珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布河谷地面风特征的初步分析

2006年5～6月, "2006珠峰野外观测实验"在青藏高原珠穆朗玛峰(简称珠峰)北坡绒布河谷中进行,沿河谷设立了3个站点,对河谷中的大气环流状况、热力和辐射状况等进行了观测.利用绒布河谷中平均地面风场资料,研究了该河谷中地面风场的日变化结构特征.结果表明,珠峰北坡绒布河谷中地面风场存在明显的日变化,自上午12:00(北京时间)左右至午夜该河谷地区为来自珠峰方向的偏南风控制,该风场日变化与普通山区的山谷风环流日变化存在很大差别.从3个站点风场日变化来看,偏南风首先在河谷南部开始,然后沿河谷向北发展.沿河谷轴线方向不同地点风场日变化有较大差异:偏南风出现时间随距珠峰的距离依次滞后,距珠峰最近的站点观测到的偏南风最大且持续时间最长,而距离珠峰最远的站点偏南风最弱且持续时间最短,甚至出现长时间的偏北风.研究表明,由于珠峰北坡地区地形复杂,地形高度落差大,地表状况分布不均,因此绒布河谷中的主导风是山谷风、坡风以及冰川风等多种局地风系统耦合的结果.     

冰雪对珠峰北坡绒布河谷局地环流影响的数值试验

利用RAMS中尺度模式对珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区的局地环流进行了数值模拟,包括控制试验和敏感试验.观测结果表明,珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区午后盛行来自珠峰方向的偏南风,这与其他山区的山谷风日变化存在显著差异.与观测结果比较;模拟结果(控制试验)能够较好地再现绒布河谷中的偏南主导气流.模拟结果(敏感试验)还显示,在去除高大山体的冰雪下垫面后,绒布河谷地区下午仍可存在偏南气流,但偏南风出现时间明显滞后,此时该气流来自珠峰南坡的强劲偏南谷风气流.因此,我们认为珠峰北坡的冰雪表面对绒布河谷地区盛行的偏南气流存在很大影响,但热力驱动的山谷风环流也是维持该地区强烈下泄流的主要原因.     

珠峰绒布河谷近地面层气象要素及湍流通量变化

利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料,分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征,讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征.结果表明:在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下,珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著,并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流,冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷地面风场变化的比较研究

利用2007年6月强化观测实验期间获得的大气观测资料和同时期的NCEP/NCAR大尺度再分析资料,结合2006年同期的分析结果,进一步研究了珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区的地面风场状况及其对南亚夏季风的响应,并与2006年的结果进行了比较.结果表明,2007年6月绒布河谷地区的风场也存在强弱变化,其逐日变化也与南亚夏季风指数有一定关系:在绒布河谷弱风期间,南亚夏季风强盛,在孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海地区形成的强烈涡旋可以把暖湿气流向西北方向输送,从而在河谷地区形成温度和湿度高值;在局地强风期间,南亚夏季风季风指数变化较大,此时绒布河谷地区的风场变化对季风的响应很小,可能主要为大气热力驱动.比较2006年和2007年的观测结果表明,南亚夏季风可以通过改变局地辐射和热力状况的改变而影响珠峰北坡绒布河谷地区地面环流的变化,但其影响程度随季风的强弱可能有所不同.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡局地环流日变化的观测研究

青藏高原地-气间的物质/能量交换是高原与全球大气系统相联系的重要纽带.陡峭的地形和强烈的地表差异在高原山区形成特殊的局地大气环流系统,在地气交换中起着重要作用.为研究珠峰北坡的局地环流系统,于2006年5～6月间在珠峰北坡绒布河谷实施强化观测实验HEST2006,对该地区的局地环流以及辐射和热力状况进行观测,分析了该地区局地环流的日变化过程,包括:(1)地面风场的分布和变化;(2)风场垂直结构;(3)垂直运动及可能的驱动机制.研究表明,该地区局地大气环流是由地形与地表状态调整的大气辐射加热和冷却所驱动,包含多种不同的山地环流成分,与典型山谷风环流不同,具有很强的特殊性,对地气问的交换有重要影响.     

