辽宁翁泉沟含铀硼铁矿床矿石特征及热液分解作用

辽宁翁泉沟含铀硼铁矿中硼（B2O3）储量约占我国总储量的一半,矿床经勘探后一直没有得到很好利用。在综合利用资料积累与地质研究基础上,认为影响矿床利用的因素主要为矿石分解状况。研究认为矿床中硼镁铁矿-磁铁矿和硼镁石-磁铁矿两种主要类型矿石中绝大部分可利用的为变质后期热液作用产生的硼镁石-磁铁矿型矿石。这种热液作用形成的矿石是有规律可寻的。为达到综合利用的目的,有必要按不同类型矿石重新圈定矿体,根据不同矿体中矿物组分,选择不同的综合利用方案。     

辽宁省凤城市四道门沟铁矿床地质特征及成因分析

辽宁省凤城市四道门沟铁矿床位于辽东铁、硼成矿带内。以下元古界辽河群变质岩系最为发育,褶皱构造是直接控制本区变质层控铁硼矿的重要控矿条件,其控制着矿体的产出空间位置,并控制着区内铁矿体的展布特征。该区的铁矿属于火山沉积变质-超变质热液迭生层控矿床,矿石自然类型为磁铁矿-透闪石型,局部有磁铁矿-蛇纹石型和磁铁矿-硼镁铁矿型。     

翁泉沟含铀硼铁矿床综合开发利用研究与对策

翁泉沟含铀硼铁矿中硼(B2O3)储量约占我国总储量的一半,矿床经勘探后一直没有很好得到利用。在综合利用资料积累与地质研究基础上,认为影响矿床利用的因素主要为矿石分解状况。研究认为矿床中硼镁铁矿-磁铁矿和硼镁石-磁铁矿两种主要类型矿石中绝大部分为可利用的变质后期热液作用产生的硼镁石-磁铁矿型矿石。这种热液作用形成的矿石是有规律可寻的。为达到综合利用的目的,有必要按不同类型矿石重新圈定矿体,根据不同矿体中硼镁铁矿分解率指标,选择两种不同综合利用方案。     

辽东前寒武纪沉积变质型铁矿床中伴生铀矿的成矿时代与测年结果可靠性分析

辽东地区是中国成矿时代最古老的铀矿矿集区，有单铀型和铁矿伴生型两种，其中单铀型矿床成矿年龄已基本厘定，而铁矿伴生型铀矿成矿年龄尚不明确，制约了该类矿床的成因认识。晶质铀矿是铁矿伴生型铀矿中最主要的含铀矿石矿物，对其开展测年能够直接厘定铀矿成矿时代。本文对翁泉沟富蛇纹石磁铁矿矿石和弓长岭石榴子石蚀变岩中的晶质铀矿进行电子探针（EPMA）测年，并利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法（LA-ICP-MS）对翁泉沟富蛇纹石磁铁矿矿石中的晶质铀矿进行U-Pb测年，两种测年结果相互验证，获得辽东地区铁矿伴生型铀矿的成矿时代为～1.85Ga，并在～1.78Ga遭受了后期热液事件的改造，与单铀型矿床成矿年龄一致，说明辽东地区单铀型和铁矿伴生型铀矿都形成于碰撞后伸展环境。辽东地区铁矿伴生型铀矿不同矿床的成矿热液在流体成分和温度上有差别，但都具有碱性和氧化的特征。     

