小极距高密度电法在城镇供水管漏水检测中的应用

城市地下供水管破损漏水检测,一般使用听音工具和设备来进行,这种需要漏水点传出声音的检测方式,效果往往并不理想。使用一种新的检测方法,无需利用声音,而是通过供水管漏水造成地层电性变化这一特征,使用小极距高密度电法查明管道漏水点位置。该检测方式不仅解决了常规方法难以查明的供水管漏水问题,而且拓展了小极距高密度电法的应用空间。     

A 3D discrete FEM iterative algorithm for solving the water pipe cooling problems of massive concrete structures

Water pipe cooling has been widely used for the temperature control and crack prevention of massive concrete structures such as high dams. Because both under‐cooling and over‐cooling may reduce the efficiency of crack prevention, or even lead to great harm to structures, we need an accurate and robust numerical tool for the prediction of cooling effect. Here, a 3D discrete FEM Iterative Algorithm is introduced, which can simulate the concrete temperature gradient near the pipes, as well as the water temperature rising along the pipes. On the basis of the heat balance between water and concrete, the whole temperature field of the problem can be computed exactly within a few iteration steps. Providing the pipe meshing tool for building the FE model, this algorithm can take account of the water pipe distribution, the variation of water flow, water temperature, and other factors, while the traditional equivalent algorithm based on semi‐theoretical solutions can only solve problems with constant water flow and water temperature. The validation and convergence are proved by comparing the simulated results and analytical solutions of two standard second‐stage cooling problems. Then, a practical concrete block with different cooling schemes is analyzed and the influences of cooling factors are investigated. In the end, detailed guidance for pipe system optimization is provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

BG型钻杆排放设备的设计与应用

传统接卸钻杆多采用人工对扣、拖拽摆放方式,效率较低,工人劳动强度大。针对目前流行的可抬头式全液压钻机,设计了一种BG型自动钻杆排放设备,该设备通过机械手与夹持器2个机构与抬头式动力头配合完成钻杆的自动化接卸、摆放。详细介绍了机械手结构设计与回转驱动选型、夹持器结构设计与夹持油缸选型以及液压系统的设计思路,从理论上确定设备的可靠性。最后通过现场试验验证了BG型自动钻杆排放设备的实用性。     

Change of groundwater chemistry from 1896 to present in the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong

In this study, groundwater quality information collected in 1896 (well waters), 1980/1981 (piezometric and seepage samples) and 2002/2003 (seepage samples) in the regions centered by the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong Island, was compared to illustrate how groundwater quality has changed over a century and the processes controlling it. As shown by saline ammonia and nitrate levels in the late nineteenth century, groundwater was severely polluted by widespread and obvious leakage from poorly designed wastewater collection systems, although groundwater was still a drinking water source for local residents. The extremely high residual chlorines in groundwater demonstrated that large doses of disinfection agents were added to wells at that time. In view of the decline in saline ammonia and nitrate levels, groundwater became less organically polluted in the 1980s probably due to significant improvement of the design of underground sewers. However, more leakage from sources such as salty flushing water and fresh water pipes emerged in the past few decades which added complexity to groundwater chemical systems. Some chemicals were used to identify possible locations of leakages. The temporal variations of the distribution of these chemicals over the area may shed light on the rate of leakage. Leakage from service pipes seems to have improved from the early 1980s to 2002/2003. However, the area is still suffering from widespread and small-scale leakage from service pipes. More efforts should be paid to control small leakages in the future. The findings will be instructive to various government organizations such as the Water Supplies Department and Drainage Services Department to identify possible locations of unobvious leakages in the area.     

复合衬垫土工膜褶皱网络水力连通性分析方法

褶皱的水力连通长度是复合褶皱渗漏量评估的关键参数,褶皱网络的水力连通性分析还缺乏客观高效的分析方法。基于对漏洞周围水头分布的简化,提出以搜索长度为标准判定褶皱间水力连通性。通过将褶皱线段化,建立了褶皱网络连通性数字化分析方法,并编制了相应的分析程序,研究了该方法在文献报道的褶皱网络和处于良好状态的GM/GCL（土工膜/土工复合膨润土垫）衬垫中的应用。结果表明：搜索长度的定义给出了判定褶皱间水力连通性的客观标准,能反映衬垫的不同参数（如水头、界面导水系数以及渗透系数等）对褶皱间水力连通性的影响。褶皱线段化使褶皱位置和尺寸的描述更容易,数字化的水力连通分析简便且高效。基于该水力连通性分析方法的渗漏量评估结果偏保守。在进行渗漏量计算时,若假定统一的长度来描述褶皱网络,则需要根据漏洞频率的不同选择不同值。该水力连通性分析方法作为渗漏量评估完全数字化的关键环节,具有重要的应用前景。     

