煤层顶、底板地下水系统水压力平衡,在压差作用下,承压岩溶水的"压裂"作用对构造煤系发育层段的疏通有着重要作用。承压岩溶水的释放或涌(突)出,是岩溶承压含水层弹性贮存量的释放,岩溶水运动属非稳定流。将断层等线形过水断面概化成环状井(孔)过水断面,则可用定降深非稳定流承压井流方程,预测可能的岩溶水涌(突)水流量及其变化规律。对流量函数Q(t)定积分,则可预测任意延续时间段的涌(突)水量。基于承压岩溶水弹性释放的非稳定流矿井岩溶水涌(突)水量预测方法,突破了岩溶水涌(突)水量无法预测的禁锢,对提升矿井岩溶水防治水平,解放华北型煤田下组煤有积极、重要意义。     

老公营子煤矿煤层顶板突水机理

为探查内蒙古平庄煤业(集团)有限责任公司老公营子煤矿Ⅰ03(2)工作面突水机理,从工作面涌(突)水量、含水层地下水位、突水点水质3个参数的动态变化判别了突水水源,认为第四系含水层水的参与使矿井涌水量变大而引发突水;从导水裂缝带发育高度、有效隔水层性质、基岩风化带厚度3方面分析了导水通道的形成过程,认为由导水裂缝带、顶板含水层水压作用下的渗流通道和基岩风化带组成的复合导水通道是突水发生的原因。揭示了煤层顶板突水是在特定地质、采矿条件下发生的一个动态变化过程,导水裂缝带是否波及主要充水含水层并非突水是否发生的唯一判据。      

Fracture and surface crust development in a Holocene pahoehoe lava flow on the Island of Tenerife,Canaries

An almost horizontal pahoehoe surface in a Holocene plagioclase basanite lava on Tenerife displays three scales of fracture within the surface crust. An early-formed set of large-scale fractures divides up the surface into an orthogonal set of rectangular slabs with dimensions of several metres and depths of 10–12 cm. The shortest slab dimension is parallel to the flow emplacement direction, inferred from a strong surface lineation. The slabs are domed with the centre an average of 9.6 cm (with range 4–19.6 cm) above the edges of the slabs. Profiles of the slabs normal and perpendicular to the margins and through the crest indicate that they can be described by a power law in which the deflection of the slab, h, is related to the distance from the crest, x, with an exponent between 2 and 3. Analysis of joints within the slabs indicates two smaller scale networks. An intermediate scale joint network bounds blocks with rectilinear to polygonal shapes in plan-view and has a characteristic mean spacing of 24.2 cm (range 10.5–48 cm). The major fractures in this set are normal and parallel to the slab margins. A smaller-scale joint network bounds polygonal equant blocks in plan-view and has characteristic spacing of 6.4 cm (range 3.7–10.5 cm). A model of cooling from the pahoehoe surface is used to constrain the growth of the crust and timing of fracture development. The large-scale slabs are attributed to localised accumulation of gas beneath the growing crust causing buoyant forces. The tensile stresses caused by uplift are sufficient to form the large-scale fractures after 2 or 3 h of cooling. The intermediate scale fracture network is attributed to the flexure of the slab crust. The smaller scale polygonal joint network is related to the build up of isotropic tensile stresses in the cooling slab crust due to thermal contraction with fracture development being promoted by the flexure of the slabs. An analysis of the slab deformation indicates that lava crust is weak. The weakness is explained by division of the crust into three zones: an outer zone with small scale joints that cause negligible strength, a middle zone of elastic behaviour in which stress can build up, and a lower zone of plastic deformation. The crustal slabs display profiles similar to that expected in a bending elastic plate. The deformation of the 10-cm-thick crust can be explained if the elastic zone was about 2-cm thick. This result agrees with an independent calculation of elastic zone thickness based on the position of the brittle–ductile transition being located at the 600°C isotherm at a depth of about 2 cm when the crustal slabs were rifted apart.     

演马庄矿突水灾害研究综述

在研究演马庄矿地质构造与采矿复合型人为突水灾害在空域上的表现特征时,并按照突水水源与突水成因对突水灾害进行了类型划分。在此基础上,系统地总结了演马庄矿底板突水灾害的预测预报研究方法     

On subducting slab entrainment of buoyant asthenosphere

Laboratory and numerical experiments and boundary layer analysis of the entrainment of buoyant asthenosphere by subducting oceanic lithosphere implies that slab entrainment is likely to be relatively inefficient at removing a buoyant and lower viscosity asthenosphere layer. Asthenosphere would instead be mostly removed by accretion into and eventual subduction of the overlying oceanic lithosphere. The lower (hot) side of a subducting slab entrains by the formation of a ∼10–30 km‐thick downdragged layer, whose thickness depends upon the subduction rate and the density contrast and viscosity of the asthenosphere, while the upper (cold) side of the slab may entrain as much by thermal ‘freezing’ onto the slab as by mechanical downdragging. This analysis also implies that proper treatment of slab entrainment in future numerical mantle flow experiments will require the resolution of ∼10–30 km‐thick entrainment boundary layers.     

