关于渗流的力及其应用

饱和渗流是岩土体失稳的重要因素。叙述了渗流产生的消极破坏力“浮力”和积极破坏力“渗透力”。较详细地讨论了渗流各力之间的相互转换关系及其在管涌滑坡问题中的正确应用;并特别推荐引用渗透力计算滑坡问题具有简便、精确的优点。并指出了在计算中和设计规范中引用渗流力方面的误解。     

管涌与滤层的研究:管涌部分

对管涌和滤层两个相关联问题的研究发展过程进行了综述和评论,并将过去的研究成果与之比较。管涌问题是土体渗透变形的一个重要现象,关系到地基的渗流破坏。首先探讨了管涌的内在涵义,评述了当今管涌的研究现状及其发展方向,然后介绍了一些过去的试验资料、研究成果和计算公式,包括管涌土与非管涌土的判别方法,垂直向上渗流和水平渗流时的管涌临界坡降,并引用目前文献中的试验资料验证其公式是可靠的,最后说明了建立在土颗粒级配曲线上的管涌研究方法是当前的研究趋势,因而对这些过去的研究成果进行比较、讨论是有益的。     

均质土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场空间性状研究

堤坝发生管涌破坏时,渗流场具有强烈的空间特性,管涌发展过程的数值模拟对于堤坝工程管涌预防与治理都具有重要的参考价值。提出以一维通道嵌入三维块体的方法,克服了在三维问题有限元模拟方法上存在的困难。在探讨均质土坝管涌发展过程模拟方法的基础上,使用数值方法分析了土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场时空分布特性;揭示了管涌发展过程中渗流力集中状况及其变化规律。研究表明,改善渗流场的形态是防治堤坝工程管涌的关键措施。     

基坑防渗体局部失效渗流场变化特征

采用三维有限元方法分析了基坑开挖工程在防渗体出现局部失效情况下，引起渗流在失效部位的集中及渗流场空间状况。提出了以一维通道嵌入三维块体的方法模拟管涌发展过程及渗流场变化特征。讨论了管涌通道渗透性对基坑管涌发展规律的影响。     

渗透变形过程中临空面表层土体渗透特性变化试验研究

在堤基管涌发展机制的研究中,需考虑管涌通道四周破坏扰动松散层的影响。目前针对松散层渗透特性变化的定量试验数据较少。基于此,通过一维垂直向上渗流作用下均匀砂的渗透试验来研究临空面表层土体的松散过程和渗透特性变化情况。砂样垂向渗透变形发展过程中伴随着临空面表层土体松散破坏和松散层逐渐向深部扩展的过程。通过分析砂样沿程水头分布的调整变化情况得知,松散表层土体的渗透系数分布呈突变形式,即临空面松散薄层的渗透系数远大于其下松散砂层的渗透系数。由此类推,管涌通道边壁四周松散薄层的渗透系数远大于砂样整体渗透系数,松散层的存在使得管涌通道尖端坡降并不会达到很大值。这一点认识对管涌发展机制的研究至关重要。     

三相耦合渗流侵蚀管涌机制研究及有限元模拟

管涌的发生、发展过程是土骨架相在渗流作用下侵蚀为可动细颗粒相,并随水相在孔隙通道中运移流失的过程。在该过程中,渗流与侵蚀相互耦合,相互促进,水相、土相、可动细颗粒相互作用,因此,管涌过程是一个多场、多相耦合的高度非线性的动态过程。现有的管涌试验结果表明,只有当水力梯度大于起始水力梯度时,细颗粒相才会随水相从土体中运移流失,土体才会发生管涌侵蚀,且管涌稳定后土体的孔隙率（稳定孔隙率）和水力梯度之间存在对应关系,根据该结果,提出管涌稳定孔隙率的概念,修正传统的渗流侵蚀本构方程,建立多孔介质中三相耦合的修正的渗流侵蚀管涌控制方程。最后,针对特定应力状态下的土体建立稳定孔隙率和水力梯度之间的对应关系。基于Galerkin有限元法编制有限元程序,在轴对称情况下对该土体的管涌过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,修正后的管涌控制方程能更全面地描述管涌发生、发展直至稳定状态的特性。     

