菏泽5.9级地震的发震构造及其前兆构造活动

在分析了地震地质、物探、卫片等新的资料的基础上，认为在菏泽地震区地下隐伏着一条北东向深大断裂带。地震区内的解元集－小留集断裂与北西向的成武－定陶断裂构成共轭破裂导致藻泽５．９级地震发生，北东向断裂是其主要的发震构造。由菏泽５．９级地震前沿发震断层的ＭＬ≥３．０级地震震中迁移、震源深度的变化及跨断层形变测量资料表明，发震断层在区域构造应力场的作用下逐步克服障碍，使断层贯通，与此同时在发震构造断层面上     

张北-尚义地震的地震构造环境与宏观破坏特征

阐述了张北－尚义地震的区域地震构造环境,结合本次地震的宏观烈度分布、震源机制解和震区卫星影像的线性构造解释等资料,讨论了地震的孕震构造和可能的发震断层,认为本次地震是张家口－蓬莱断裂带北西端最新活动的结果,北西向的张家口－蓬莱断裂带未来的地震活动趋势应引起重视     

鲁甸6.5级地震崩滑地质灾害分布与成因探讨

2014年8月3日的云南鲁甸6.5级地震震源机制解、余震震中分布及震后的地震地质调查表明,发震构造为NW向包谷垴-小河断裂,断层发生左旋错动;震源机制与余震精定位数据表明发震断层倾角较陡。崩塌、滑坡分布在一个长轴为NW向的矩形区域内(15km×12km),基岩崩塌指示地震动主方向自北向南由SE向变为SN向,与震源机制解揭示的主压应力方向NW-SE总体一致。地震诱发的次生地质灾害崩塌、滑坡的平面分布特征可以用2种发震模式来解释:1)总体走向为NW的弧形断层发生左旋走滑错动,由北向南,地震动方向由SE向逐渐转变为近SN向;2)除NW向断层的左旋错动之外,NE向断裂也可能被牵动,发生由NW向SE的逆冲运动。地震是由NE、NW 2组断层共同作用的结果,以NW向断层左旋错动为主、NE向断层逆冲为辅。余震震中主要呈NW向线性展布,同时在震中附近存在NE向分布的地震条带,隐含2组断层同时错动的可能性;而鲁甸6.5级地震震中所在的滇东北永善、昭通地区,区域多个地震的震源机制表明,地震断层多以逆冲运动为主,走滑为辅。     

1999年四川绵竹5．0级地震序列揭示的孕震结构

通过对1999年11月30日发生在龙门断裂带中段的绵竹Ms5.0地震序列震源位置的精确确定，主要地震震源机制解测定及序列的时间进程特征分析后，本文给出了该地震序列的震源断层分布，深度剖面，应力释放状况以及活动特征，进而揭示了该序列发生的孕震结构。结果表明，该序列的活动表现出下列特征：（1）无明显的前震，所积累的应变能以突然的，近乎脉冲的方式释放，序列进程中无明显的起伏，大小地震的统计关系不太符合经典的G－R估计。（2）序列震中均未分布在地表出露的龙门山山前主断裂上，而是出现在山前隐伏断裂附近，震中分布的取向与断裂走向不大一致，微观震中与宏观震中的相距较远；震源深度分布在5－16km范围。（3）震源断层面取向NE，在NNE向的主压应力作用下，震源断层面表现出兼有逆断分量的走滑型错动，由此，我们认为大规模断裂带附近的地下隐伏断裂存在着更为值得重视的孕育地震活动的危险性。     

张北-尚义地震序列的重新定位

应用相对定位方法, 对张北－尚义地震序列的主震和ＭＬ≥３．０ 余震重新精确定位。得出：张北－尚义地震序列的主震位置为北纬４１．１５°, 东经１１４．４６°, 位于宏观震中的北东方向约４ ｋｍ处, 震源深度１５ ｋｍ 。余震震源分布在北东约２０°的近乎垂直的平面内及其附近。张北－尚义地震序列的重新精确定位的结果,清楚地表明了这次地震的发震构造是南—北向至南南西—北北东向的具有较小的逆冲分量的右旋断层活动     

2011年腾冲中强地震序列震源机制和发震构造研究

2011年腾冲地区连续发生了3次中强地震,本文运用全波形模拟的方法研究了这3次中强地震序列的震源机制解,并对地震序列进行了重定位。笔者结合由震源机制解及重定位结果对其发震构造进行了分析,认为3次中强地震及序列均位于同一发震构造,呈北西走向,破裂面倾角陡直,在近水平的北北东向压应力作用下作右旋水平走滑错动,断层较浅仅限于上地壳,活动过程有向深部发展的趋势;震源区附近无明显已知构造与发震构造相对应,发震构造可能为未知隐伏构造。     