Study on the Fracture of Hard and Thick Sandstone and the Distribution Characteristics of Microseismic Activity

The movement of hard and thick key stratum during underground coal extraction via longwall top coal caving differs from that of other types of overlying strata. Therefore, numerous problems such as roadway instability, rock burst and strong mining-induced mine seismicity will be encountered as a result of the fracture of a hard and thick key stratum. The key to controlling the behavior of strata is to understand the movement and fracture pattern of the hard and thick key stratum. Taking the 103_up02 working face of Baodian coal mine as a case study in this study, according to the in situ measured microseismic data, the rule of fracture of overlying hard and thick sandstone caused by working face mining is studied, and the mechanism of dynamic pressure impact induced by hard and thick strata fracture is explained. Finally, the dynamic pressure control technology is put forward. The research results are of great significance for coal mining under hard and thick strata, mastering the fracture rules of hard and thick strata and predicting dynamic disasters.     

煤巷断层区顶板破断机制分析及支护对策研究

针对断层区煤巷顶板破断问题,分别建立了正断层和逆断层构造区的顶板弹性深梁力学模型,研究了顶板应力分布规律,并以Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则为判据,分析了不同顶板压力、支护强度、跨高比等因素下的顶板破断机制。理论分析表明,顶板深梁最大有效剪应力随跨高比增大而增大;其随跨高比不同而呈现出3种不同破断模式;穿越断层的巷道在断层区域应尽早使用强力支护系统,提高支护强度;穿越正断层的巷道在断层面附近应当提高护表效果。根据理论分析结论提出,在煤巷断层区使用让压型锚索箱梁支护系统,可对顶板围岩进行及时强力支护,实现“先控后让再抗”,既能有效发挥支护系统作用,又能充分发挥围岩自承能力。上述支护对策应用于巨野矿区断层区煤巷支护方案设计中,有效防止了顶板事故的发生,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于“双行裂隙”模型的两淮矿区高承压厚松散层突水机理

两淮矿区高承压厚松散含水层覆盖下煤炭储量巨大,在提高上限开采过程中常发生松散层突水事故,采用传统“上三带”理论难以合理解释此类事故发生的机理。本文在分析两淮矿区高承压松散层水文工程地质条件的基础上,建立近高承压松散层开采“双行裂隙”模型,采用室内实验、数值模拟、理论分析和工程应用检验等方法,研究“双行裂隙”发育规律,揭示两淮矿区高承压厚松散层突水致灾机理,结果显示:祁东煤矿松散层第四含水层（简称四含）水压与裂采比呈线性关系;在水压作用下,覆岩“上行裂隙”发育高度增大;利用裂隙受力分析推导的基岩风化带原生裂隙扩展渗透深度计算公式,表明高承压松散含水层对风化裂隙产生劈裂作用,是“下行裂隙”形成的主要因素。“双行裂隙”的综合作用使工作面更易发生松散层水突水事故,研究成果为近松散层煤层开采安全煤（岩）柱的合理留设提供科学依据。      

深井底板突水组合灰色物元判别系统及应用

深井底板突水预测是一个复杂的理论与技术问题,具有模糊性、灰色性和不相容性的特点。建立了深井底板突水的主控指标体系,通过灰色关联分析得到主控因素,应用熵值调整法确定了各主控因素在突水过程中的贡献权重。根据灰色物元分析理论,分别建立了线性灰色物元判别模型和最优灰色物元判别模型,采用VB6.0开发了深井底板突水组合灰色物元判别系统。该系统两种模块的并列运行和相互验证提高了判别结果的准确程度,使系统初步具备了受承压水威胁的深井工作面的危险度预测功能。应用该系统进行深井突水案例的模拟结果与实际情况比较吻合,这表明该系统对深井复杂条件下的矿井底板突水预测具有较好的应用价值。      

Coupled damage and plasticity modelling in transient dynamic analysis of concrete

In a concrete structure subjected to an explosion, for example a concrete slab, the material is subjected to various states of stress which lead to many modes of rupture. Closer to the explosive, a state of strong hydrostatic compression is observed. This state of stress produces an irreversible compaction of the material. Away from the zone of explosion, confinement decreases and the material undergoes compression with a state of stress, which is slightly triaxial. Finally, the compression wave can be reflected on a free surface and becomes a tensile wave, which by interaction with the compression wave, produces scabbing. We present, in this paper, a model aimed at describing these three failure modes. It is based on visco‐plasticity and rate dependent damage in which a homogenization method is used in order to include the variation of the material porosity due to compaction. The model predictions are compared with several experiments performed on the same concrete. Computations of split Hopkinson tests on confined concrete, a tensile test with scabbing, and an explosion on a concrete slab are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滨海深部开采矿山水文地质环境调查与渗流场特征分析

山东黄金矿业（莱州）有限公司三山岛金矿位于山东省莱州湾滨海地带,特殊地理位置使矿山采掘工程面临更为复杂的水文地质条件,大规模深部滨海开采存在涌、突水的安全隐患。在此背景下,考虑区域内发育断裂带的影响,对矿山的水文地质特征进行区域划分与评价;在矿区深部3个水平中段进行了节理裂隙现场调查,统计分析了上盘、矿体、下盘岩体的节理裂隙分布规律;基于裂隙几何参数量测与Monte-Carlo结构面随机模拟方法,计算并修正了深部工程岩体的渗透系数;借助FLAC3D数值计算手段,对矿区未来深部开采过程中渗流场的演化规律及影响范围进行了预测。研究对于保障复杂水文地质条件矿山深部开采活动的安全进行具有一定的指导与借鉴意义。     

重庆市涪陵区厚层软硬相间岩体失稳模式

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