陀螺寻北仪快速定向辅助装置误差分析

为提高陀螺寻北仪定向画线效率,设计一种可快速定向画线的新型辅助装置。并对旋转角度及激光标线误差进行分析,验证该装置是否满足设计要求。采用不同测量方法对定向画线误差进行测量和分析,确定装置满足设计要求。     

西昌台网地震仪方位角校正

根据对测震台网台站方位角普查校正的工作要求,四川省地震局西昌测震台网采用STH-2型陀螺寻北仪对台网地震台站地震仪进行了方位角校正、方位标志安装和地震仪输出极性检测。通过陀螺寻北仪与地质罗盘仪定位地理正北方向两种方法相比较表明,采用陀螺寻北仪具有精度高,不受外界磁场或其它环境的干扰和影响的优点。在实际工作中发现大部分地震台站方位角偏差超过规范要求。经校正后,台网所有地震台站方位角偏差小于1°,符合规范要求。同时也进一步提高了西昌测震台网的地震观测资料的可靠性和地震分析处理精度。     

测震仪器定向方法探讨

测震仪器架设前须确定符合规范精度要求的NS向方位线,由于条件制约,以前NS向方位线基本借助罗盘确定,受磁偏角及外界干扰因素影响,定向精度较差。对目前使用的罗盘、寻北仪及波形相关性定向方法进行对比分析,探讨实际操作中各种定向方法的实用性。     

新型矿用钻机开孔定向仪的标定及误差补偿技术

为提高煤矿开孔定向的效率和精度,本文首先综述了煤矿井下开孔定向的常用测量方法,并对这些方法的优缺点和发展趋势进行了总结.在此基础上本文提出了 一种基于单轴高精度光纤陀螺寻北系统结合低成本三轴MEMS捷联惯导跟踪系统的新型测量方法.本文介绍了新测量系统的总体结构,重点进行了误差特性分析,确立了确定性误差和随机误差的来源.对于系统确定性误差中的加速度计误差,在常见一次模型的基础上建立了三阶非线性模型,对高阶项进行辨识补偿;同时对确定性误差中的陀螺误差进行建模,对其常值零偏、刻度系数和交叉耦合误差进行辨识补偿.对于系统的随机性误差,对光纤陀螺和MEMS陀螺数据分别进行时间序列分析,基于AIC准则进行模型选择并建立ARMA(2,1)时间序列模型,并采用卡尔曼滤波进行数据处理.设计并进行系统级试验和卡尔曼滤波试验,试验结果表明:所建立的各类误差模型能够有效提高传感器精度和系统级精度,结果满足实际钻孔开孔的需求.     

环境对磁通门磁变仪定向影响的分析

磁通门磁变仪实际工作在弱铁磁环境。本文分析了弱铁磁环境等对磁通门磁定仪定向的影响，得出了弱铁磁影响等环境中磁通门磁变仪准确定向的方法。     

磁偏角磁变仪的定向实验

对磁偏角磁变仪进行了定向实验,实验表明磁偏角磁变仪精确定向以在实际工作的环境中进行最佳。磁偏角磁变仪磁针保持定向能力强,垂直分量磁变仪等对该仪器的定向影响可以忽略,不必进行定向改正。     

海底定向技术:原理、结构与应用

海底定向测量技术可为海底观测、原位探测和沉积物取样等海洋地质与地球物理调查提供高精度姿态方位信息,进而拓展海洋科学与工程研究领域.本文系统介绍了自主研发海底磁方位仪的工作原理、技术方法.系统误差分析表明,海底磁方位仪的定向精度与其安装环境中的软磁材料对测点位置地球磁场干扰的情况密切相关.本文针对性的提出一套可行的磁补偿试验方法,有效地消除安装环境中软磁材料对整机定向精度的影响.实际案例和典型应用的分析研究表明,在无电器设备的情况下,整机系统定向精度小于1°.而有电器的设备环境中,定向精度在3~5°范围左右,可满足目前海洋地学调查中对方位信息的测量需求.     

地震记录的时间域反褶积、仿真及在地震计方位角相对测量中的应用

介绍了一种用冲击不变法从速度响应平坦地震计二阶传递函数设计得到的递归滤波方法,比用双线性变换得到的递归滤波系数少,因此使用更方便.作者用此方法作了反褶积与仿真的数值实验和实际地震记录的短周期仿真试验,仿真结果与实际仪器记录符合较好;并将此法应用于地震计方位角的相关分析法相对测量,结果与不仿真的相关分析测量相比更接近寻北仪的绝对测量结果.     

