西太平洋暖池海域上层海洋热盐含量初步研究

基于2001年1月～2014年7月期间的Argo温盐剖面资料，利用循环平稳经验正交函数（CSEOF）分解、最大熵谱分析和相关分析等方法，研究了西太平洋暖池海域上层海洋热盐含量的空间分布、季节和年际变化特征，并探讨了其影响机制。结果表明，暖池海域近表层与次表层热含量逐年变化呈反位相变化模态，同样盐含量变化趋势也不尽相同。无论热含量还是盐含量，都存在着明显的季节和年际变化。CSEOF分析表明，暖池海域热含量第一模态空间场具有显著的东—西反相位年际振荡，盐含量第一模态则呈正-负-正的三极子模态，但时间序列显示，热含量在2007年以后经过3次位相调整，而盐含量2007年以后只经过一次位相调整，且这种年际变化都与ENSO事件有关，且热含量相比于盐含量受ENSO影响更大。El Niño期间，暖池海域西部热含量减少， 东部增加，La Niña期间则相反；研究海域南北部盐含量在El Niño期间增加，中部（暖池高温中心）减少，La Niña期间则相反；进一步分析表明，热含量变化主要受到局地风场以及纬向流的影响，而盐含量变化则受淡水通量和纬向流的影响。     

TOGA—COARE强化观测期间热带太平洋的海气特征

对TOGA—COARE强化观测期间(IOP)热带太平洋海域的海平面气玉,射出长波辐射,低层纬向风,海表层温度和20℃等温线深度等物理量的分布和演变特征进行了分析,指出IOP期间热带西太平洋海洋大气耦合系统的某些特征,为进一步分析研究强化观测期间获得的资料,提供气候背景。     

热带西太平洋海洋事件与初级生产力的关系

本文依据“中、美热带西太平洋联合调查研究”资料,分析了正常年份,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina事件热带西太平洋165°E断面(10°N～6°S)的初级生产力。结果发现,El Ni(?)o及La-Nina期间热带西太平洋165°E断面的海洋初级生产力较正常年份分别增加50%和70%左右。     

El Niño前后热带西太平洋潜热交换空间变化特征

本文根据中美西太平洋联合考察资料,计算了西太平洋热带海域(20°N～8°S,112°～170°E)内的潜热通量和显热通量。结果表明,该区域海气交换潜热通量的空间分布与El Niño的发生有密切联系。根据计算结果建立了潜热e_w-e-V诺谟图,显热t_w-t-V诺谟图。利用该图可随时对海气热交换特征进行诊断分析。     

热带西太平洋暖池及其与南方涛动和副热带高压关系

热带西太平洋暖池是全球大洋表面温度最高的区域,也是全球海-气能量交换年总量最大的海域。它的维持和变化不仅对El Nifio的发生、发展起着重要作用,而且对中高纬度大气环流的变化也有重要影响。近年来国内外对热带西太平洋暖池进行了许多实验和研究,取得了一些有意义的结果(王世平,1989; Wyrtki,1989;黄荣辉,1994;董敏,1994;Wajsowicz,1994)。但是这些研究多偏重于暖池对大气环流和东亚气候的影响方面,对暖池本身的主要特征及其变异方面的研究相对较少,而后者却是进一步了解发生在暖池区的海-气相互作用的过程,研究暖池在全球气候变化中的作用所不可缺少的。本文在分析1951-1990年间的SST资料和137°E,155°E,165°E断面观测结果的基础上,结合有关研究成果(符淙斌,1990),对暖池的形态、高温中心和热含量这三个主要特征及其变异特点进行了研究,并初步找出了暖池表面面积与南方涛动指数和副热带高压面积指数间的关系。     

