内蒙古集宁地区变质岩系的特征、原岩恢复及找矿方向

集宁地区位于内蒙古中部,阴山山脉东段,隶属华北地台北缘内蒙台隆凉城断隆.基底主要出露太古宙中深变质岩系,以大土城隐伏深断裂为界,断裂以南为集宁岩群分布区,以北为乌拉山岩群分布区.集宁岩群变质岩系的原岩主要由泥质长石砂岩、泥质粉砂岩及碳酸盐岩组成,伴有基性岩体侵入;乌拉山岩群变质岩系的原岩是由长石砂岩、泥质长石砂岩、泥质砂岩、泥质粉砂岩夹安山岩、安山质凝灰岩及碳酸盐岩等组成的一套巨厚的火山-沉积建造.通过1：5万袁家房子等四幅矿调,对集宁地区的变质岩系的地球化学特征及含矿性进行了调查研究,综合分析认为变质岩系为本区的主要赋矿岩层,为本区找矿指出了方向.     

东昆仑东段中元古代小庙岩组岩石组合、地球化学特征及构造环境分析

小庙岩组是东昆仑造山带前寒武纪变质结晶基底的重要组成部分,是一套中元古代角闪岩相变质地层。详细的野外地质和室内观察表明,小庙岩组主要为一套长英质变质岩夹基性变质岩,长英质变质岩可分为4种岩石组合:石英岩组合、富铝片麻岩组合、长英质片麻岩组合、石英岩—长石石英岩组合。岩石学和地球化学研究表明:含富铝矿物石英片岩和片麻岩的原岩为一套泥质岩,石英岩—长石石英岩原岩为砂岩、杂砂岩或硅质岩,角闪岩和斜长角闪岩原岩为拉斑玄武岩;变沉积岩物源区经历中—低风化程度,处于寒冷干旱的气候区,可能为构造活动区;物源区主要为长英质岩石并且母岩中碱性长石含量较少,或混合有基性火山岩;变沉积岩形于陆壳拉张的裂陷槽或裂谷盆地,变基性岩形成于初始裂解或稍晚期的大陆裂谷环境,二者均指示小庙岩组形成于陆内裂谷环境。     

扬子地台西缘结晶基底的时代

对扬子地台西缘结晶基底变质地层以及岩浆片麻岩中变质地层残片或包裹体中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素年龄研究表明,在康定地区辉长–闪长质片麻岩中,表壳岩包体—糜棱岩化的长英质片岩和宝兴地区黑云斜长角闪岩的年龄分别为816±8.6 Ma和826±13 Ma,代表了它们的原岩——酸性火山岩和火山凝灰岩的形成年龄;泸定地区变质岩层中长英质糜棱岩和斜长角闪岩的年龄分别为816±9 Ma和818±8 Ma,代表了中性火山岩和基性火山岩的形成时代;茨达地区斜长角闪岩和角闪黑云斜长片麻岩的年龄分别为830±7 Ma和827±10 Ma,代表了其原岩火山–沉积建造的形成时代。以上数据表明,所谓的结晶基底都是新元古代的产物,在形成时间上与盐边群、盐井群等褶皱基底的相一致,只是变质程度上略有差异。因此该区并不存在古老（太古宙—古元古代）的结晶基底。     

赣中变质基底的组成演化及其基本结构格局

赣中变质基底具双层结构特点，深层次基底包括中元古代中深变质岩系和由其重熔而成的混合岩及花岗岩，其中深变质岩系原岩的形成年龄为１１１３±４９Ｍａ，黑云斜长花岗岩具岩浆成因特征，结晶年龄为４０３．１～４７７Ｍａ。赣中变质基底形成之后，经历了自晋宁期以来的长期而复杂的变质变形演化历史，于加里东期形成的变质核杂岩或穹隆构造，奠定了赣中隆起区的基本结构格局。     