地震记录的时间域反褶积、仿真及在地震计方位角相对测量中的应用

介绍了一种用冲击不变法从速度响应平坦地震计二阶传递函数设计得到的递归滤波方法,比用双线性变换得到的递归滤波系数少,因此使用更方便.作者用此方法作了反褶积与仿真的数值实验和实际地震记录的短周期仿真试验,仿真结果与实际仪器记录符合较好;并将此法应用于地震计方位角的相关分析法相对测量,结果与不仿真的相关分析测量相比更接近寻北仪的绝对测量结果.     

数字三分量磁通门磁变仪定向的研究

本文对磁通门磁变仪定向标准、定向稳定性、影响定向的因素进行了分析，将定向标准分为定向操作标准和定向期望标准，讨论了实际记录精度等问题。     

局部指数标架小波束在复杂介质方向照明分析中的应用

提出了用局部指数标架小波束进行角度域分解的方法,解决了局部余弦基和局部正弦基缺乏单一方向性的问题.局部指数标架由局部余弦基和局部正弦基线性组合而成,是冗余度为2的紧标架.利用局部余弦变换和局部正弦变换的快速算法,能使基于局部指数标架进行方向照明分析的计算效率较常用的局部倾斜叠加和Gabor-Daubechies标架等方法具有更为明显的优势.通过计算二维SEG/EAGE模型和SIGSBEE模型的方向照明图以及采集系统倾角响应图证实了本文方法的有效性.该方法的高效性使其在三维模型的方向照明分析和大规模的工业应用中具有广阔前景.     

Seismic directional random noise suppression by radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering using the Hurst exponent statistic

Radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering filters a seismic record along the radial‐trace direction rather than the conventional channel direction. It takes the spatial correlation of the reflected events between adjacent channels into account. Thus, radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering performs well in denoising and enhancing the continuity of reflected events. However, in the seismic record there is often random noise whose energy is concentrated in certain directions; the noise in these directions is correlative. We refer to this kind of random noise (that is distributed randomly in time but correlative in the space) as directional random noise. Under radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering, the directional random noise will be treated as signal and enhanced when this noise has same direction as the signal. Therefore, we need to identify the directional random noise before the filtering. In this paper, we test the linearity of signal and directional random noise in time using the Hurst exponent. The time series of signals with high linearity lead to large Hurst exponent value; however, directional random noise is a random series in time without a fixed waveform and thus its linearity is low; therefore, we can differentiate the signal and directional random noise by the Hurst exponent values. The directional random noise can then be suppressed by using a long filtering window length during the radial‐trace time–frequency peak filtering. Synthetic and real data examples show that the proposed method can remove most directional random noise and can effectively recover the reflected events.     

A 27‐point scheme for a 3D frequency‐domain scalar wave equation based on an average‐derivative method

Based on an average‐derivative method and optimization techniques, a 27‐point scheme for a 3D frequency‐domain scalar wave equation is developed. Compared to the rotated‐coordinate approach, the average‐derivative optimal method is not only concise but also applies to equal and unequal directional sampling intervals. The resulting 27‐point scheme uses a 27‐point operator to approximate spatial derivatives and the mass acceleration term. The coefficients are determined by minimizing phase velocity dispersion errors and the resultant optimal coefficients depend on ratios of directional sampling intervals. Compared to the classical 7‐point scheme, the number of grid points per shortest wavelength is reduced from approximately 13 to approximately 4 by this 27‐point optimal scheme for equal directional sampling intervals and unequal directional sampling intervals as well. Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the theoretical analysis. The average‐derivative algorithm is also extended to a 3D frequency‐domain viscous scalar wave equation.     

利用局部谐和基小波束的高精度叠前深度域偏移成像方法研究

小波束域利用局部余弦基(local cosine bases)的偏移成像方法具有很高的计算效率和成像质量.然而局部余弦基小波束通常沿垂直方向具有两个对称波瓣.由于缺乏单一定义的方向性,在某些强变速介质中利用局部余弦基的波传播方法会产生一定的误差,同时也使得一些在局部角度域的操作变得非常不便.于是我们提出了利用局部谐和基进行波场外推的方法.局部谐和基(local harmonic base)是由局部余弦基和局部正弦基线性组合而成,具有单一定义的方向性,同时具备快速算法.局部谐和基与Gabor-Daubechies标架类似,都具有单一定义的方向性,但比Gabor-Daubechies标架效率更高.局部谐和基保持了与局部余弦基的偏移成像方法相同的计算效率,但在成像精度上有了显著的提高.通过二维SEG/EAGE模型和BP模型的叠前深度域偏移成像说明了该方法的有效性.     