珠峰绒布河谷温度垂直分布观测研究

青藏高原以其独特的动力和热力作用.影响着东亚地区乃至全球的天气、气候和环境变化过程.高原山区陡峭的地形和多样的地表状态带来了复杂的局地环流系统和边界层特征.为研究青藏高原大型山地局地环流系统,2007年5～6月中国科学院大气物理研究所和中国科学院青藏高原研究所共同在珠峰北坡绒布河谷组织实施了喜马拉雅山北坡地区地面大气与对流层大气交换研究(HEST2007)强化观测实验,对该地区的局地环流以及辐射和热力状况进行观测.本文采用该实验观测资料,对LAP-3000风温廓线仪获得的声学虚温资料进行反演,并对该地区温度垂直分布和日变化进行了初步分析.研究表明,声学虚温与真实温度之间存在明显的差异,通过反演计算可以有效地减小两者间的差异,绒布河谷清晨和下午大气垂直分布存在明显不同.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区河谷局地环流特征观测分析

利用中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰大气与环境综合观测研究站的大气边界层塔站数据分析了珠峰北面一处河谷中局地环流的日变化特征.发现该河谷中的局地环流主要受山谷风和冰川风的影响,后者自影响主要集中在下午和傍晚,冰川风强度较大,地面最大风速达到10 m·s-1.冰川风开始出现的时间通常是气温达到一天中最高的时刻,这表明冰川风气流温度较低,带来了降温.另外,对空气湿度变化的分析中也能发现冰川风气流的影响.     

HEST2007珠峰北坡风廓线观测研究

为了研究青藏高原南部喜马拉雅山区局地大气环流系统,继2006年HEST2006大气科学实验之后,2007年中国科学院大气物理研究所和中国科学院青藏高原研究所在珠穆朗玛峰北坡实施HEST2007综合观测.本文使用该观测实验中LAP-3000风廓线仪获得的绒布河谷内三维风场观测资料,并结合地面辐射资料,分析研究了该地区观测期间局地大气环流的日变化和逐日变化过程.研究表明,该地区局地环流系统,特别是沿河谷的轴向风,与其上空西风环流间存在非常紧密的联系,这种联系似乎与不同天气条件下喜马拉雅山区的大气辐射状况有关,即高层西风环流较强的阶段,地面辐射较强,激发出的局地环流也较强,反之亦然.     

珠峰绒布河谷大气边界层结构的数值模拟

利用中尺度气象模式RAMS对2006年6月12～16日珠峰绒布河谷地区大气边界层结构进行了模拟,并将模拟的风温时空分布与风廓线仪LAP3000的观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明,绒布河谷地区的局地环流具有明显的日变化(午后至夜间盛行山风,可持续12h,且风速较大;在山风盛行期间,山风的影响高度可达400～700m左右),其中下垫面不均匀性导致的温度差异是引起局地环流的主要因素;RAMS模式较好地反映了绒布河谷地区局地环流的时空变化特征.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷近地层大气湍流及能量输送特征分析

利用中国科学院2005年珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间 (4月2日至6月7日) 收集的大气观测资料，分析了珠峰绒布河谷近地层水平风速、温度、湍流强度、湍流通量日变化及地表能量平衡特征。通过分析得出近地层三维风速方差与稳定度的关系基本满足1/3次方规律；珠峰绒布河谷近地层大气水平风速、温度、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量均存在明显的日变化；地表获得的能量很大一部分以感热形式散失掉了，潜热所占比重很小。另外，还发现绒布河谷地区地表能量通量各分量并不满足能量平衡方程Rn=Hs+Le+G。通过对地面加热场的分析发现珠峰地表白天是强热源，晚上转变为弱冷源。     

Numerical modelling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-d building array,part ii: a mathematical foundation for a distributed drag force approach

In this paper, we lay the foundations of a systematic mathematical formulation for the governing equations for flow through an urban canopy (e.g., coarse-scaled building array) where the effects of the unresolved obstacles on the flow are represented through a distributed mean-momentum sink. This, in turn, implies additional corresponding terms in the transport equations for the turbulence quantities. More specifically, a modified k-- model is derived for the simulation of the mean wind speed and turbulence for a neutrally stratified flow through and over a building array, where groups of buildings in the array are aggregated and treated as a porous medium. This model is based on time averaging the spatially averaged Navier--Stokes equations, in which the effects of the obstacle--atmosphere interaction are included through the introduction of a volumetric momentum sink (representing drag on the unresolved buildings in the array).The k-- turbulence closure model requires two additional prognostic equations, namely one for the time-averaged resolved-scale kinetic energy of turbulence,, and another for the dissipation rate, , of . The transport equation for is derived directly from the transport equation for the spatially averaged velocity, and explicitly includes additional sources and sinks that arise from time averaging the product of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuations and the distributed drag force fluctuations. We show how these additional source/sink terms in the transport equation for can be obtained in a self-consistent manner from a parameterization of the sink term in the spatially averaged momentum equation. Towards this objective, the time-averaged product of the spatially averaged velocity fluctuations and the distributed drag force fluctuations can be approximated systematically using a Taylor series expansion. A high-order approximation is derived to represent this source/sink term in the transport equation for . The dissipation rate () equation is simply obtained as a dimensionally consistent analogue of the equation. The relationship between the proposed mathematical formulation of the equations for turbulent flow within an urban canopy (where the latter is treated as a porous medium) and an earlier heuristic two-band spectral decomposition for parameterizing turbulence in a plant canopy is explored in detail.     

