单环刺螠呼吸肠JNK通路对硫化物的应激反应

JNK通路是MAPK信号通路的子通路之一,参与生物体的多种应激反应。本研究分析了单环刺螠JNK分子的特征,并对50和150μmol/L硫化物应激下单环刺螠呼吸肠中JNK的反应进行了研究。单环刺螠JNKcDNA全长2 102bp,编码403个氨基酸,推导的氨基酸序列具有JNK家族的典型特征。Western blot(蛋白免疫印迹)检测显示,单环刺螠呼吸肠中JNK总蛋白数量在硫化物暴露期间未见明显的变化;当单环刺螠暴露于硫化物环境中时,其呼吸肠细胞中磷酸化JNK的含量呈现显著性地持续升高趋势,其起始显著升高发生在单环刺螠暴露0.5h,随着暴露时间的延长,磷酸化JNK的含量持续升高,并在150μmol/L硫化物暴露48h时其含量增至最高,为对照组的10.2倍;此外,暴露于50μmol/L硫化物中的单环刺螠呼吸肠磷酸化JNK含量普遍低于150μmol/L硫化物相同暴露时间的磷酸化JNK的含量。研究结果表明,单环刺螠JNK基因拥有进化保守性,且JNK信号通路在单环刺螠呼吸肠应对硫化物中发挥作用。     

单环刺螠中肠和后肠交替氧化酶对硫化物的应激反应

外源性硫化物可通过抑制或阻断线粒体电子传递经典途径而对生物体产生损伤甚至致死,交替氧化酶(Alternative Oxidase,AOX)是线粒体硫化物氧化电子传递分支途径中的1个关键酶。为了研究硫化物环境中单环刺螠的生存对策,本文利用间接竞争性ELISA和酶活性分析等技术检测了单环刺螠在硫化物应激前后中肠和后肠中AOX的蛋白含量以及活性的变化。结果显示:在未处理的单环刺螠中,后肠的AOX蛋白含量和酶活性均高于中肠。当单环刺螠暴露在硫化物(50和150μmol·L-1)环境中时,2个器官的AOX含量和酶活性水平均随着硫化物浓度的提高和暴露时间的延长而提高,并且150μmol·L-1硫化物处理组的单环刺螠2个器官AOX蛋白含量和酶活性普遍高于相同处理时间下的50μmol·L-1组。结合已报道的单环刺螠硫化物应激下细胞色素c氧化酶活性的变化,提出单环刺螠体内存在线粒体电子传递分支途径;提高组织线粒体中AOX活性是其应对环境硫化物毒性的对策之一。     

单环刺螠呼吸肠中Caspase-3对硫化物应激的表达特征

Caspase-3是细胞凋亡过程中的关键执行蛋白。本文采用RACE技术克隆了单环刺螠Caspase-3cDNA序列,其全长为1616bp,开放阅读框长759bp,编码252个氨基酸,其中含有Caspase家族保守的结构域(QACRG)和Caspase-3两个特异的切割位点(D96-L97、D135-S136)。体外原核诱导表达获得Caspase-3重组蛋白并制备其多克隆抗体。免疫印迹(Western Blot)检测结果显示,单环刺螠暴露在50μmol/L硫化物环境中,其呼吸肠Caspase-3蛋白含量未见显著变化;而当单环刺螠暴露在150μmol/L硫化物环境中时,其呼吸肠中Caspase-3蛋白的含量于暴露后24h显著提高,暴露72h其含量是同时间对照组的1.8倍。表明低浓度的硫化物对单环刺螠呼吸肠细胞的存活没有明显影响,而高浓度硫化物的长期暴露可能对单环刺螠呼吸肠细胞产生一定程度的致死影响。     

铜离子对单环刺螠的毒性及对体壁抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文研究了重金属Cu2+对单环刺螠毒性效应。通过急性毒性试验,确定了Cu2+对单环刺螠24h、48h、72h及96h的半致死浓度,并计算得到其安全浓度为0.0675mg/L,高于渔业水质。通过酶活测定,发现Cu2+对单环刺螠抗氧化酶活性有影响。实验结果表明当暴露于0.25mg/L及0.50mg/L浓度的Cu2+中,24h时,单环刺螠体壁SOD、GPx活性显著提高(P<0.05);之后,随着暴露时间的增长,SOD、GPx、CAT三种酶活性均有所下降,除SOD外,其余两种酶活性均低于对照组,其中0.50mg/L组96h时CAT的活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),说明Cu2+抑制了GPx及CAT的活性,并导致了虫体的死亡。     

单环刺螠Bcl-xL基因的鉴定及对硫化物的应激反应

Bcl-xL是Bcl-2家族中一类重要的抗凋亡因子,其功能主要是抑制细胞凋亡、促进肿瘤发生。为了探知Bcl-xL在生物硫化物应激中的作用,本实验以耐硫生物单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)为研究对象,RACE扩增获得一个长度为1 426 bp的单环刺螠Bcl-xL全长c DNA序列,推导的氨基酸序列包含Bcl-xL4个保守的BH结构域和1个跨膜区域。使用该c DNA的完整开放阅读框序列,构建了原核表达载体p ET28a-Bcl-xL,体外诱导表达该重组蛋白;镍柱纯化得到纯度为90%的纯化蛋白,并制备多克隆抗体。Western blotting结果显示:单环刺螠暴露于50μmol/L硫化物中2 h-24 h内其呼吸肠中Bcl-xL含量显著增加(P0.05),然而在150μmol/L硫化物中48 h-72 h内其呼吸肠Bcl-xL含量显著降低(P0.05),暗示Bcl-xL抑制细胞凋亡途径在单环刺螠应对低浓度硫化物暴露时发挥作用,而在高浓度硫化物暴露下Bcl-xL不能发挥抑制细胞凋亡的作用。     

