太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所

2006年，按照国家和省政府的要求，结合实际情况，太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》，对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案，确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害，立即开启避难场所，组织群众避难。     

简讯

太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所2006年,按照国家和省政府的要求,结合实际情况,太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》,对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案,确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害,立即开启避难场所,组织群众避难。经多方考察,太原市确定在迎泽公园建立全省首家地震应急避难场所。至2006年底,根据国家标准在迎泽公园制定了应急自供水、供电、棚宿、照明、厕所、排污、物资供应、医疗卫生、防疫、广播、消防、…     

基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究

地震是具有毁坏性的自然灾害,对于震后严重受损的地区,设计合理的应急避难场所是非常必要的,为此提出基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究。将退火算法的微粒群理论与城乡地区应急避难场所规划相结合,在约束条件较多的情况下,将应急避难场所视为一个粒子,对应急避难场所规划创建目标函数,从而实现对城乡住区应急避难场所的规模规划设计;其次设计应急场所的内容与位置模型,集合城乡需求点布局的影响因素,修建不同的应急场所设施点,并以覆盖全部需求点为目标,实现应急避难场所的整体规划。通过仿真实验证明,所提微粒群算法具有较好的规划效率,可保证规划后的城乡住区在受到地震侵害后,受灾人群有即时的可避难场所,为人们的震后生活提供帮助。     

基于AHP法的宁夏南部中小学地震应急避难场所减灾能力评估研究

地震应急避难场所在应对灾害事件和提高城市综合防灾能力、减轻灾害影响、增强政府应急管理工作能力等方面发挥着重大的作用。本文运用AHP法，在遵循科学性、优化性和完整性原则的基础上，构建一个包含4个一级指标和24个二级指标的中小学地震应急避难场所减灾能力指标体系；并参照《地震应急避难场所运行管理指南》（GB/T 33744—2017）中对地震应急避难场所的启用、运行和管理等方面的要求，建立中小学地震应急避难场所减灾能力综合评价模型，根据专家问卷调查资料，计算并分析各指标的相对权重及结果，将其应用在宁夏南部高烈度区中小学校进行能力检验。结果表明，宁夏南部中小学地震应急避难场所减灾能力相对较弱，应加强该区域中小学地震应急避难场所的建设，提升防范和应对地震灾害的能力。     

城市应急避难场所灾民临时安置能力评估——以石家庄市为例

以河北省石家庄市区应急避难场所为例,利用ArcGIS分析模型对公共服务设施空间布局进行分析,结合应急避难场所的覆盖区域、距离、路线以及容纳人数等因子,研究分析应急避难场所在应急疏散过程中的承载能力。为提高应急避难场所的综合利用效率,减少人员伤亡和财产损失,以及地震发生时灾民的临时安置提供科学依据。     

北京市地震应急避难场所减灾能力评价体系的研究

北京市地震应急避难场所是我国建设最早、数量最多的,根据国家和地方的建设标准和规范,现有地震应急避难场所部分建设项目与权威的国家建设标准要求相比较而言,还存在超标与不足,因此定量和综合的能力评价势在必行.本文采用层次分析法,针对应急避难场所各种能力,梳理出3个层次、18个因素,并通过专家调查方式得到各因素的权重,形成减灾能力评价体系.文中以北京市朝阳区的应急避难场所为例进行了评价,并给出了其完善的建议.初步可认为,本文提出的地震应急避难场所减灾能力评价体系具有较好的可操作性,对避难场所的建设和完善具有一定的指导意义.     

新冠肺炎疫情背景下日本应急避难场所运营管理新动向

通过梳理日本防控传统传染病视角下的应急避难场所运营管理方法,对比分析新冠肺炎疫情下日本应急避难场所运营管理面临的困境,总结出新冠肺炎疫情下日本应急避难场所运营管理新动向,以及日本政府针对新冠肺炎疫情下应急避难场所运营管理实施的具体措施,如应急避难场所的布局与防止感染对策、日常运营管理对策等,以期为我国新冠肺炎疫情常态化防控下应急避难场所的运维提供借鉴。     

城市地震应急避难场所适宜性评价

地震应急避难场所是增强现代化城市防震减灾能力，保障城市安全的一项重要举措，对应急避难场所进行适宜性评价，有利于更好地发挥应急避难服务功能，提高避难成功率，减轻灾害损失。本文利用熵值权重与灰色关联分析相结合的评价模型和GIS空间分析方法，以构建的应急避难场所适宜性评价指标体系为研究基础，对天津市中心城区地震应急避难场所进行适宜性评价。评价结果给出了各避难场所适宜等级，检验了场所的避难服务功能，为避难场所空间分布合理性提出建议，对增强城市应急避难场所规划、建设合理性及提高应急处理能力具有一定指导意义。     

地震应急避难广场规划探讨——以旺苍为例

本文对城市地震应急避难场所的建设现状和必要性进行了论述,分析计算了地震应急避难场所的类型,对地震应急避难场所编制内容及方法进行了探讨.同时以旺苍县城为例进行了详细分析.本文对提高城市综合防灾减灾能力有一定的参考意义.     

居安思危积极推进应急避难场所建设——潍坊应急避难场所建设的几点启示

应急避难场所是为了人们能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,并能保障基本生活而事先划分的带有一定功能设施的场地。良好的地震应急避难场所规划和建设,是在地震发生时群众得以有序、有效避难和疏散的重要保障。本文简述了应急避难场所建设需注意的几点问题。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.