赣北星子群变质岩的原岩恢复及其形成构造环境判别

对星子群变质岩的原岩性质及其形成的构造环境研究表明，星子群变质岩中的片岩和变粒岩的原岩是沉积岩，其中云母片岩的原岩为粘土岩，石英片岩和变粒岩的原岩是杂砂岩或亚杂砂岩。斜长角闪岩、角闪片岩和榴闪岩的原岩为基性火山岩。变质沉积岩的形成构造环境判别结果表明，它们形成于活动大陆边缘环境。而变质基性火山岩属于岛弧拉斑玄武岩与大洋拉斑玄武岩的过渡类型，它们形成于拉张盆地。     

滇西北石鼓变质杂岩的地质特征及年代学研究

位于扬子板块西缘的滇西北石鼓变质杂岩主要岩石类型为石英二云片岩、斜长片麻岩、片麻岩、石榴子石云母片岩、石榴石蓝晶石云母片岩等。综合石鼓变质岩岩相学、野外地质和岩石地球化学特征,认为其原岩主要为一套砂质、泥砂质的杂砂岩,含少量的黏土物质。通过4件年龄样品的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年,显示其变质年龄为863～883Ma,是元古代晚期变质作用的年龄,原岩应为中元古宙变质基底。石鼓变质岩的原岩沉积环境为活动大陆边缘、大陆岛弧。发生在晚元古时期的区域变质作用,应为扬子陆块周缘向扬子陆块俯冲碰撞所致,可能与Rodinia超大陆的形成和裂解过程有关。     

北天山西部温泉岩群变质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

北天山西部温泉岩群是一套经历多期次变形、变质作用的中深变质岩系。温泉岩群中斜长角闪片麻岩及方解大理岩的尼格里值al满足alk+c al alk,t 0,属正常系列岩石;泥质-长英质变质岩的尼格里值al alk+c,t 0,SiO_2含量61.79%～74.93%,Al_2O_3含量13.49%～17.94%,FeO含量1.00%～2.54%,属铝过饱和系列。微量元素Zr富集,Sr、P、Ti、Ba亏损,显示近源沉积的特点。轻重稀土比值4.31～6.86,(Ce/Yb)_N为3.47～5.46,(La/Yb)_N为3.67～6.52,比值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型。δEu为0.32～1.02,其中泥质-长英质变质岩铕亏损明显。根据详细的显微观察,结合地球化学特征,认为温泉岩群原岩建造主要为陆源碎屑沉积建造,夹有少量的碳酸盐岩和中基性火山岩;其中斜长角闪片麻岩的原岩为玄武岩-玄武安山岩,片岩的原岩为粘土岩,变粒岩及混合岩的原岩为杂砂岩或亚杂砂岩,方解大理岩的原岩为碳酸盐岩。古元古代温泉地区以沉积岩建造为主,并发育有一定强度的火山活动,在强烈挤压背景下,该套地层发生强烈变形变质,产生区域动力热流变质作用,形成温泉岩群变质岩。     

济阳坳陷埕东凸起基底岩石组合、原岩恢复及地质意义

济阳坳陷埕东凸起太古界基底分布广泛,岩石类型丰富。岩心及显微薄片观察表明,岩石组合以花岗片麻岩、二长片麻岩和黑云母斜长片麻岩等各类片麻岩和石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩等古老岩浆岩为主,少量石英岩、变粒岩等变质表壳岩以及云煌细晶岩、钾长花岗岩等年轻侵入岩脉。岩石地球化学分析及区域对比揭示,各类片麻岩的原岩为中酸性侵入岩,属于TTG质片麻岩,而石英岩和变粒岩属于变质表壳岩范畴,原岩为沉积岩。基底岩石构造样式为片麻岩或侵入岩形成构造穹窿,规模较小的变质表壳岩零星分布在周边。盆地基底岩石组合、变质岩原岩恢复与构造样式分析表明,渤海湾盆地覆盖区基底性质与露头区相似,是华北克拉通变质基底重要组成部分。这些认识对弄清盆地基底潜山油藏储层特征与展布具有重要指导作用,为深入研究变质岩潜山内幕油藏储层演化规律提供了依据。     