Filament generation off the Strait of Gibraltar in response to Gap winds

We present a case study of the generation of a cold filament rooted off the southwestern edge of the Strait of Gibraltar (Atlantic side) during the summer of 2000. The event is successfully simulated using high-resolution atmospheric and oceanic numerical models. It is shown that a sharp filament may develop oceanwards with little modification of the Atlantic inflow into the Mediterranean, contrary to usual expectations. The filament is essentially driven by the surface layer response to Gap winds occurring during Levanter conditions. The easterly wind funnelling in the Strait generates a strong wind jet and intense wind curl which impacts the oceanic surface layer through Ekman pumping and mixing processes. The generation and fate of the filament is very similar to the Gulf of Tehuantepec case, where strong Gap wind events produce asymmetric deformation and erosion of the thermocline that tends to favour anticyclonic mesoscale circulations. Our observations and model results from both realistic and idealized experiments suggest that similar phenomena are present in the Gulf of Cadiz, but they are altered by the persisting Atlantic inflow, so that the response to Gap winds is not as dramatic.     

上游赤道西风在南海夏季风暴发中的重要作用

利用17年（1979～1995）的NMC全球格点分析资料及从NOAA极轨卫星观测的地球向外长波辐射（OLR）资料,研究了南海夏季风暴发的年际变化特征。用本文的定义标准,南海季风从1979年到1995年间暴发的平均日期是5月第4候。南海夏季风暴发前后,南海周围地区对夏季风暴发的直接影响来自南海上游70°～90°E的赤道西风的加强和北抬东伸,同时索马里越赤道气流的加强和阿拉伯海高压在海上消失通过影响赤道西风也间接影响到南海。其中阿拉伯海反气旋的消失可能是南海夏季风暴发的一个重要信号。南海夏季风暴发的年际变化较     

Shallow Drainage Flows

Two-dimensional sonic anemometers and slowresponse thermistors were deployedacross a shallow gully during CASES99. Weak gully flow of a few tenths of m s^-1 anda depth of a few metres develops in the earlyevening on most nights with clear skies.Flow down the gully developed sometimes evenwhen the opposing ambient wind exceeded10 m s^-1 at the top of the60–m tower. Cold air drainage fromlarger-scale slopes flows over the top ofthe colder gully flow. The gully flowand other drainage flows are generally eliminated in the middle of the night in conjunctionwith flow acceleration abovethe surface inversion layer and downwardmixing of warmer air and highermomentum. As the flow decelerates later inthe night, the gully flow may re-form.The thin drainage flows decouple standard observational levels of3–10 m from the surface.Under such common conditions, eddy correlationflux measurements cannot be used toestimate surface fluxes nor even detect thethin gully and drainage flows. The gentlegully system in this field program is typical ofmuch of the Earths land surface.     

Role of Downward Momentum Transport in the Formation of Severe Surface Winds

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to investigate the role of downward momentum transport in the formation of severe surface winds for a squall line on 3-4 June 2009 across regions of the Henan and Shandong Provinces of China. The results show that there was a strong westerly jet belt with a wind speed greater than 30 m s 1 and a thickness of 5 km at an altitude of 11-16 km. The jet belt was accelerated, and it descended while the squall line convective system occurred. It was found that the appearance of strong negative perturbation pressure accompanied by the squall line caused the acceleration of the upper-level westerly jet and increased the horizontal wind speed by a maximum of 18%. Meanwhile, the negative buoyancy due to the loading, melting, and evaporation of cloud hydrometeors induced the downward momentum transport from the upper levels. The downward momentum transport contributed approximately 70% and the surface cold pool 30% to the formation of severe surface winds.     

1980—2014年中国台风大风和台风极端大风的变化

基于1980—2014中国670站日最大风速资料,利用改进的客观天气图分析法（OSAT）分离出中国陆地的台风大风（6级以上,≥10.8 m/s）,并定义了台风极端大风,进而研究了台风大风和台风极端大风的变化特征。分析表明：在地理分布上,台风大风年均日数和占比均自海岸线向内陆迅速减小,在海南、华南和东南沿海省份以及江苏南部,台风大风占比一般为30%～70%;台风极端大风年均日数大值主要分布在沿海省市（除河北和天津）,特别是华东和华南沿海,局部地区台风极端大风日数占比达100%。从季节变化看,在台风活跃的7—9月,中国台风极端大风频次总体上超过了季风极端大风;就全国而言,当阈值从最低值（11.5 m/s）提升至12级（32.7 m/s）时,台风极端大风频数占比则从12%急剧攀升至77%。1980—2014年,中国台风大风和台风极端大风年日数均显著减少,而台风极端大风年平均强度增强;这期间引起中国台风大风和台风极端大风的台风频数均显著减少,但引起台风极端大风的台风在生命期和影响期的平均强度均显著增强,这可能是上述显著变化特征的主要原因。     