考虑应力状态的悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基管涌临界坡降试验研究

悬挂式防渗墙-强透水地基所处的应力状态,对其管涌等渗透变形发展过程影响明显。利用自行研制的新型土与结构物接触剪切渗透仪,开展不同应力状态下悬挂式防渗墙--缺乏中间级配的管涌型砂砾石地基的渗流-应力耦合管涌试验研究。结果表明,应力状态对悬挂式防渗墙-砂砾石地基的管涌临界渗透坡降影响巨大,围压越大,管涌临界渗透坡降越大,基于试验结果,建立了由围压表示的管涌临界渗透坡降线性经验公式。研究成果体现了渗流-应力耦合效应对防渗墙-砂砾石地基渗透稳定性的影响,可为确定深厚覆盖层中悬挂式防渗墙的合理贯入深度提供重要的理论依据。     

深部大断面厚顶煤巷道围岩稳定原理及控制

针对深部高地应力、大断面、厚顶煤巷道围岩控制难题,采用理论分析、数值计算等方法研究了其变形破坏机制及其控制技术。研究结果表明,深部大断面厚顶煤巷道顶煤塑性区呈“拱形”或上宽下窄的“倒梯形”形态,直接顶塑性区则呈“矩形”形态,且存在肩角稳定区域。提出了“倒梯形”塑性区形成的层理面剪切破坏作用机制：在深部高应力（尤其是高水平应力）以及顶煤较大下沉产生的附加水平应力作用下,顶煤和直接顶之间的层理面发生剪切破坏,并引起其附近煤体破坏,促进了顶煤“倒梯形”塑性区的形成。基于此,提出了高强高预紧力锚杆和斜拉锚索梁联合支护围岩控制技术,认为斜拉锚索可锚固在肩角稳定区域,并起到限制顶煤与直接顶岩层之间层理面的剪切变形、阻止顶煤塑性区由“拱形”向“倒梯形”发展的作用。研究成果成功应用于工程实践     

板桥河左岸堤防渗透破坏风险分析

以板桥河左岸堤防加固工程为背景,提出了一条基于确定性渗流有限元进行堤防渗透破坏风险分析的途径,并对板桥河堤防渗透破坏风险进行了分析研究,根据分析结果对堤防渗透稳定性进行了评价。所采用研究方法发挥了有限元的优点,能够模拟堤防场地土层实际分布情况,较准确地计算洪水位下运行堤防背水面水力坡降。根据“端点组合-单调性法”理论和“3?”法则,通过1995年堤防典型破圩实例建立起整个堤防的抗渗临界水力坡降、渗透破坏风险率的临界值以及堤防汛期防渗的警戒水位,对整个板桥河堤防渗透稳定性评价工作具有非常重要的意义,其分析方法以及研究思路可供同类堤防工程的渗透稳定性评价工作借鉴。     

坝基二维渗流场的大尺寸物理模型试验

利用大尺寸砂槽试验模型模拟了坝基二维渗流全过程,并着重分析了坝基二维渗流场的变化情况。模型槽内土样渗透变形破坏后,取不同区域土样进行颗粒分析试验。根据渗透变形试验所获得的参数,运用GeoStudio 2007软件对坝基渗流场进行数值分析,所得渗流场分布与物理模型试验结果基本吻合,说明该二维渗流场的物理模型试验结果较为合理。结果表明,渗透破坏主要发生在坝体下渗透路径较短的区域内,而坝基上下游基本未产生渗透变形;产生渗透破坏后,渗流路径发生较大改变,导致渗透破坏区域渗流量大幅增加,加速坝基破坏进程。     

Numerical simulation of the developing course of piping

Piping is the main cause of dangerous situations and one of the most serious threats to levees in China. It is unlikely that Darcy’s law is suitable for evaluation of piping zones; therefore, the ordinary seepage computation based method of simply increasing the permeability coefficient of the piping zone is not appropriate. The discrete element method (DEM) may be a promising alternative to the use of Darcy’s law, but the large number of particles hampers its effective application in practice. In this study, a new approach based on combination of pipe flow in the erosion channel and seepage analysis in the remainder of the levee is proposed. Based on the changeable boundary between the two types of computational domains, the element free Galerkin method (EFG) was employed to facilitate the efficiency of coupling iteration. Examples show that this approach can simulate the main characteristics of developing processes in the erosion channel, which implies that this simplified method can be employed practically.     