庐枞盆地泥河铁矿床中硬石膏微量元素特征、沉淀机制及其对铁成矿作用的制约

泥河铁矿床是长江中下游成矿带庐枞火山岩盆地中典型的磁铁矿-磷灰石型铁矿床。硬石膏是矿床中的主要脉石矿物,在矿床的各个阶段均有发育。本文在详细的野外地质工作和岩相学观察基础上,系统的对矿床各成矿阶段硬石膏开展LA-ICP-MS分析测试工作对硬石膏形成机制进行了分析,初步探讨了硬石膏在铁成矿过程中的作用及意义。矿床中的硬石膏分为三类:与透辉石、磁铁矿、黄铁矿、磷灰石等矿物共生的紫色板状硬石膏(Type Ⅰ);与黄铁矿共生的白色板状硬石膏(Type Ⅱ)以及呈独立脉状产出的白色糖粒状硬石膏(Type Ⅲ)。Type Ⅱ和Type Ⅲ硬石膏REE含量远低于Type Ⅰ硬石膏,Type Ⅱ和Type Ⅲ硬石膏的稀土配分模式相似,二者与Type Ⅰ硬石膏具有很大差别。泥河铁矿床硬石膏中REE含量受结晶学因素的影响较小,主要影响因素为温度、流体的演化过程以及络合物阴离子的类型和数量。早期高温热液中REE主要以Cl络合物形式迁移,矿床中较早沉淀的富稀土矿物捕获了大量REE,使体系中REE含量大幅度减少,致使Type Ⅱ和Type Ⅲ硬石膏稀土含量偏低。晚期流体盐度的降低导致了Cl-/SO42-比值变低,热液中稀土元素的减少以及络合物配位体的改变导致了Type Ⅱ和Type Ⅲ硬石膏稀土配分模式趋于平滑。此外Type Ⅲ硬石膏个别点显示出轻稀土富集的特征,说明热液晚期可能存在硬石膏的溶解再沉淀过程,该过程会改变硬石膏中的稀土配分模式。硬石膏的加入可以提高体系氧逸度,提高热液中铁元素的形成磁铁矿的比率从而利于形成大规模铁矿体。     

新疆阿尔泰蒙库铁矿成矿作用特征

蒙库铁矿是新疆规模最大的铁矿床,其成矿过程及成因复杂.据蒙库铁矿床不同地段矿体主要矿物共生组合情况、形成先后顺序及相互穿插关系,结合显微镜下矿石或矿化岩石的结构构造特征,总结了蒙库铁矿成矿作用特征.蒙库铁矿经历3个成矿期:海相火山沉积成矿期、区域变质成矿期和热液交代成矿期.区域变质成矿期包括浸染状-条带状磁铁矿阶段、块状磁铁矿阶段.热液交代成矿期包括钙硅酸盐交代阶段、硫化物阶段和方解石石英脉阶段.区域变质期是铁的重要成矿期,热液交代期是铜矿化期.据此,认为蒙库铁矿属喷流沉积-区域变质-热液交代多期多成因叠加的铁矿床.     

塔什库尔干地区赞坎铁矿矿物学特征与成因

赞坎铁矿石西昆仑成矿带近年来新发现的一处超大型铁矿床,矿区内广泛出露古元古代布伦阔勒变质岩层,矿体主要赋存于布伦阔勒岩群角闪斜长片岩和黑云石英片岩内部,部分产于霏细岩与黑云石英片岩接触带内。矿床由Ⅰ~Ⅶ号矿体组成,其中Ⅰ号和Ⅲ号矿体为主要矿体。根据矿石组构、矿物共生关系等特征,成矿过程可划分为早期沉积期、中期变质期及晚期岩浆热液期3个成矿期,其中,岩浆热液期可进一步划分为矽卡岩阶段、热液改造阶段和硫化物阶段。早期沉积期磁铁矿呈微细粒他形晶结构,被变质期石英颗粒包裹,以较低含量的TFeO、MgO、MnO和较高含量的TiO2、Al2O3为特征;中期变质期磁铁矿分布于条带状矿石内,他形晶粒状结构,与早期相比,TFeO、MgO、MnO等含量相对升高而TiO2、Al2O3等含量相对降低;晚期岩浆热液期矽卡岩阶段磁铁矿分布于块状矿石内,自形晶粒状结构,以相对富TFeO、MgO、MnO而贫TiO2、Al2O3为特征;晚期热液改造阶段磁铁矿分布于浸染状矿石中,半自形-自形粒状结构、交代残余结构为主,TFeO、Al2O3、TiO2、MnO等含量变化较大。认为赞坎铁矿是沉积变质型铁矿床,遭受后期岩浆热液作用交代改造。     