国产绳索取心钻杆设计与制造技术的分析

介绍了国内外绳索取心钻杆的生产现状,论述了绳索取心钻杆的结构、各种管材的性能、钻杆和接头的选材、螺纹的优化设计和一些特殊工序,最后以89 mm绳索取心钻杆为例,根据不同的设计方案,列出了相应的技术参数供大家参考。     

基于Ansys Workbench通地1井的绳索取心钻杆接头疲劳分析

通过分析通化盆地地质调查井工程钻探施工工况、钻杆折断事故及折断部位,基于钻杆和钻进工艺参数对井内钻杆接头螺纹受力进行理论计算,采用SolidWorks对钻杆接头螺纹连接处进行建模然后将模型导入Ansys Workbench中进行应力和疲劳仿真分析,预测钻杆接头的疲劳寿命。通过分析仿真结果,再结合地质岩心编录和测井资料,探讨涌水伴随大量气体钻探施工的钻杆折断原因,优化钻进工艺参数,从而减少孔内钻杆折断事故的发生。     

水热型融雪路面金属导热管合理埋设间距研究

为了研究水热型融雪化冰路面结构中金属导热管合理布设间距, 建立了基于传热学理论的路面融雪化冰有限元分析模型, 对不同外界气温、 不同埋设间距工况下金属热管融雪化冰能力进行计算分析. 结果表明: 外界气温在0~-10 ℃之间时, 热管融雪效果明显. 气温低于-10 ℃时, 热管尽量埋设至路面中部; 热管最优间距为100~200 mm, 当热管间距>200 mm时, 即使管内水温高达40 ℃, 0 ℃ 等温线将不再连续.     

基于褶皱几何参数统计规律的渗漏量评估方法

褶皱网络中褶皱的空间分布是水力通性分析及渗漏量评估的基础。褶皱的空间分布规律尚待研究。基于一个典型场地的场底褶皱网络,利用K-S检验方法分析了褶皱几何参数服从的概率分布类型,统计得到了褶皱几何参数相应的统计参数。提出了基于褶皱几何参数的统计规律随机生成褶皱网络,并对随机褶皱网络进行渗漏量评估,然后从随机分析得到的渗漏量中选择特征值来表征场地的渗漏量的方法。通过案例分析,研究了该方法的应用。结果表明：对典型场底褶皱网络的统计分析为确定类似场地中褶皱几何参数的概率分布类型和统计参数具有重要的参考价值。由随机生成的褶皱网络得到的渗漏量样本的均值可以作为特征值,用来保守地评估场地内实际的渗漏量。基于案例分析,在对褶皱几何参数统计规律积累了丰富的经验后,可以实现对待建场地的设计不再需要获取整个场地的航拍图像,从而为有褶皱场地渗漏量评估提供了新思路。     

漏失地层近水平钻孔水力反循环取心试验

基于煤矿井下陷落柱、小断层等地质异常体精确探查对漏失地层近水平孔取心钻进的迫切需要,采用双壁水力反循环连续取心技术进行井下地质异常体探查,分析其技术原理及特点,研制配套的ø89/42 mm双壁取心钻杆和反循环取心钻头,并在某地面矿山进行功能性试验,共施工完成3个近水平取心钻孔,单孔最高取心率为83.6%,最大回次进尺69 m,平均钻进效率为3.61~6.26 m/h。针对漏失地层冲洗液漏失严重的问题,提出双壁取心钻具的结构改进优化方案,采用改进后的取心钻具岩心上返通道返水流量和流速大幅提升,最后指出该套反循环取心施工中出现的钻孔环空排渣及岩心卡堵问题并提出了针对性的解决方案,包括采用正反循环排渣法解决钻孔环空排渣问题和采用中心通道打水解卡方法解决岩心卡堵问题。试验表明:该套双壁取心钻具满足煤矿井下地质异常体探查的施工需要,为煤矿井下地质异常体探查提供新的技术途径。      

油压夯管技术及油压夯管设备的研究

在阐述油压夯管技术及特点的基础上,说明了油压夯管锤结构及工作原理,建立了油压夯管锤数学模型,进行了较深入的内部工作华而不实结构参数的优选,介绍了油压夯管设备的研制内容及过程。     