新疆巴音布鲁克地区那拉提岩群变质岩原岩恢复及成因环境探讨

将巴音布鲁克地区艾尔宾山西段格尔廷恩郭勒一带原划为中泥盆统萨阿尔明组古老的具高绿片岩相-角闪岩相的变质岩重新厘定为古元古界那拉提岩群。对那拉提岩群变质岩岩石特征、原岩性质及形成构造环境研究表明,其主体为一套副变质岩系。其中,片麻岩、变粒岩的原岩为杂砂岩、亚杂砂岩、岩屑砂岩及硅铁质沉积岩。斜长角闪片岩和角闪斜长片麻岩的原岩为玄武质沉凝灰岩或基性火山杂砂岩,为副变质火山碎屑岩。构造环境判别表明,那拉提岩群变质岩以被动大陆边缘构造环境为主,可能经历了从被动大陆边缘向活动大陆边缘转化的构造过程。     

宝山矿田铜演化的地球化学过程探讨

湖南省桂阳县宝山泥炭质岩系中铜的丰度大大超过火成岩和地壳,是成矿的重要物质来源。铜以炭质吸附和固溶胶形式赋存于地层中,因酸性水溶液侵蚀而分解析出,并渗入地下深处参加热液成矿作用。热液系硫化矿遭风化剥蚀而解体,大量的铜在还原带富集,部分以固溶胶或炭质吸附存在于泥炭质岩系中。原泥炭质岩系中的铜,至少有一部分参加了上述演化的地球化学作用。     

Discussion on Relationship Between Western Margin of Yangtze Block and Southwestern Sanjiang Region in Proterozoic

DISCUSSION ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WESTERN MARGIN OF YANGTZE BLOCK AND SOUTHWESTERN SANJIANG REGION IN PROTEROZOIC     

大兴安岭北部上古生界极低级变质温度——来自碳质物拉曼光谱的证据

使用Renishaw System-1000型激光拉曼光谱仪, 研究了大兴安岭北部上古生界泥质岩石碳质物的拉曼光谱特征及其对形成温度的表征, 探讨了拉曼光谱参数与镜质体反射率(R_o)的关系。研究表明:研究区上古生界泥质岩石碳质物不具有石墨的拉曼光谱谱带吸收峰, 揭示了地层的变质程度未达到低绿片岩相。利用此次经过完善建立的拉曼光谱地质温度计, 对大兴安岭北部上古生界泥质岩石变质温度的估算结果主要为270~320℃, 表明研究区上古生界遭受了极低级变质作用, 变质程度属近变质带。依据碳质物拉曼光谱参数与镜质体反射率的相互关系, 估算研究区有机质成熟度的R_o值主要分布为3.03%~4.23%, 与实测R_o值吻合, 表明有机质演化处于过成熟阶段, 泥质岩石具有生烃的能力, 部分层位可能具有形成油气资源的潜力。     

SPACE-TIME TEXTURE AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF QAMDO BLOCK IN EAST TIBET

SPACE-TIME TEXTURE AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF QAMDO BLOCK IN EAST TIBET     

Fenitisation around the Monchique alkaline complex, Portugal

Intrusion of foyaite magmas into Carboniferous pelites at Monchique has produced localised fenites of highly variable texture and composition. The principal element introduced was sodium, together with minor iron and chlorine; potassic, oversaturated and strongly peraluminous sediment compositions were thus transformed into nepheline-bearing sodic rocks of foyaitic aspect. A comparison with other fenite sequences in the literature shows that: (a) Alkaline magmas produce much narrower fenite zones in pelitic country rocks than in crystalline basement; (b) Regardless of the type of country rock, the most undersaturated fenites around carbonatite complexes are pulaskitic (<10% normative nepheline) and normally peralkaline (normative acmite) in character, while those around non-carbonatite complexes are more undersaturated (10–20% nepheline) and normally peraluminous.     