热带西太平洋海水热结构对1986—1987年ENSO事件的响应

本文利用热带西太平洋中、美海气第1至第4航次联合考察资料,分析讨论了1986—1987年El Ni(?)o/Southern Oscillation(ENSO)事件期间该区热结构的变化。分析表明,事件期间热带西太平洋暖水域海水热含量显著降低,它与140°W和Nino_1+Nino_2区的SST距平变化恰成反位相关系。此外,温跃层在此期间内上升了50—100m,上混合层明显变浅。这种温跃层的异常上升是与事件期间此区西风异常的出现和赤道两侧正的风应力旋度增大有着密切关系。     

El Ni■o期间太平洋赤道潜流逆转事件

联系1982～1983年El Nino事件期间的太平洋赤道潜流逆转事件,研究了1976～1977年和1986～1987年两个El Nino年中137°E和165°E断面上出现的相同现象。认为赤道潜流运动逆转并非1982～1983年El Nino期间的偶发事件。西太平洋赤道海域是监测赤道潜流变异及其与El Nino事件关系的关键地区。     

西太平洋暖池水体振荡与赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常的关联性初探

赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常是研究ENSO(El Ni?o-South Oscillation)的重要指标。本文利用海洋再分析数据,着眼于西太平洋暖池暖水体三维结构的年际变异特征,分析西太平洋暖池水体变动与赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常的关联性,并从前期西太平洋暖池三维暖水体的结构演变及其在上层海洋质量与热量配置中的作用角度,探究了赤道中东太平洋关键Ni?o分区海表温度异常变化的内在一致性,以期为ENSO的预测预报提供新的思路和依据。分析表明,ENSO尺度上西太平洋暖池三维结构变异主模态表现为暖水体平均约以170oE为轴的纬向时空振荡,其可超前赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常变化约达6个月,并以在赤道中东太平洋及附近海域形成双舌状异常"暖池"为显著特征。前期暖池暖水体的纬向振荡是赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常变化的重要前兆信息之一。作为海洋中ENSO暴发的重要源区和驱动因子,西太平洋暖池纬向振荡通过在中东太平洋形成不同强度(泛指暖水量及其深度和范围等的大小)的异常"暖池",进而在上层海洋质量和热量的纬向配置中起关键性作用,并且可能与不同EI Ni?o事件的触发机制密切相关,从这种意义上讲,不同ENSO事件的发生和发展存在一定的同源一致性。     

西太平洋暖池海域热含量场的变异及其影响

基于 1 95 5— 1 999年间太平洋月平均海温资料 ,利用经验正交函数 (EOF)分解法 ,研究了西太平洋暖池海域 ( 1 2 0°E— 1 60°W ,1 8°N— 1 6°S)热含量场的时空变化 ,并分析了该海域东、西区热含量变化与南方涛动、副热带高压及ENSO的关系。结果表明 ,暖池海域热含量场主要包括年变化型、年际变化型和年代际变化型三个模态 ,其主要变化周期依次为 1 .0、3.6和 1 3.7年。相关和合成分析表明 ,暖池东、西区热含量的变化均与南方涛动、副热带高压和ENSO循环有十分密切的关系。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜信号循环回路及其传播特性研究

基于1992～2001年卫星高度计资料分析了海面高度距平在厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Niño/La Niña)现象中的演变过程,发现:(1)在El Niño过程中,海面高度正距平信号从西太平洋沿赤道海域向东传播至东海岸,然后分成南北两支,北支在10°N附近从东太平洋传回西太平洋的信号最强,到达西太沿岸海域再传回赤道,表明El Niño信号传播在北半球存在一明显循环回路.赤道以南循环圈不及赤道以北环路清晰.东太平洋的季节变化信号主要通过6°N,10°N和8°S附近的3个通道向西太平洋传播.La Niña信号主要从5°N和7°S向西传播;(2)在大洋海盆尺度快速传播信号背景下,存在波长700～800km的慢速传播信号,两类信号将信息在太平洋内传送.传播速度分析表明,慢速传播信号的相速与Rossby波相速相符,而快速传播信号应该是海洋对大气变异的响应.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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