瓦斯抽采钻孔护孔用割缝筛管抗堵性研究

为了验证常规圆孔筛管和割缝筛管在瓦斯抽采过程中煤粉抗堵性上的差异,利用PFC3D离散元分析软件分析了常规圆孔筛管和割缝筛管的煤粉通过性能,根据模拟结果优选了割缝参数,并在阳泉矿区寺家庄煤矿15117工作面回风巷15号煤层中进行了常规圆孔筛管和3种不同割缝参数的割缝筛管的瓦斯抽采试验。数值模拟结果表明：总体趋势上,割缝筛管的煤粉通过量要小于圆孔筛管,对于割缝筛管,割缝宽度对煤粉通过量的影响要大于割缝长度;现场试验表明：抽采试验中采用割缝筛管护孔的抽采孔平均瓦斯流量和瓦斯浓度分别是常规圆孔筛管护孔抽采孔的6倍和3.8倍,验证了煤粉通过量越小的筛管,其抗堵性能越优,瓦斯抽采效果也越好。     

Monitoring of Over Cutting Area and Lubrication Distribution in a Large Slurry Pipe Jacking Operation

Slurry pipe jacking was firmly established as a special method for the non-disruptive construction of the underground pipelines of sewage systems. Pipe jacking, in its traditional form, has occasionally been used for short railways, roads, rivers, and other projects. Basically the system involves the pushing or thrusting of concrete pipes into the ground by a number of jacks. In slurry pipe jacking, during the pushing process, mud slurry and lubricant are injected into the face and the over cutting area that is between the concrete pipes and the surrounding soil. Next, the slurry fills voids and the soil stabilizes due to the created slurry cake around the pipes. Fillings also reduce the jacking force or thrust during operation. When the drivage and pushing processes are finished, a mortar injection into the over cutting area is carried out in order to maintain permanent stability of the surrounding soil and the over cutting area. Successful lubrication around the pipes is extremely important in a large diameter slurry pipe jacking operation. Control of lubrication and gaps between pipes and soil can prevent hazards such as surface settlement and increases in thrust. Also, to find voids around the pipes after the jacking process, in order to inject mortar for permanent stabilizing, an investigation around the pipes is necessary. To meet these aims, this paper is concerned with the utilization of known methods such as the GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) system and borehole camera to maintain control of the over cutting area and lubricant distribution around the pipes during a site investigation. From this point of view, experiments were carried out during a tunnel construction using one of the largest cases of slurry pipe jacking in Fujisawa city, Japan. The advantages and disadvantages of each system were clarified during the tests.     

基于MapInfo的城市综合管网信息系统的开发

在分析城市综合管网信息管理现状和发展趋势的基础上,初步论述了在GIS平台下开发城市综合地下管网信息系统的意义和步骤,分析了系统应具有的功能和开发模式,并在此基础上介绍了开发设计的城市综合管网信息系统。     

The copper-bearing breccia pipes of the Messina district South Africa

The Messina Copper Mines comprise a group of breccia pipes, disseminated replacement and fissure deposits within an area 20 km long by 1 km wide, emplaced within high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Limpopo mobile belt. Breccia pipes as well as associated hydrothermal copper deposits are aligned along a northeast trend which forms a southwestern projection of the Nuanetsi Igneous Province. The "L" and West lode breccia columns are known over a vertical extent of 1 250 metres, and are not exposed on surface; they are circular to polygonal in plan outline, as a result of joint controls. Peripheral microbreccia grades downwards and inwards to macrobreccia. Downward displacement of country rock marker zones indicate a maximum 1 – 3 per cent volume increase, while observed interfragmental fill constitutes 15 – 25 per cent. Hydrothermal alteration of wallrock gneiss mantles the breccia columns and does not extend to surface; it is comprised of distinct zones, the outermost characterized by sericitized gneiss, grading to an albitite, and finally to zoisite-quartz rock around the immediate brecciated contacts, and within the pipes. The interfragmental fill consists largely of quartz and sulphides, and grades downwards to albite + sulphides in the West Lode pipe. Sulphide mineral distribution is zoned, pyrite dominating in the apex of the pipes, grading downwards to chalcopyrite-bornite and then bornite-chalcocite at deeper levels. The nature of the fragmentation precludes normal stoping collapse mechanisms for brecciation and suggests a single implosive event. Chemical reaction induced shrinkage of fragments probably created the bulk of the interfragmental volume.     

