复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯（EPS）颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

寒区桩基础的多场耦合分析模型及其应用

引入桩土相互作用的界面单元将冻土地基与混凝土桩联系起来, 考虑应力场、温度场、水份场三场耦合条件, 建立了冻土区桩土共同作用的粘弹塑性非线性有限元分析计算模式. 结合工程实例用本文方法对单桩冻胀过程中的应力场及位移场进行了计算, 着重揭示和研究了冻结过程中桩土间切向冻胀应力场、冻结应力场及位移场的随时间变化过程, 进而研究了单桩承载力冻结过程中的发生与发展的变化过程.     

考虑渗流作用的土坝地震反应分析

引入比奥固结理论采用流体-固体完全耦合的方法,考虑了孔隙水流动对坝体的孔隙水压力、应力及变形的影响,并用FLAC对土坝分别进行了耦合与非耦合数值模拟,对比结果表明考虑孔隙水流动时坝体水平变形量和竖向变形量都有所增大而孔隙水压力和有效应力的变化趋势取决于所在坝体的位置;对于地震时间较长,土层较薄,渗透系数较大的坝体需考虑孔隙水的流动。     

非均匀冻胀条件下铁路纵向变形模型及参数分析

我国是冻土分布大国,寒区铁路轨道普遍遭受地基土冻胀影响。以往的研究偏重地基土的冻胀特征,而对纵向非均匀冻胀变形下铁路与地基土的相互作用关注较少。基于双层弹性地基梁理论,建立铁轨-轨下基础在非均匀冻胀变形作用下的力学模型,给出模型的解析解,结合算例分析夹层弹性系数和冻胀量对轨道位移和内力的影响。结果表明：弹性夹层可以有效减弱铁轨的冻胀变形和应力响应,有利于维护铁轨的运营;铁轨和轨下基础的过渡段长度、凹凸弯折段处的剪力、弯矩随着冻胀位移的增大而增长;夹层弹性系数增大会导致冻胀力对轨下基础的影响逐渐向轨道转移;过渡段的长度只与冻胀量有关。文章提出的计算方法和分析结论可为寒区铁路设计和运营维护提供科学指导。     

基于双曲线模型的冻土中锚杆荷载传递特性研究

为研究不同冻结温度及含水率对冻结粉土中锚杆抗拔性能的影响,根据冻土与混凝土接触面的力学特性和变形规律,采用双曲线模型描述锚杆-冻土接触面的剪切特性。基于荷载传递法,建立考虑温度和含水率影响的锚杆荷载传递方程,采用有限差分法进行求解,得到锚固段的剪应力、轴力及承载力计算式;通过ABAQUS数值模拟验证荷载传递方程的合理性,结合算例分析表明：冻土中锚杆抗拔承载力大于常温土,且温度越低承载力越高;在相同荷载作用下,冻土温度越低,轴力沿深度衰减越快,剪应力分布越不均匀;相同冻结温度下,锚杆承载力随含水率的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;增加锚固体直径能有效地提高锚杆的极限承载力。     

高孔隙岩石变形的离散单元模型

实验和野外观测表明颗粒破碎显著影响高孔隙岩石的变形特征.为建立高孔隙岩石变形的数值模型,我们以弹性理论为基础并根据问题的特征进行合理简化,给出了一种颗粒破碎机制,并根据此颗粒破碎条件改进传统的离散单元模型.利用改进的离散单元模型,研究了不同压力条件下高孔隙岩石变形的宏观和微观特征.数值模拟结果表明考虑颗粒破碎的模型能重现高孔隙岩石在不同围压下变形的应力-应变关系、声发射特征、应变局部化和剪切增强压缩等特征.我们还发现,与野外观测结果一致,在高孔隙岩石脆性阶段剪切带内部及附近伴有显著的颗粒破碎.     

庆阳黄土冻融环境下的特性研究

为了解冻融作用对黄土湿陷性的作用效果,以Q3黄土为研究对象,采用增(减)湿法配制不同含水量黄土试样,测试黄土在无补水条件下受温度影响的冻融变形、压缩变形和湿陷变形;对原状黄土进行颗粒分析及基本物理力学参数试验。分析表明:(1)黄土是否产生冻胀取决于其含水量是否超过"临界冻胀含水量"。(2)冻融黄土与原状黄土相比压缩变形量较大,把部分浸水湿陷变形转化为压缩变形,冻融作用使黄土的湿陷性弱化。(3)冷冻黄土在相同温度下,含水量越大,湿陷系数越小;在同一含水量下,冻结温度愈低湿陷系数愈小。     