Geochemical behaviour of the Tunisian background aerosols in Sirocco wind circulations

This study examines spatial and time evolutions of the principal constituents of the Tunisian background aerosols under Sirocco wind circulations. Aerosols coming from the Sahara Desert were found to be loaded with particulate matter, especially silicon. The aerosols were shown to have varying geochemical behaviour along the ``South-North" displacement of the Saharan plumes, depending on the wind flow characteristics, geomorphologic features and the nature of soils swept by the wind. In the south and the center part of the country, the transfer of aerosol constituents to the soil (by gravity and/or impaction) was probably predominated by localized enrichment phenomena. The latter are reinforced by the effect of turbulent winds over bare soils, wind wakes and probably selective disintegration, especially in the vicinity of the geomorphologic features of central Tunisia. These relatively high features, extending over important distances, appear to be of paramount importance for the phenomena of redistribution of aerosol constituents even during periods without Sirocco wind circulations. In the northern section of the country, aerosol constituent concentrations dropped to almost 50%, in spite of the abundance of localized turbulent winds. This may be explained by the effect of forests and the relatively dense vegetation cover, which clearly reinforces the transfer phenomena to the soil and the attenuate of dust entrainment.     

The Structure and Evolution of Sea Breezes During the Qingdao Olympics Sailing Test Event in 2006

Using data from automatic surface weather stations,buoys,lidar and Doppler,the diurnal variation and the three-dimensional structure of the sea breezes near the sailing sites of the Good Luck Beijing— 2006 Qingdao International Regatta from 18 to 31 August 2006 are analyzed.Results show that excluding rainy days and days affected by typhoon,the sea breezes occur nearly every day during this period.When Qingdao is located at the edge of the subtropical high at 500 hPa,the sea breeze is usually stronger,aroun...     

海表面盛行风背景下大气对黑潮海洋锋的响应特征

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料,应用高通滤波等方法,研究了春季不同海表面盛行风背景下,东海黑潮海洋锋区附近的海气关系。观测分析表明:在东海,春季3种不同海表面盛行风条件下海表面温度与海表面风速之间都存在明显的正相关关系,表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。大气对海洋锋的响应在3种不同盛行风条件下也存在明显的差异。在西北盛行风和东南盛行风背景下,即当风向垂直于海洋锋由冷侧(暖侧)吹向暖侧(冷侧)时,海表面风的辐散(辐合)出现在海洋锋上空。同时,海洋锋对海平面气压(SLP)、降水和对流活动的影响较弱,表明大气对海洋锋的响应主要局限在大气边界层内。在东北盛行风背景下,即当风平行于海洋锋时,在海洋锋的暖(冷)水侧上空为海表面风的辐合(辐散),并与SLP的异常低(高)值相对应,主要雨带出现在黑潮暖舌上空。无论从总降水还是层云、对流降水频次的空间分布来看,盛行东北风时,海表面温度对其上雨带的影响最为明显。分析结果还表明,在不同盛行风背景下,海洋锋附近的海气关系由不同的物理机制在起主导作用。当盛行平行于海洋锋的东北风时,主要由SLP调整机制起作用;而盛行垂直于海洋锋的西北风时则主要由垂直混合机制起作用。     

Observations of the Relation Between Upslope Flows and the Convective Boundary Layer in Steep Terrain

Slope flow mechanisms are crucial for the transport of air pollutants in complex terrain. Previous observations in sloping terrain showed upslope flows filling the entire convective boundary layer (CBL) and reducing air pollution concentrations by venting air pollutants out of the CBL into the free atmosphere. During the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Field Study in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, we observed slope flows during weak synoptic winds, clear skies, and strong daytime solar heating. With a Doppler sodar we measured the three wind components at the foot of a slope having an average angle of 19° and a ridge height of 780 m. We operated a scanning lidar system and a tethersonde at a nearby site on the adjacent plain to measure backscatter of particulate matter, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and specific humidity. Strong daytime upslope flows of up to 6 m s⁻¹ through a depth of up to 500 m occurred in the lower CBL, but with often equally strong and deep return flows in the upper part of the CBL. The mass transport of upslope flow and return flow approximately balanced over a 4-h morning period, suggesting a closed slope-flow circulation within the CBL. These observations showed that air pollutants can remain trapped within a CBL rather than being vented from the CBL into the free atmosphere.