Modeling approaches and strategies for data-scarce aquifers: example of the Dar es Salaam aquifer in Tanzania

Management of groundwater resources can be improved by using groundwater models to perform risk analyses and to improve development strategies, but a lack of extensive basic data often limits the implementation of sophisticated models. Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is an example of a city where increasing groundwater use in a Pleistocene aquifer is causing groundwater-related problems such as saline intrusion along the coastline, lowering of water-table levels, and contamination of pumping wells. The lack of a water-level monitoring network introduces a problem for basic data collection and model calibration and validation. As a replacement, local water-supply wells were used for measuring groundwater depth, and well-top heights were estimated from a regional digital elevation model to recalculate water depths to hydraulic heads. These were used to draw a regional piezometric map. Hydraulic parameters were estimated from short-time pumping tests in the local wells, but variation in hydraulic conductivity was attributed to uncertainty in well characteristics (information often unavailable) and not to aquifer heterogeneity. A MODFLOW model was calibrated with a homogeneous hydraulic conductivity field and a sensitivity analysis between the conductivity and aquifer recharge showed that average annual recharge will likely be in the range 80–100 mm/year.     

Enigmatic clastic pipe swarms and implications for fluidization dynamics in aeolian deposits

Soft‐sediment deformation of contorted and massive sandstone is common throughout much of the siliciclastic record, but clastic pipes represent a distinctive class of pressurized synsedimentary features. Remarkable centimetre to metre‐scale clastic pipe exposures in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Utah (USA) establish a range of pipe sizes, expressions and relationships to the host rock in an erg margin setting, traditionally thought to be just a dry desert system. In particular, the field and laboratory characterizations of cylindrical pipes show internal concentric, annular rings that imply water fluidization, with alignment of long grain axes due to shear flow along pipe margins. Central interior parts of decimetre‐scale pipes appear massive in plan view, but display weakly developed pseudobedding from post‐pressure release, gravitational settling in the cross‐sectional view. Deformation features of conjugate fractures, ring faults, hypotrochoid patterns (geometric arcs and circles) and breccia in the host material reflect both brittle and ductile behaviour in response to the fluidization and injection of the clastic pipes. The stratigraphic context of individual pipes and the stratabound intervals of pipe features imply dynamic deformation nearly coincident with deposition in this Early Jurassic aeolian system related to multiple factors of groundwater expulsion, timing and local host sediment properties that influenced pipe development. Although the pipe features might be easily overlooked as a smaller scale feature of soft‐sediment deformation in dune deposits, these are valuable environmental indications of disrupted fluid pathways within porous, reservoir quality sands, associated with possible combinations of periodic springs, high water‐table conditions and strong ground‐motion events. These pipe examples may be important analogues where exposures are not so clear, with applications to diverse modern and ancient clastic settings internationally on Earth as well as in planetary explorations such as on Mars.     

手掘式顶管在市政排水工程中的应用

从混凝土管材的选定、工作坑的设计及施工、顶管顶进中若干关键问题入手,介绍了手掘式顶管施工技术在成都市中心城水环境综合整治工程G标段管道排水工程中的应用。     

高坝洲地区岩溶水系统的研究方法与意义

本文根据高坝洲水利枢纽工程的实际需要,提出了该区岩溶水系统的划分标准,据此对研究区岩溶水系统进行了划分,并论述了各岩溶水系统的特征和相互关系。在此基础上,应用数值模拟方法对研究区相应的水文地质参数进行了识别,并对蓄水后库水的渗漏途径、渗漏量进行了预测,为防渗帷幕的设计和施工提供了科学依据。     

Possibilities of exchanging know-how, scientific partners and information between China Society of Geochemistry and Brazilian Association of Geochemistry-SBGq

The Brazilian Society of Geochemistry--SBGq founded in 1985, is located at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, having more than 300 affiliates that represent most of the principal Brazilian universities. The main SBGq way of divulgation is an international magazine-Geochimica Brasiliensis and a site： www.sbgq.org.br/. Regular meeting of SBGq is realized in each two years in odd years The last meeting it has been realized together the Geochemistry of Portuguese Language Countries and Geochemistry Symposium of the MERCOSUL countries （Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay）. During the even years are realized specific meeting as Environmental Geochemistry in Tropical Countries. The SBGq is associated with other Brazilian scientific societies as Latin American Association of Organic Geochemistry--ALAGO. During its existence the SBGq has published approximately 3000 papers related to the environment, lithogeochemistry, isotopes, surface geochemistry, organic geochemistry, coastal environmental geochemistry, secondary environments, hydrogeochemistry, exploration geochemistry, magmatic geochemistry, rare earth geochemistry, geochemistry of carbonations, biogeochemistry, mineral geochemistry, geochemistry vs. geochronology and geochemistry of precious metals.