用双差地震定位法再次精确测定1998年张北-尚义地震序列的震源参数

1998年1月10日北京时间11时50分（03时50分UTC），在北京西北约180 km的河北省张北县与尚义县交界地区发生的ML=6.2地震. 该地震是近年华北地区的重要地震事件. 由于地表未见明显的活动断裂展布，震后的野外考察未给出任何优势走向的地表破裂资料，余震分布也没有显示出优势的展布方向，因此发震构造不清楚.笔者曾应用主事件相对定位方法，对张北——尚义地震序列的主震和ML3.0余震重新精确定位，得出结论:张北——尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.145N、114.462E，位于宏观震中的北东方向约4km处，震源深度15 km; 余震震源分布在走向180～200、接近于竖直的平面内及其附近. 这一重新精确定位的结果表明，张北——尚义地震的发震构造是一北北东向的断层. 文中作者应用另一相对定位方法——双差地震定位法，对张北——尚义地震序列的主震和ML3.0余震再度进行精确定位. 双差地震定位法重新定位后，得出结论:张北——尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.131N、 114.456E，位于宏观震中的北东方向约2.5 km处，震源深度12.8 km; 余震震源也分布在走向N10E的接近于竖直的平面内及其附近. 这一重新精确定位的结果，再次表明张北——尚义地震的发震构造是一北北东向的断层.      

1976年盐源—宁蒗地震序列的破裂特征

使用地震活动图象和震源机制资料的构造分析方法，研究盐源－宁蒗地震序列的破裂特征。结果认为：６．７级地震破裂面是北北东向左旋走滑断层，５．６级６．４级地震破裂面是两条北西西向右旋走滑断层，构成以北北东向断为主干的共轭破裂组合，该序列受弥渡－木里地壳深部活动断裂带控制。     

河北易县M_L3.8、3.3地震同震形变响应及其震源机制

2010年7月30日河北省易县相继发生ML3.8、3.3地震,震中距离易县地震台仅7 km,震中附近主要以形变观测台站为主.虽然地震震级相对较小,但是12个形变测项均有不同程度的同震响应,这在中小地震的同震响应分析中是较为突出的震例.根据河北台网的地震波形资料对地震进行了重新定位.根据速报震中和重新定位震中分别计算两次地震的震源机制,震源断层初步断定为NEE向断层,断层表现为正断兼右旋走滑.     

2016年运城4.4级地震序列精定位及发震构造分析

根据2016年运城4.4级地震序列资料,进行余震精定位、主震震源机制和发震构造等研究。地震震中分布结果显示,本次地震的发生构造与以往该地区震群型地震发震构造不同,构造单元相对简单,发生在盐湖北岸断裂附近。余震双差精定位结果显示,余震优势分布呈NNE向,NW向也有零星活动。精定位后震源深度集中分布在15-24 km,平均深度20.2 km,断层剖面深度集中分布在18-23 km,倾向NW,与盆地地形构造吻合。采用Snoke与CAP方法得到的震源机制解基本一致,此次序列的主震错断方式为走滑兼逆冲,节面B参数与中条山山前断裂东段走向和倾向接近。综合认为,本次运城地震序列的余震呈NNE向优势分布,精定位结合地震震源机制结果,推断此次地震序列发震断裂为中条山山前断裂的NNE向隐伏断裂。     

2013年三台MS4.7地震震源机制及发震构造研究

2013年2月19日四川省绵阳市三台县发生M_S4.7地震,震中位于四川盆地中部基底断裂绵阳—三台—大足断裂与蒲江—三台—巴中断裂的交会区域。基于地震目录、震相报告和波形等资料,对地震序列进行重定位,采用近远震联合波形反演求解主震震源机制,结合野外地质调查对该地震的发震构造进行分析。余震序列重定位的空间展布方向为NW-SE向,与节面Ⅰ走向吻合,认为此次地震发震断裂走向为NW?SE,倾向为NE,且破裂面近于直立,发震断层在近NS向的近水平挤压应力作用下作右旋走滑错动。实地调查中未见地表破裂及地表断层行迹,认为发震构造为一隐伏断裂。重定位及通过近远震联合反演所得震源深度分别为21.6和19 km,震源深度反映震源区位于上地壳底部的低速层内。此次地震可能是汶川地震造成的区域构造应力场改变与调整过程中,四川盆地川中地块内隐伏于前震旦纪结晶基底中的高角度断裂重新活动的结果。      

构造"稳定"区强震长期预测的简便途径--以张北地震为例

作为强震长期预测基础的地震带、潜在震源区的划分,仍然依据地震构造类比和地震活动重复两原则。现有的强震长期预测方法在构造“稳定”区,即没有活动构造、没有历史地震(包括古地震)资料的条件下,无能为力。通过张北地震资料的分析,高精度地震定位并结合波形数据反演震源机制的结果表明：在稳定而统一的构造应力场的作用下,沿其最大剪切应力方向上的小地震集中成带,并且持续活动、震源机制的优势取向与应力场吻合,小震带便可以看作属于现今活动的震源断层,在地震长期预测工作中可以作为划分潜在震源区的依据。构造“稳定”区发生的强震属于新破裂。     

