科技部基础性工作项目“大陆大气本底基准研究”日前启动

建立在长期连续观测之上的科学数据积累是科研的基础性工作之一 ,作为基础科学发展和基础研究的基层支撑和本源 ,是科学技术的持续发展和不断创新的资源宝库。在实施科教兴国战略的进程中 ,国家科技部近来加大了对科学研究基础性工作的支持 ,1 999年下半年起从全国各个行业部门征集申报项目 ,经过专家评审等严格的选拔程序 ,确定 1 8个首批支持项目。由中国气象局推荐、中国气象科学研究院申报的“大陆大气本底基准研究”项目获得批准 ,从 1 999年底开始正式启动实施。大气本底监测是通过长期、精确的连续测量来确定因人类活动造成的大气成…     

近30年大气化学和大气环境研究回顾———纪念中国气象科学研究院成立50周年

概述了中国气象科学研究院 (简称气科院) 近30年来有关大气化学和大气环境研究成果。该院完成了国家自然科学基金重大项目和科技部973项目等一系列重要研究项目, 做出了许多具有重大创新性的成果:在青藏高原发现“臭氧低谷”, 这一重大发现列为当年中国10大科技成果之一; 首次把环境、生态、气候几个重要领域进行综合研究, 发现人类活动对环境造成的变化改变了生态环境状态, 最终对区域气候造成影响; 对北京市大气污染机理和调控原理进行了深入研究, 在三维立体观测基础上, 提出了点-面结合与统计-动力综合分析, 地面观测-卫星遥感分析方法及模式新技术等, 获取了解决大气环境领域关键技术难点的创新成果; 建立了全球第一个大陆大气本底基准观象台即瓦里关本底台, 开创了我国全球大气本底业务观测等。几十年来气科院大气化学研究工作几乎涵盖了当前大气化学所有重要领域及其前沿学科, 其中包括温室气体、臭氧和反应性气体、气溶胶、酸雨、模式的发展及应用、空气质量预报技术和环境评价等。气科院大气化学研究工作是和中国气象局大气成分监测站网建设密不可分的, 广大科研人员参加了诸如大气本底站网、酸雨站网、臭氧站网、沙尘暴站网等业务站网的建设, 与此同时也构建了大气化学科研平台。     

大气成分网络化观测结果的分析、评估和服务

2004年起，中国气象局在北京上甸子、浙江临安和黑龙江龙凤山区域本底站先后开展了包括大气气溶胶、反应性气体等在内的业务观测。2006年初中国气象局充分利用已有站网，结合国家大气成分本底台站的建设以及大气成分预报业务的发展急需，在全国14个关键区域布设了包括7个大气本底台站在内的30个大气成分观测站，形成了全国大气成分观测网（图1）。     

瓦里关大气本底基准观象台

瓦里关大气本底基准观象台(简称本底台或CGAWBO)是根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》,由中国政府与世界气象组织(WMO)和环境基金(GEF)合作开展的对全球尺度大气本底污染浓度进行监测的国际合作项目。按世界气象组织有关规范和标准,在全球基准大气本底条件下开展包括温室气体、大气     

五幕话剧《极限实验》梗概又名《臭氧，你好》——献给中国大气本底基准观象台成立10周年

故事背景:位于青藏高原的中国大气本底基准观象台是我国唯一全球大气本底基准观测台。这里有世界上最先进的大气化学观测仪器群,每天产生数万个大气监测数据。随着全球气候恶化的加剧,国内外科学家把目光转向了青藏高原,一批批科学家走进中国大气本底基准观象台的实验室,试图从这里得到全球气候变化的蛛丝马迹,解开气候变化的奥秘。他们聚集在这里进行科学实验,研究全球性气候变化,评估全球大气质量。这样一座热点的高科技实验平台,建在海拔3861米的孤山上,由于工作性质的要求,这里只能两个人工作,但他们与恶劣的气候,严酷的环境斗争,忍受寂寞和枯燥,长年坚守在工作岗位上;这里常遭遇不期而来的风暴、暴雨、雪灾等,他们与自然灾害抗争,他们与当地藏族同胞和睦相处,亲如一家。本剧描写的是围绕着国     

大气本底监测

我院承担中国大气本底基准现象台（瓦里关本底台）、3个区域大气本底污染监测站、3个臭氧站和全国酸雨监测站网（86个站点）的业务指导和技术支持工作。主要监测项目包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、臭氧（总量和地面）、二氧化硫、降水（酸雨）和气溶胶化学、太阳辐射及气象观测等。1999年的主要工作进展如下：．完成了瓦里关本底台二氧化碳台站标准与北京WMO二级标准间的校准,并参加了WMO－NOAATh氧化碳标准国际比对活动,取得了较好结果。．圆满完成了国内3台BREWER臭氧光谱仪的国际比对标定工作。．对瓦里关本底台的业务人员进行…     

大气成分观测与服务中心的主要进展

在大气化学实验室以及大气本底、酸雨和沙尘暴等观测站网长期工作基础上，作为“大气成分轨道”的主要牵头实施单位，大气成分观测与服务中心积极按照中国气象局业务技术体制改革总体方案精神，按照“立足现有、统筹规划、重点突出、分步建设”基本思路，设计建设大气成分研究型业务体系，保证了各项科研、业务和服务工作的顺利开展。目前初步形成了12个研究和业务团队：气溶胶、温室气体及相关微量成分、反应性气体与大气光化学、臭氧与辐射、酸雨、边界层、数值同化、大气成分数值模拟、化学输送数值模拟、大气成分气候效应、大气成分反转数值模拟、常规预报要素分析。2005年在研和新获准的各类国家级和省部级科研项目达30多项。对原有的观测站网和大气化学实验室进行升级改造、增容及整合，重新布设了基本覆盖全国范围的30个大气成分观测站。按照国家科技基础条件平台发展规划，牵头实施“国家大气成分本底观测研究台站体系建设”。中国气象局4个大气本底站（青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山）正式进入国家级野外观测研究台站行列；完成了2个拟新建本底站（云南香格里拉、新疆阿克达拉）论证试验和可行性研究报告，初步确定了湖北金沙预选本底站站址，即将启动科学论证工作；开展“酸雨观测业务规范”人员培训，大力推进酸雨工作业务化。     

中国大气本底基准观象台建台回忆

中国大气本底基准观象台（以下简称：瓦里关本底台）座落在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县境内瓦里关山山顶上,坐标为36°17′N,100°54′E,海拔3816m（山顶相对高度为600m。瓦里关本底台是世界气象组织（WMO）全球大气观测系统（GAW）的22个全球基准站之一,是目前世界上唯一地处欧亚大陆腹地、大陆型的全球基准站;也是我国大气本底监测站网的核心指标站。瓦里关本底台已被中华人民共和国科学技术部列为国家重点野外科学观测试验站。     

大陆大气本底基准研究

国家社会公益类研究重点项目“大陆大气本底基准研究”2006年8月通过由国家科技部基础司组织的验收。验收专家组认为项目观测数据资料、数据质量的总体水平达到国际先进水平，对瓦里关山NOy的观测和本底地区气溶胶理化特性方面有价值的发现。     

临安区域大气本底站温室气体研究进展

为研究我国长江三角洲区域温室气体本底浓度变化的时空分布特征,自2006年以来,临安区域大气本底站开展了温室气体瓶采样的观测实验。2008年开始,陆续开展温室气体在线观测项目。观测结果将探明我国长江三角洲区域温室气体浓度时空分布、变化趋势、源汇特征。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...