中国镁质碳酸盐岩型温石棉矿床的成矿规律

镁质碳酸盐岩型温石棉矿床是成矿热液交代镁质碳酸盐岩生成的,一般均产于地台环境。按地台稳定性不同,成矿环境分为地台隆起区的基底建造类型和地台拗陷区的盖层建造类型。产于地台隆起区的矿床,以前震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。产于太古代及早、中元古代深变质结晶基底中的矿床,由区域变质及混合岩化过程中的变质热液交代碳酸盐岩成矿。产于晚元古代浅变质褶皱基底(扬子准地台)中的矿床,以岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液为成矿热液来源。产于地台拗陷区的矿床,均以震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。其成矿时期较晚,一般与拗陷区内岩浆活动同期,由岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液对镁质碳酸盐岩进行交代成矿。     

GEOLOGY OF THE ANGARA REGION

Industrial development of the Angara region has necessitated geological exploration for available resources. The Angara River flows north from Lake Baikal, intersecting the mountains surrounding it; passes through the 'Irkutsk Amphitheater, ' part of the central Siberian platform; and, near Bratsk, flows across a diabase intrusion, forming the Bratsk rapids (approximately 300 kilometers long). The Angara river basin is underlain by crystalline basement (the Siberian craton) composed of schists, gneisses, marble, and Archean and Proterozoic granites. These rocks dip sharply from the Sayan and Baikal ranges, where they outcrop, toward the Irkutsk Amphitheater, where they reach 3000 meters depth. The craton is covered by sediments ranging in age from Cambrian to Quaternary. Lower Cambrian rocks over 2500 meters thick are overlain by Middle Cambrian strata which are generally eroded. In the Irkutsk coal basin, north of Lake Baikal, Mesozoic rocks 600 meters thick are covered unconformably by Tertiary sediments. Quaternary deposits are known to occur; the Angara River terraces are probably pre-Quaternary. Regional tectonics involved fracturing within the Irkutsk Amphitheature and in the surrounding mountains. Geophysical survey and drilling revealed a wide horizontal protrusion (the 'Angara swell') in the Siberian craton; this protrusion divides the Irkutsk Amphitheater in the Pre-Baikal and Pre-Sayan depressions. Overlying Cambrian sediments are folded in conformity with these basement-complex dislocations. Jurassic deposits, generally horizontal, are disturbed only near the younger uplifts of Sayan and Baikal. The southwestern part of a large trap-rock intrusion crosses the Irkutsk Amphitheater; concordant intrusions, e. g. sills, entered lower Paleozoic sediments along with dikes, during late Permian and, principally, Triassic times. Mineral deposits are rich and varied: Precambrian rocks contain magnetic iron ore (of the Krivoy Rog type); talc; magnesite; pure crystalline limestone; and, possibly, phosphates. Paleozoic rocks contain large marine and lacustrine salt deposits, gypsum, phosphatized shell rock, and, possibly, oil: as well as carbonaceous rocks with lead and zinc minerals. Hydrogen-sulfide -saturated and saline mineral waters as well as subsurface water with high potassium content occur in Cambrian rocks. Siberian trap rocks are rich in magnesium and iron; magnesium-magnetite ores occur in volcanic necks as large veins of pure ore, associated with tuffs and aureoles. Trap rock (diabase) may be used in the new stone-melting industry. Jurassic deposits include saprolitic-bog and humus coals as well as extensive fire-clay and high-quality kaolin deposits. Cambrian fossils include trilobite and brachiopod remains, reefs, and molluscs; fish, insects, ostracods, and numerous fossil plant traces, are representative of the Mesozoic. The Angara River terraces, 25 to 30 meters thick, contain mammal remains, brackish-water molluscs, and, from the Middle Paleolithic, Azilian and Solutrean artifacts. -- D. D. Fisher     

Petrology and geochemical characteristics of Precambrian granitic basement complex rocks in the southernmost part of North-Central Nigeria

The Precambrian basement complex in the southernmost part of North-Central Nigeria is underlain by migmatitic banded gneisses, granitic intrusions and dykes of dolerite, rhyolite porphyry and pegmatite. The rocks are generally felsic, containing modal and normative hypersthene, as well as normative corundum. The basement complex has experienced high-grade regional metamorphism as indicated by the presence of hypersthene and plagioclase of andesine composition. Anatectic melting is suggested by the occurrence of ptygmatic folds, folded gneissose foliation, numerous quartzo-feldspathic veins and lenses of dark-colured, micaceous schistose rocks. Geochemically, the rocks have magnesian, calc-alkalic and strongly peraluminous characteristics. Their overall characteristics suggest derivation from progressive (fractional) partial melting of pelitic rocks during high-grade regional metamorphism, possibly associated with intense hydrothermal activities. The magnesian characteristics reflect close affinity to relatively hydrous, oxidizing melts and source regions in settings broadly related to subduction.     