Transient seepage analysis in zoned anisotropic soils based on the scaled boundary finite‐element method

The scaled boundary finite‐element method, a semi‐analytical computational scheme primarily developed for dynamic stiffness of unbounded domains, is applied to the analysis of unsteady seepage flow problems. This method is based on the finite‐element technology and gains the advantages of the boundary element method as well. Only boundary of the domain is discretized, no fundamental solution is required and singularity problems can be modeled rigorously. Anisotropic and non‐homogeneous materials satisfying similarity are modeled with no additional efforts. In this study, firstly, formulation of the method for the transient seepage flow problems is derived followed by its solution procedures. The accuracy, simplicity and applicability of the method are demonstrated via four numerical examples of transient seepage flow – three of them are available in the literature. Homogenous, non‐homogenous, isotropic and anisotropic material properties are considered to show the versatility of the technique. Excellent agreement with the finite‐element method is observed. The method out‐performs the finite‐element method in modeling singularity points. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy‐work‐based numerical manifold seepage analysis with an efficient scheme to locate the phreatic surface

A major challenge in seepage analysis is to locate the phreatic surface in an unconfined aquifer. The phreatic surface is unknown and assumed as a discontinuity separating the seepage domain into dry and wet parts, thus should be determined iteratively with special schemes. In this study, we systematically developed a new numerical manifold method (NMM) model for unconfined seepage analysis. The NMM is a general numerical method for modeling continuous and discontinuous deformation in a unified mathematical form. The novelty of our NMM model is rooted in the NMM two‐cover‐mesh system: the mathematical covers are fixed and the physical covers are adjusted with iterations to account for the discontinuity feature of the phreatic surface. We developed an energy‐work seepage model, which accommodates flexible approaches for boundary conditions and provides a form consistent with that in mechanical analysis with clarified physical meaning of the potential energy. In the framework of this energy‐work seepage model, we proposed a physical concept model (a pipe model) for constructing the penalty function used in the penalty method to uniformly deal with Dirichlet, Neumann, and material boundaries. The new NMM model was applied to study four example problems of unconfined seepage with varying geometric shape, boundary conditions, and material domains. The comparison of our simulation results to those of existing numerical models for these examples indicates that our NMM model can achieve a high accuracy and faster convergence speed with relatively coarse meshes. This NMM seepage model will be a key component of our future coupled hydro‐mechanical NMM model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A local artificial boundary for transient seepage problems with unsteady boundary conditions in unbounded domains

Numerical analysis of transient seepage in unbounded domains with unsteady boundary conditions requires a more sophisticated artificial boundary approach to deal with the infinite character of the domain. To that end, a local artificial boundary is established by simplifying a global artificial boundary. The global artificial boundary conditions (ABCs) at the truncated boundary are derived from analytical solutions for one‐dimensional axisymmetric diffusion problems. By applying Laplace transforms and introducing some specially defined auxiliary variables, the global ABCs are simplified to local ABCs to significantly enhance the computational efficiency. The proposed local ABCs are implemented in a finite element computer program so that the solutions to various seepage problems can be calculated. The proposed approach is first verified by the computation of a one‐dimensional radial flow problem and then tentatively applied to more general two‐dimensional cylindrical problems and planar problems. The solutions obtained using the local ABCs are compared with those obtained using a large element mesh and using a previously proposed local boundary. This comparison demonstrates the satisfactory performance and obvious superiority of the newly established boundary to the other local boundary. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙三维重构模型渗流场的LBM数值模拟

以云南昭通头寨植被发育斜坡土体为研究对象,结合CT扫描试验与数字图像处理技术实现了其三维大孔隙空间结构模型的重构。然后基于格子Boltzmann方法（LBM）的D3Q19模型,将固体土骨架视为渗流场边界,并设置反弹格式的边界条件模拟土骨架与水分间的相互作用,从细观角度研究了水在植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙中的渗流特性。研究结果表明：土体渗流过程中,在大孔隙纵向连通的通道内形成了优先流,且通道中的流速远超其他部位;而在封闭或者连通性差的大孔隙中导水率极小,流速几乎为0。土体中大孔隙通道内的流速由孔壁至通道中心逐渐增大,且流速与至通道中心的距离近似呈二次抛物线的分布特征。沿深度方向土体切片大孔隙率大的截面平均渗流流速Uz也较大,从整体变化趋势来看,截面大孔隙率与平均渗流流速有相似的变化规律,这充分说明植被发育斜坡土体内的大孔隙分布对土壤沿深度方向的渗流特性有重要影响。     

渗流对土质边坡稳定性的影响

根据Biot固结理论和孔隙水连续性原理,分别建立了应力场和渗流场耦合模型微分方程组及边界条件,并对耦合微分方程组进行空间离散和时间离散,建立了两场的耦合有限元方程。其研究成果,可为今后的研究工作提供一定的基础,对边坡工程的预防和防治具有一定的参考价值。