英国海洋污染研究概况

一、从事海洋污染研究的机构 英国从事环境污染研究,主要有五个研究委员会下属的一些研究所。这五个委员会是:环境研究委员会(NERC)、农业研究委员会(ARC)、卫生研究委员会(MRC)、科学和工程研究委员会(SERC)和社会科学研究委员会(SSRC)。这五个委员会又联合成立了一个污染研究联合委员会(The Inter-Research Council Committee on Pollution Research),其目的是保持各委员会之间的联系和促进合作。该联合委员会每年编辑出版     

急性高温低氧胁迫下刺参体腔液细胞miRNA表达谱的构建和靶标基因的功能分析

为了探究刺参应对极端高温、低氧环境的内在分子调控机制,促进刺参养殖产业的可持续发展.本研究以刺参体腔液细胞作为研究对象,分别构建了高温、低氧下miRNA的差异表达谱并分析了差异表达miRNAs的靶基因功能.研究表明:高温组中共发掘了20个差异表达miRNA,其中11个上调,9个下调;低氧组中共发掘了10个差异表达miR...     

广西海岛及周边海域填海红线研究

为协调海岛开发利用需求与海岛生态环境保护之间的矛盾,做好广西海岛开发长远发展的战略规划,本研究将单个海岛及周边海域作为一个整体,在宏观尺度上,以海洋生态红线理论为指导,综合考虑广西海岛及周边海域生态环境现状及围填需求,研究划定填海红线。经综合研究分析得到,近期可能有围填需求的海岛共128个,其中北海市6个,防城港市55个,钦州市67个。填海红线海岛共163个,其中禁止填海海岛152个,限制填海海岛11个,163个海岛中海洋保护区内海岛4个,重要滨海旅游区海岛16个,特殊保护海岛4个,重要河口区海岛107个,红树林区海岛32个。本研究可为海岛管理部门提供审批决策依据,为海岛的有序、科学、合理开发保驾护航。但对于单个海岛周边具体海域的围填海适宜性,还需综合各方面因素进行深入研究。     

海洋真菌来源吲哚生物碱类化合物的结构和活性研究

近年来,海洋真菌因其能够产生大量结构新颖、活性显著的代谢产物而受到广泛关注。本文综述了1991—2010年间从海洋真菌分离得到的134个新吲哚生物碱的结构和活性研究情况,其中包括fumitremorgin类19个、notoamide类22个、细胞松弛素类18个、吲哚喹唑啉类9个、吲哚萜类11个、肽类及其他单吲哚类21个和双吲哚类化合物34个。海洋真菌来源的吲哚生物碱不仅结构奇特,并且表现出多种重要的生物活性,具有潜在的研究和应用价值。     

鲢序列已知标记连锁图构建及鲢-草鱼标记共线性分析

鲢、草鱼是传统池塘养殖的四大家鱼的2个重要成员,其遗传资源评估与管理、性状遗传基础研究、功能基因从头克隆等迫切需要序列已知标记连锁图谱工具。本研究将已有鲢连锁图谱新整合53个草鱼微卫星DNA标记和28个鲢InDel-RFLP标记,构建了鲢已知序列标记连锁图谱,标记数326个,达到中等密度水平。构建的图谱将为鲢、鳙资源评价和管理、性状遗传基础研究等提供工具。另外,本研究初步比较了鲢、草鱼间标记共线性排列,发现两物种染色体既存在共线性,也存在明显重排。     

声学与海洋沉积学交叉领域的研究

声学与海洋沉积学交叉领域研究可分为“沉积层声学特性的研究”、“海底高频声散射或低频声反射与底质类型之间关系的研究”、“回声参数反演海底类型技术”和“海底回声图象识别海底沉积类型技术”4个方面的研究,较详细论述了4个方面的国内外研究现状,最后提出了该领域进一步研究的战略思路。     

烟台北部近岸海域表层沉积物粒度分布及沉积动力环境特征

基于烟台北部近岸海域56个表层沉积物样品的粒度资料,分析了研究区沉积物粒度分布特征。采用Pejrup三角图对研究区沉积动力环境进行了分区,利用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析方法分析了沉积物的输运趋势,在此基础上探讨了研究区的沉积动力环境特征。研究结果表明,研究区粒度呈现中间粗、东西部海域细的分布格局;沉积动力环境可划分为AⅢ、BⅢ、BⅣ、CⅢ、CⅣ、DⅢ、DⅣ7个区,总体表现为"中间强、两侧弱,近岸强、远岸弱"的分布格局;研究区东西部开阔海域各存在1个沉积物汇聚中心,物质来源多样;研究区表层沉积物运移和分布与水动力条件基本吻合,且受沉积物来源的影响。潮流、沿岸流以及沉积物来源共同控制其沉积动力环境。     

冲绳海槽中段沉积地球化学分区及其物源指示意义

通过对冲绳海槽中段表层沉积物５１个样品的３０个元素的地球数据的Ｒ型因子分析计算，确定了以８个因子为代表的元素组合，在综合、对比因子得分的基础上，把研究区分为１０个组合区。根据元素组合的成因专属性，把研究区分为火山源区，热液源区，陆泊、生物源和自生源区。     

渤海、黄海及东海近海五个银鲳地理群体的形态变异

针对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)资源衰减、种群结构不清等问题,采集了渤海、黄海和东海近海5个地理群体224个样本,借助多变量形态度量学方法对地理群体间的形态变异进行了研究,旨在为银鲳种群结构研究提供基础资料.研究结果显示,通过聚类分析发现银鲳5个地理群体可以分为4组,江苏连云港群体与河北黄骅群体和浙江舟山群...     

海空重力测量技术体系构建与研究若干进展(一):需求论证设计与仪器性能评估技术

简要分析介绍了海洋重力场信息的应用价值、海空重力测量技术的科学含义、研究内容、体系架构和研究目标,重点分析评述了作者所在研究团队在海空重力测量技术体系建设领域取得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的研究成果,主要从各项关键技术的研究背景、研究思路、难点突破、成果应用前景等几个方面进行了分析和总结,回答了该研究领域涉及理论方法和工程应用的一系列科学问题。其目的之一是向读者成体系地推荐我们多年积累的研究成果,目的之二是想借此机会通过回顾和梳理研究团队的发展轨迹和科学感悟,在新的起点上定位未来的发展方向、发展目标和发展思路。分三个部分进行介绍,本文为第一部分,主要涉及需求论证设计和仪器性能评估两个领域的研究成果。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.