单环刺螠GATA B2的基因克隆及表达分析

GATA家族是经典的转录因子家族,因其能特异性的与核苷酸序列T/A(GATA)A/G结合而得名。前期研究在单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)中筛选到GATA家族成员GATA B2与硫代谢关键酶硫醌氧化还原酶(Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase,sqr)启动子高转录活性区相互作用。为了进一步研究其是否参与硫化物代谢过程,本文鉴定了单环刺螠GATA B2基因(UuGATA B2),并分析其在成体各组织和硫化物暴露后的表达特征。结果显示:单环刺螠GATA B2的ORF全长为1788 bp,编码585个氨基酸;该氨基酸序列包含2个GATA家族保守的锌指结构域;系统进化分析显示UuGATA B2先与小头虫的GATA B2聚类,再与其它GATA4/5/6亚家族成员聚类。随后制备UuGATA B2多克隆抗体,利用Western blotting检测其在单环刺螠成体不同组织中的表达水平,结果显示其在体壁中的蛋白表达水平最高,中肠次之,后肠和肛门囊表达量较低,体腔液最低。由于sqr在硫化物暴露后的后肠中表达量最高,进一步对单环刺螠暴露在150μmol/L硫化物环境时后肠中UuGATA B2的表达进行了检测,发现其显著的响应硫化物胁迫,并在暴露12 h时含量达到最高,是对照组的2.32倍,表明UuGATA B2参与了单环刺螠硫化物应激过程。本文首次报道了GATA B2在硫化物应激中的表达特征,为后续深入探讨GATA家族在硫化物应激中的作用提供了基础数据。     

久效磷对单环刺螠体内几种酶活性影响的初步研究

运用冰冻切片技术和酶组织化学的方法研究了长期暴露于不同质量浓度久效磷(0,50,100,150ng/L)下的单环刺螠(Urechisunicinctus)体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性变化。实验表明,AChE在单环刺螠的体壁上呈现出较强的酶活性,活性位点处为红棕色的颗粒沉淀、并随久效磷胁迫浓度的提高显色越来越深;消化道切片上基本上没有AChE的活性。CCO在单环刺螠的体壁及肠道上都呈现出较强的酶活性,活性位点显示为棕色;肠道上,不同质量浓度组由低到高其CCO活性位点依次增多、显色也依次加深。低质量浓度久效磷(<150ng/L)胁迫对单环刺螠体内的AKP活性没有明显的影响。     

单环刺螠硫醌氧化还原酶的表达、纯化和复性

硫化物是1种广泛分布的有毒物质。硫醌氧化还原酶(SQR)是硫化物代谢的关键酶。单环刺螠是1种生活在潮间带下区及潮下带中的底栖生物。本研究为了获得具有活性的单环刺螠SQR,将其基因的开放阅读框cDNA克隆到原核表达载体pET28a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行重组蛋白的表达,后采用稀释复性的方法对重组蛋白进行复性。经IPTG诱导后该重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在。用8 mol/L的尿素溶解包涵体后,通过镍离子金属螯合柱纯化获得重组蛋白。首次通过蛋白复性的方法获得具有活性的单环刺螠SQR,确定最佳稀释复性条件为pH=8.0,蛋白浓度20μg/mL,L-精氨酸浓度0.2 mol/L,还原型谷胱甘肽∶氧化型谷胱甘肽=10∶1,复性时间为96 h。     

硫应激单环刺螠差异表达的初步研究

采用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR)研究了100μmol/L硫化物环境与正常海水中耐硫生物单环刺螠mRNA的表达差异,初步筛选出7条体腔液细胞的差异表达基因,其中1个cDNA克隆片段与其它物种的MAP kinase kinase kinase(MAPKKK)有较高同源性。进一步采用RT-PCR技术对其在硫化物刺激前后的表达进行了检测,结果显示该基因在对照和应激后2 h6、h的个体中表达较弱;刺激12 h后表达量增高,并随应激时间增加,呈明显上调趋势。表明单环刺螠MAPK信号通路可被硫化物刺激激活,进而通过该信号通路调节下游生理反应,为进一步研究单环刺耐硫特性的分子机制奠定了基础。     

苯并(a)芘影响黑鲷肝脏EROD活性变化的动力学研究

研究了黑鲷(Sparusmacro cephalus)在实验生态条件下暴露于不同浓度苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)后,肝脏乙氧基异吩噁唑酮脱乙基酶(EROD)活性在不同暴露时相的动力学变化情况.EROD活性采用动力学方法测定.实验结果表明,暴露于较低质量浓度BaP(0.5,1.0μg/L)黑鲷肝脏的EROD活性在2 d后极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),2.0μg/L组则在2 h后极显著高于对照组,并且随暴露时间的延长,诱导程度表现出不同的下降趋势,而暴露于高质量浓度组(5.0 μg/L)的肝脏EROD活性极显著性诱导出现在12h.总体上较高质量浓度组(2.0,5.0μg/L)EROD活性出现极显著性诱导的时间比低质量浓度组(0.5,1.0μg/L)早,诱导程度也比低质量浓度组的高.在净化实验中各暴露组肝脏EROD活性均下降,与空白对照组比较均没有显著性差异,说明试验浓度没有超出严重损伤肝脏自身恢复系统的范围,在此浓度范围内污染的鱼通过净化可清除BaP污染.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.