敖汉旗地区震群精定位及其空间分布特征

以敖汉旗地区震群作为研究对象,选取内蒙古测震台网2018—2019年的震相观测报告,分别利用单纯型定位法、Hypo2000定位法和双差定位法对其进行重定位和对比分析。结果显示,双差方法的定位精度最高。根据双差方法定位结果,敖汉旗的震群在赤峰?开源断裂的南北两侧均有1个集中分布区,2个区域的震源深度范围均为4～12km;其中,73%的地震位于断裂北侧,震中位置沿NW?SE向呈条带状展布,延伸长度约6.8km,震源深度由西向东逐渐变深、由南向北逐渐变深再变浅;而断裂南侧的地震其震中位置聚集呈簇状,SN向最大扩展长度约0.98km,震源深度无明显沿EW或SN方向的变化特点。敖汉旗震群的精定位结果与对该序列地震空间分布特点的认识,可为该地区发震构造的研究与三维精细速度结构的建立提供更为精确的震源参数与参考依据。     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震同震位移及位错反演研究

利用于田震中300 km范围内的1个GPS连续站和12个GPS流动站数据,解算得到了2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震地表同震位移,并反演了发震断层滑动分布,探讨此次地震对周边断裂的影响.地表同震位移结果显示,GPS观测到的同震位移范围在平行发震断裂带的北东-南西向约210 km,垂直发震断裂带的北西-南东方向约为120 km,同震位移量大于10 mm的测站位于震中距约120 km以内;同震位移特征整体表现为北东-南西方向的左旋走滑和北西-南东方向的拉张特征,其中在北东-南西方向,I069测站位移最大,约为32.1 mm,在北西-南东方向,XJYT测站位移最大,约为28.1 mm;位错反演结果表明,最大滑动位于北纬36.05°,东经82.60°,位于深部约16.6 km,最大错动量为2.75 m,反演震级为M_W7.0,同震错动呈椭圆形分布,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,两者最大比值约为2.5：1,同震错动延伸至地表,并向北东方向延伸,总破裂长度约50 km,地表最大错动约1.0 m;同震水平位移场模拟结果显示贡嘎错断裂、康西瓦断裂和普鲁断裂等不同位置主应变特征具有差异性,这种差异特征是否影响断裂带以及周围区域的应力构造特征,值得关注.     

云南禄劝地震震源处的应力场求解

采用前人反演得到的云南禄劝地震的地震矩张量和主震及部分余震的震源机制解,以该主震震中为中心在全球CMT目录中查询到的部分地震的震源机制解,先将地震矩张量转化为震源机制解,运用精细网格搜索反演方法将震源机制解反演得到禄劝地震和其周边地区的应力场。对反演得出的两个应力场进行差异性对比研究,结果表明禄劝地震震源处主压应力场为NNW—SSE向,主压应力与主张应力相当,周边地区的主压应力方向为NW—SE,断层破裂面倾角大,以走滑正断层为主,主压应力占优势。但是由于云南地区主要由NNW—SSE和NW—SE方向的主压应力控制,并受本文所选的周边地区的经纬度及所处地区的控制,所以该区域在总体上受NW—SE方向的压应力控制,局部地区受NNW—SSE方向的压应力控制。该结果可以用来分析该地区的地震地质背景和断层形成条件,对地球动力环境的研究有一定的意义。     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN

On October 17, 2014, a M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo M_S6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with M_L ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature.     

玉树MS7.1级地震部分余震重新定位及发震构造分析

综合利用玉树震区应急流动台站观测数据和青海地震台网固定台站观测数据,依据最新的人工地震宽角反射/折射剖面的速度模型,采用Hypo2000地震定位法,对2010年4月18日至4月29日期间玉树震区发生的部分余震进行了重新定位.重新定位后,震源位置的水平和垂直方向平均误差分别为1.35 km和4.68 km,走时残差为0.49 s.震源深度分布范围为1.48～19.85 km,平均震源深度为10.28 km.定位研究结果表明:玉树地震余震沿北西-南东向的甘孜-玉树断裂带的北支,即玉树-隆宝断裂分布,长约97 km.余震分布特征在主震(微观震中)两侧存在差异,可能反映了两侧构造特征存在差异.截止到4月29日,主震东南仍是应力的主要释放区域,余震强度大且活动密集的区域位于主震东南距主震约5 km、横向范围约20 km.主震破裂区的大部分应力在主震过程中得以释放,主震时应力未释放的区域成为主要的余震分布区.余震的连续发生可能已造成主震破裂区相互连通,且破裂范围向西北方向扩展.玉树主震及余震的发震构造为甘孜-玉树断裂的北支,即玉树-隆宝断裂段,断层性质为北东倾向的高角度左旋走滑断层.发震断层的倾角和宽度在帮洞两侧有所不同,帮洞以东发震断层宽度约为12 km,倾角约为83°;而帮洞以西发震断层宽度约为6.5 km,断层倾角约减缓为63°.     