Proto-Tethyan remnants in northwest Iran: Geochemistry of the gneisses and metapelitic rocks

The Iran continental crust was metamorphosed, intruded by granitoid magmas, folded and faulted during the Late Precambrian by the Pan-African Orogeny. The basement complex in the Takab Complex (northwest Iran) consists of gneisses, amphibolites, pelitic schists, meta-ultramafic and calc-silicate rocks. Geochemically, the protoliths of the Takab gneisses are slightly peraluminous and medium to high-potassic with calc-alkaline affinity. These gneisses may have been emplaced in volcanic arc tectonic setting. Furthermore, the metapelitic protolith is shale deposited in an active continental margin setting. All these characteristics, and presence of paleo-suture zone and ophiolitic rocks (i.e. serpentines, meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks) around the high grade metamorphic rocks suggest that a continental-margin magmatic arc (Andean-type) formed the Takab Precambrian basement. The basement complexes are extensively overprinted by the Pan-African Orogeny and younger igneous events; this supports the inference that Early Cambrian orogenesis in the Takab Complex region of northwest Iran marks one of the fundamental lithospheric boundaries within Gondwana which belonged to a greater Late Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic orogenic system that was active along the Proto-Tethyan margin of the Gondwana supercontinent, extending at least from its Arabian margin to the Himalayan margin of the Indian subcontinent.     

Graphitization of carbonaceous matter during metamorphism with references to carbonate and pelitic rocks of contact and regional metamorphisms,Japan

This study is an attempt to correlate the graphitization process of carbonaceous matter during metamorphism with metamorphic grade. Graphitization can be parameterized using crystal structure and chemical and isotopic compositions. The extent of graphitization could be characterized mainly by temperature, duration of metamorphism and rock composition. We compared the graphitization trends for two metamorphic terrains, a contact aureole of the Kasuga area and a regional metamorphic terrain of high-temperature/low pressure type of the Ryoke metamorphic terrain in Northern Kiso area, Central Japan, and for two different lithologies (carbonate and pelite), using X-ray diffractogram, DTA-TG analysis, and chemical and stable isotope analyses. During contact metamorphism, graphitization and carbon isotopic exchange reactions proceeded simultaneously in pelitic and carbonate rocks. The decreases in basal spacing d(002) of the carbonaceous matter in carbonate rocks is greatly accelerated at temperatures higher than about 400° C. Furthermore, carbon isotopic ratios of graphite in carbonate rocks also change to ¹³C-enriched values implying exchange with carbonates. The beginning of this enrichment of ¹³C in the carbonaceous matter coincides with an abrupt increase of the graphitization processes. Carbon isotopic shifting up to 5 in pelites could be observed as metamorphic temperature increased probably by about 400° C. Carbonaceous matter in pelitic rocks is sometimes a mixture of poorly crystallized organic matter and well-crystallized graphite detritus. DTA-TG analysis is an effective tool for the distinction of detrital graphitic material. Two sources for the original carbon isotopic composition of carbonaceous matter in pelites in the Kasuga contact aureole can be distinguished, about-28 and-24 regardless of the presence of detrital graphite, and were mainly controlled by depositional environment of the sediments. Graphitization in limestones and pelitic rocks in regional metamorphism proceeds further than in a contact aureole. In the low-temperature range, the differences in extent of graphitization between the two metamorphic regions is large. However, at temperatures higher than 600° C, the extent of graphitization in both regions is indistinguishable. The degree of graphitization is different in limestones and pelitic rocks from the Ryoke metamorphic terrain. We demonstrate that the graphitization involves a progressive re-construction process of the crystal structure. The sequence of the first appearance of crystal inter planar spacing correlates with the metamorphic grade and indicates the crystal growth of three-dimensional structured graphite.