考虑冻土的陆面过程模型及其在青藏高原GAME/Tibet试验中的应用

陆面过程的研究对于更好地认识气候和天气系统的演变规律、陆地-大气水热交换过程、人类活动对气候和环境的影响等具有重要意义. 建立了综合考虑土壤冻融、土壤水汽通量、植被覆盖和陆面-大气近地层水热交换的一维冻土-植被-大气连续体模型, 模拟了固液相变、汽态水迁移、土壤水、汽、热耦合迁移等过程, 反映了液态水从未冻区向冻结区迁移、冻结及其引起的潜热迁移的冻土物理本质, 也反映了汽态水分从高温区向低温区迁移所引起的温度及水分场的变化, 并对模型进行了检验. 水分运动方程采用混合Richards方程, 可适应各种边界条件. 土壤水热传输模型求解引入了修正的Picard迭代法, 不仅使计算迭代收敛更快, 而且能更好地保证数值计算过程中的水量平衡. 结合GAME/Tibet实验1998年5月份、7月份的观测数据, 应用该模型对青藏高原安多观测点的水热交换过程进行了模拟分析. 模拟结果表明: 土壤的冻融过程对地温变化会产生负反馈作用; 若净辐射相同, 土壤表层含水量较高的情况下考虑冻结时其地热通量在冰融化时明显增加, 显热通量减少, 而潜热通量变化不大, 但是冻结时各通量的变化不明显; 而土壤发生融化时, 尽管地热通量增加, 但是地表温度仍然减小; 土壤发生冻结时, 尽管土壤负温要比不考虑冻结时高, 但整体上热通量变化不大.     

正冻土中水热迁移问题的混合物理论模型

在连续统力学的混合物理论框架下研究了冻土的力学 热学性质 ,建立了相应的本构关系 .以此为基础 ,首先给出了层冰形成的一个判别准则 ,研究了孔隙率对冻胀量的影响 ,所得规律能很好地解释已有试验结果 .其次 ,推导出控制冻土水热迁移过程的场方程为具有可动边界的非线性Burgers型方程 ,这一发现为研究土体冻结过程中的非线性效应提供了理论基础 .     

基于自相容近似的致密储层岩石物理建模

致密储层在油气勘探开发中越来越受到人们的重视.致密储层具有低孔低渗的特征,我们在分析致密储层孔隙特征的基础上考虑了基质固体颗粒的影响.在不知道基质颗粒几何细节的情况下,HS界限和VR界限只能给出基质模量的近似取值范围.为了更加精确计算岩石弹性模量和速度,需要考虑固体颗粒几何形状的影响.基于自相容近似,我们给出了一个新的模型S-S模型,该模型同时考虑了孔隙形状和固体颗粒形状对岩石纵横波速度的影响.通过实例应用,发现考虑固体颗粒形状的影响可以提高横波速度预测精度,验证了新模型的适用性.     

Sediment movement rates and processes on cinder cones in the maritime Subantarctic (Marion Island)

Sediment transport in the scoria areas of Marion Island is primarily the result of needle‐ice‐induced frost creep associated with diurnal soil frost cycles. Clasts move most rapidly in ?ne textured areas (532 mm a^?1; SD 382), more slowly in stony areas (161 mm a^?1; SD 179), and most slowly in blocky areas (26 mm a^?1; SD 23). Movement rates increase with increasing frost susceptibility of sediments, slope angle and altitude. The heave of dowels indicates that frost heave is active in all the scoria areas examined. The depth of effective frost heave increases with increasing altitude, with frost heave being restricted to the upper 100 mm of the soil in low altitude areas (<200 m). The heave of 150 mm dowels at the higher altitude sites provides evidence for segregation ice formation at depths greater than those associated with needle ice and diurnal soil frost cycles. Vertical movement pro?les show a concave downslope pro?le, with sediment movement rates being most rapid at the soil surface and decreasing rapidly with depth. This pro?le shape is typical of areas dominated by diurnal freeze–thaw cycles and needle ice. The capture of sediments moving downslope in troughs and the sampling of material lifted by needle ice, suggest that sediment transport by needle ice under present conditions is extremely effective. Observations suggest that although both ?ne material and clasts are transported downslope, some preferential transport of clasts occurs. Experiment results and observations of soil frost processes suggest that frost creep associated with needle ice activity is the dominant slope process in the scoria areas of Marion Island. Other slope processes such as slopewash and debris ?ows appear to play a relatively minor and localized role in sediment transport. It is suggested that needle ice activity is likely to be the dominant geomorphic agent in other areas of the Subantarctic with similar climatic characteristics to Marion Island. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic stability of concrete gravity dams strengthened by rockfill buttressing

Rockfill buttressing resting on the downstream face of masonry or concrete gravity dam is often considered as a strengthening method to improve the stability of existing dam for hydrostatic and seismic loads. Simplified methods for seismic stability analysis of composite concrete-rockfill dams are discussed. Numerical analyses are performed using a nonlinear rockfill model and nonlinear dam-rockfill interface behavior to investigate the effects of backfill on dynamic response of composite dams. A typical 35 m concrete gravity dam, strengthened by rockfill buttressing is considered. The results of analyses confirm that backfill can improve the seismic stability of gravity dams by exerting pressure on the dam in opposition to hydrostatic loads. According to numerical analyses results, the backfill pressures vary during earthquake base excitations and the inertia forces of the backfill are the main source for those variations. It is also shown that significant passive (or active) pressure cannot develop in composite dams with a finite backfill width. A simplified model is also proposed for dynamic analysis of composite dam by replacing the backfill with by a series of vertical cantilever shear beams connected to each other and to the dam by flexible links.     