Upper crustal anisotropy observed around the Longmenshan fault in the 2013 MS7.0 Lushan earthquake region

Based on the shear wave splitting analysis of the seismic recordings at 17 temporary stations and three permanent stations, we measured the shear wave splitting parameters (i.e., the polarization direction of fast shear wave and the time delay of slow wave) to perform a systematic analysis of the crustal seismic anisotropy around the Longmenshan fault in the 2013 M_S7.0 Lushan earthquake region. We observed apparent spatio-temporal characteristics in the shear wave splitting parameters. The spatial distribution of fast polarization directions showed a clear partitioning in the characteristics from northwest to southeast in the focal region, which changed from NW-SE to NE-SW. In the northwest of the focal region, the fast polarization direction was oriented to NW-SE, which was parallel to the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction. However, the NE-SW fast polarization direction in the southeast of the focal region was parallel to the Longmenshan fault strike. For station BAX on the Central fault in the middle of the focal region, the distribution of fast polarization directions showed a bimodal pattern, with one dominant in the NE-SW direction and the other in the NW-SE direction. With regard to the temporal variation, the time delays were large in the initial stage after the mainshock but then gradually decreased over time and tended to be stable in the later period. This indicated that stress in the focal region increased to a maximum when the main shock occurred, with the stress release caused by the mainshock and aftershock activity, and the stress gradually decreased after a period of time. The scatter of fast polarization directions was large after the main shock, but over time the scatter gradually decreased, indicating that the Lushan earthquake caused a large perturbation in the local stress field. As the stress gradually decreased and was adjusted by the aftershock activity, the perturbation gradually weakened.     

川滇菱形块体东边界地震精定位

选用四川及云南地震台站资料,采用多阶段地震定位法(Hypo2000+Velest+HypoDD),对四川境内川滇菱形块体东边界的道孚南至巧家段2010年1月1日~2014年12月31日7787次地震进行了精定位。精定位后,震源位置精度明显提高,震中分布与地震断裂带线性展布较一致。定位结果显示,鲜水河断裂带东南段地震分布相对密集,鲜水河南段与安宁河断裂带、小金河断裂带及以东的大凉山断裂带交叉区域相对密集。深度剖面图沿活动断裂带地震活动分段活动特征明显,横跨鲜水河、安宁河和大凉山等断裂的剖面呈现出石棉附近多断裂交汇处的断层间复杂的相互作用,地震明显分为深、浅两丛。15~20km深度范围地震非常稀少,这与朱艾斓提出的14~19km塑性流变的层厚和位置较一致。     

ANALYSIS ON STRUCTURAL FEATURES:INSIGHTS FROM SATELLITE-DERIVED GRAVITY MODEL AND SEISMIC PATTERN

In this paper, based on a large number of cumulative observational data from the seismic monitoring network in China, we grid the research area to calculate the density values at each grid node and convert the qualitative earthquake epicenter distribution to quantitative seismic pattern. Minimum magnitude of completeness(M_C)is determined by magnitude-rank analysis, which provides lower limit earthquake and original time. New satellite-derived gravity model v23.1, which is based on satellites CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 data, is used to determine the Bouguer gravity anomaly derived from free-air gravity anomaly and elevation database sets SRTM30, and ultimately, the complete Bouguer correction is obtained. In this paper, the Xingtai earthquake zone and Tanlu fault zone (Anhui segment) are selected for case study. Bouguer gravity anomaly presents a NE-trending U-shaped narrow strip in the Xingtai earthquake zone, and its location is consistent with Shulu Fault Basin. Grid density value contours are restricted by the U-shaped strip, and the extreme value of seismic activity density lies in the bottom of the U-shaped strip as shown in the cross section. The results of Bouguer gravity anomaly and upward continuations to the different heights show good linearity and gradient in the Tanlu fault zone (Anhui segment); and both long-axis direction of seismic pattern and nodal plane strike of seismogenic fault from focal mechanism solutions trend NNE. In short, the Tanlu fault zone(Anhui segment)is a large deep-seated fault that still has the ability to control seismic activity along it. Based on the measured gravity and magmatic data, using the edge detection TDX method to interpret the concealed boundary of the Anqing M4.8 earthquake near the Tanlu fault, and combining with the results from deep seismic reflection profiles of the study area, we discussed the causative fault of the Anqing earthquake.