Short‐term monitoring of foredune formation on the east coast of South Africa

Although dunes fronted by sandy beaches constitute approximately 80 per cent of South Africa's coastline, few studies have addressed the formation and life cycle of coastal foredunes, the small, ephemeral shore‐parallel dune ridges typically less than 5 m high and 20 m wide, which form seaward of the storm line. This study used regular, detailed topographic surveys of embryo and foredunes at Tugela mouth, an aggrading stretch of shoreline on the subtropical east coast of South Africa, over a 32‐month period, to gain insight into the formation and motion of these highly mobile landforms over the short term. Average wind drift potential at Tugela mouth during the study period, at 2·35 m s^?1, was an order of magnitude lower than that typical of most parts of the eastern South African coast. The dominant sand‐moving wind for the region was from the southwest to west‐southwest at 10·7 to 13·8 m s^?1, with a secondary vector from north to north‐northeast at 10·8 to 13·8 m s^?1. Signi?cant shoreline retreat, a result of the low sediment yield of the Tugela River during the study period, was one of the main results. This provided the context for redistribution of sand from the inland to the seaward side of the study area, a consequence of the dominant wind direction, and for frequent creation and destruction of short‐lived embryo dunes. Those foredunes which survived the whole study period tended to increase in height, but there was no consistent directional trend in foredune crest movement throughout the 32 months. The study results generally supported Psuty's model of foredune development, but could not con?rm his contention of landward retreat of dune forms under conditions of shoreline erosion. This may be due to the relatively short duration of the study, or possibly to low wind drift potential at the site. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地电阻率观测装置布设与金属管线类干扰的关系研究——以平凉台为例

以平凉井下地电观测装置为例,采用有限元数值模拟的方法分析地电阻率观测装置布设与金属管线类干扰的关系。结果表明：(1)垂直于测线方向的金属管线对地电阻率观测的影响明显小于平行于测线方向的影响,最有效的抑制方法是增大金属管线的避让距离。(2)金属管线位于布极中心区域时,加深电极埋深并不一定能有效抑制干扰;对于金属管线垂直于测线方向的情况效果是显著的,但对于平行于测线方向的情况效果并不理想。(3)金属管线对井下地电阻率观测的影响是相对复杂的,它与装置系统(观测极距、电极埋深)、分层介质电性结构、金属管线自身的属性(电导率、横截面积、长度、距离)等因素有关。本研究方法可以快速判定资料异常变化的性质,对异常跟踪工作具有一定的参考意义,还可以为新建井下地电观测装置提供理论依据,从而提高台站的观测效能。     

Detrital chromian spinels from beach placers of Andaman Islands,India: A perspective view of petrological characteristics and variations of the Andaman ophiolite

Along the east coast of the Andaman Islands, abundant detrital chromian spinels frequently occur in black sands at the confluence of streams meeting the Andaman Sea. The mineral chemistry of these detrital chromian spinels has been used in reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Andaman ophiolite. The chromian spinels show wide variation in compositional parameters such as Cr# [= Cr/(Cr + A1) atomic ratio] (0.13–0.91), Mg# [= Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) atomic ratio] (0.23–0.76), and TiO₂ (<0.05–3.9 wt%). The YFe³⁺[= 100Fe³⁺/(Cr + A1 + Fe³⁺) atomic ratio] is remarkably low (usually <10 except for south Andaman). The ranges of chemical composition of chromian spinels are different in each locality. The spinel compositions show very depleted signatures over the entire island, which suggests that all massifs in the Andaman ophiolite were affected under island‐arc conditions. Although the degree of depletion varies in different parts of the island, a directional change in composition of the detrital chromian spinels from south to north is evident. Towards the north the detrital chromian spinels point to less‐depleted source rocks in contrast to relatively more depleted towards the south. The possibilities to explain this directional change are critically discussed in the context of the evolution of Andaman ophiolite.     

Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration

The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections.     

On‐line hybrid test method for evaluating the performance of structural details to failure

A test environment to evaluate the seismic performance of gusset plate connections intended for steel braced frames is proposed. The developed test method combines the substructuring techniques with finite element analysis methods in an on‐line hybrid scheme. Numerical substructure analysis is conducted on bracing members, while bracing connections are treated as experimental substructures. A force‐displacement combined control imposed with the aid of 2 jacks ensures physical continuity between the analysis and test. The rotational behavior of gusset plate connections subjected to large inelasticity and varying axial loading until fracture is investigated. Two gusset plate details were designed and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. The test method is rational, and smooth operation is achieved. The test results revealed the advantage of the developed on‐line hybrid test method in exploring the ultimate capacity of bracing connections.