宁芜南段和睦山铁矿床矿物学特征及其成因意义

位于宁芜矿集区南部钟姑矿田内的和睦山铁矿床是长江中下游成矿带内的一个典型的中型玢岩铁矿床,其主矿体呈似层状或透镜状产于闪长(玢)岩体与中-上三叠统地层接触带及其附近的灰岩中。近矿围岩蚀变矿化强烈,并具有显著的分带特征。岩(矿)相学研究表明,该矿床的形成经历了成矿前期(钠长石阶段)、主成矿期(阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段、浅闪石-金云母-Ⅱ型磁铁矿阶段和赤铁矿阶段)和成矿后期(石英-黄铁矿阶段和碳酸盐阶段)。矿物学研究表明,热液浅闪石较早阶段阳起石更富Al和Na、而贫Si;晚阶段Ⅱ型磁铁矿较早阶段Ⅰ型磁铁矿更富Ti和Al、而贫Mg。由岩体到矿体方向,金云母中Mg O含量逐渐富集,而Fe O和Ti O2含量逐渐降低,说明浅闪石-金云母-Ⅱ型磁铁矿阶段的成矿温度高于阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段,且阳起石-磷灰石-Ⅰ型磁铁矿阶段成矿热液在演化过程中,温度是逐渐降低的。综合研究表明,和睦山铁矿床为中-高温气液交代充填成因,Ⅰ型磁铁矿的形成以热液交代作用为主,Ⅱ型磁铁矿的生成则以热液充填作用为主,钠化对铁的活化和迁移起了重要作用。     

新疆西天山松湖铁矿床叠加成矿过程——来自矿床地质和矿物地球化学的约束

松湖铁矿床是新疆西天山阿吾拉勒铁成矿带中的典型中型铁矿床,该矿床铁矿石资源量5506万吨,矿体品位22%~54%,平均品位42%。本文对松湖铁矿床进行了矿床地质和矿物地球化学特征研究,查明了蚀变和矿化特征,划分了矿石类型以及成矿期和成矿阶段,探讨了矿床的形成过程。对松湖铁矿区围岩蚀变分带特征进行了仔细的划分,根据矿物相互穿插关系以及矿物组合和结构构造特征,将成矿过程分为3个成矿期6个成矿阶段。矿浆期成矿温度500~650℃,而热液期成矿温度为接近400℃,蚀变矿物绿泥石的形成温度平均为312℃。两种成因类型磁铁矿稀土元素特征具有专属性,矿浆期磁铁矿ΣREE值明显高于火山热液期磁铁矿,表明热液演化过程中稀土元素分馏程度较高。耦合矿床地质和矿物地球化学特征,初步判断新疆松湖铁矿为矿浆-火山热液叠加型铁矿床。     

智利卡门铁矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及矿床成因意义

卡门铁矿床位于智利著名的中生代铁-铜-金成矿带内,本文根据矿石组构和矿物共生特征将卡门铁矿床成矿期次划分为硅化阶段、磁铁矿阶段、黄铜矿阶段和晚期热液脉阶段4个阶段。卡门铁矿床磁铁矿有两种类型:含硫化物块状磁铁矿、与阳起石共生磁铁矿,以含硫化物块状磁铁矿为主。电子探针研究表明,该矿床与阳起石共生磁铁矿的Fe O_T含量略高于含硫化物块状磁铁矿;整体上来看,磁铁矿的Fe O_T与Si O_2、Al_2O_3、Mg O呈负相关关系。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)微量元素成分分析表明,卡门磁铁矿轻稀土元素亏损,重稀土元素富集且分馏程度相对较大;Co、Ni元素含量高,与夕卡岩型磁铁矿较为接近,但Ni/Co比值变化较大,与夕卡岩型有明显差异,说明卡门磁铁矿与典型夕卡岩成因的磁铁矿存在一定差别,同时较高的Ni/Co比值反映了其成因与深源物质有关。卡门铁矿床磁铁矿Ti O_2-Al_2O_3-(Mg O+Mn O)三角图表明该矿床具有热液交代特征,与夕卡岩相关;(Ca+Al+Mn)-(Ti+V)成因判别图也显示该矿床有夕卡岩型铁矿特征,但同时也与IOCG型矿床有一定的相似性,这进一步证明卡门铁矿床可能并非典型的夕卡岩矿床,其成矿可能与铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)型成矿过程岩浆热液活动密切相关,这与卡门铁矿床处于智利IOCG成矿带的地质事实一致。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.