Temporal and spatial variations in periglacial soil movements on alpine crest slopes

This paper describes up to ten years of continuous monitoring of frost heave, creep and associated parameters on high mountain crest slopes in the Japanese and Swiss Alps, aiming to evaluate spatial and interannual variations in the rates and controls of soil movement. Shallow frost creep re?ecting diurnal frost heave activity dominates the crest slopes that lack a vegetation mat and have a thin debris mantle with good drainage. Seasonal frost heave activity can induce slightly deeper movement where ?ne soil exists below the depth reached by diurnal freeze–thaw penetration, although the shallow bedrock impedes movements below 20 cm depth. As a result, downslope velocity pro?les display strong concavity with surface velocities of 2–50 cm a^?1. The frost creep rates vary spatially, depending on the soil texture, slope gradient, frequency of temperature cycling across 0 °C and moisture availability during freeze–thaw periods. Soil movements recur in every freeze–thaw period, although with some interannual variations affected by the length of seasonal snow cover and the occurrence of precipitation during freeze–thaw periods. The Swiss Alps encounter more signi?cant interannual variations than the Japanese Alps, re?ecting the large variability of the annual snow regime. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of phase equilibrium in frost heave of fine-grained soil under negligible overburden pressure

The role of the phase equilibrium of water in frost heave was studied for two kinds of soil. The rate of frost heave and the rate of water intake were measured simultaneously under various rates of heat removal. The experimental data revealed a trend common for both soils that the rate of water intake attains its maximum at a certain critical rate of heat removal. The data were analyzed by using equations accurately describing the relation between these rates. The results of the analysis indicate a serious doubt about the validity of phase equilibrium in the system. Alternatively, an assumption was introduced that supercooling occurred between a frost front and an unfrozen part of the soil. It was shown that supercooling could explain the data well under certain conditions.     

Geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows on Junior's Kop,Marion Island,maritime sub ‐ Antarctic

The geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment are described. The morphological and sedimentological characteristics of the debris flows are comparable to debris flows documented for other parts of the world; their initiation appears closely linked to the unusual environment in which they are found. Sediment supply is generated by diurnal frost heave of loamy sediment associated with Azorella selago. The debris flows are triggered by sediment mobilization upon saturation of the frost‐heaved surface gravel and overland flow over the low‐permeability and frost‐susceptible slope materials. Morphological effects of the flows are short‐lived due to obliteration by subsequent frost heave activity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic passive earth resistance using modified pseudo-dynamic method

In earthquake prone areas, understanding of the seismic passive earth resistance is very important for the design of different geotechnical earth retaining structures. In this study, the limit equilibrium method is used for estimation of critical seismic passive earth resistance for an inclined wall supporting horizontal cohesionless backfill. A composite failure surface is considered in the present analysis. Seismic forces are computed assuming the backfill soil as a viscoelastic material overlying a rigid stratum and the rigid stratum is subjected to a harmonic shaking. The present method satisfies the boundary conditions. The amplification of acceleration depends on the properties of the backfill soil and on the characteristics of the input motion. The acceleration distribution along the depth of the backfill is found to be nonlinear in nature. The present study shows that the horizontal and vertical acceleration distribution in the backfill soil is not always in-phase for the critical value of the seismic passive earth pressure coefficient. The effect of different parameters on the seismic passive earth pressure is studied in detail. A comparison of the present method with other theories is also presented, which shows the merits of the present study.     

Role of heat and water transport in frost heaving of fine-grained porous media under negligible overburden pressure

An equation accurately describing the rate of frost heave is derived by using the mixture theory of continuum mechanics. It is shown that the rate of frost heave is determined mainly by the rate of heat removal and the rate of water intake. When the phase equilibrium holds in the system, the relation between the rate of heat removal and the rate of water intake is shown to depend mainly on the phase composition data of a given medium.By studying reported experimental data, it is found that the phase equilibrium may hold until th rate of heat removal reaches a certain critical value. When the rate of heat removal exceeds this critical value, the phase equilibrium may possibly be disrupted for some media.     

回填土场地强震动性质讨论

本文旨在讨论位于回填土场地上及回填土场地深挖基坑内的强震动观测仪所获得地震动是否是真实自由场地震动,若不是,其影响如何?结合回填土场地的强震动观测台站建设的实际情形,建立了回填土场地和回填土场地深挖基坑的有限元分析模型,基于集中质量显式动力有限元数值模拟方法,分析了回填土的波速和厚度、基坑尺寸对自由场地震动的影响.同时,提出了通过用重塑土置换回填土以降低回填土对自由场地震动影响的措施,并对重塑土置换回填土的效果进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明:回填土上和回填土深挖基坑内的地震动峰值和反应谱值与原始场地的均有明显的差异,随着回填土厚度和基坑深度的增加,其差异越大;通过重塑土置换回填土可以减小回填土对场地地震动的影响.本文所得关于回填土、基坑和重塑土的影响规律可为回填土场地上强震动观测结果的合理利用以及强震动观测台站建设提供依据.