地震台站管理效益研究

从台站规划、建设和改造情况,管理体制、工作方式和运行模式,监测设施、观测设备和观测环境,观测质量与技术支撑,工作生活环境,人员结构共六个方面分析了天津市地震台站的工作现状,指出了其中存在的问题,并给出了对策与建议,为提高地震台站的管理效益进行了有益的探索。     

浅谈地震台站监测设施和观测环境保护

分析了地震台站监测设施和观测环境受干扰与影响的主要因素,总结了近年来地震台站监测设施和观测环境保护的经验启示,并就进一步做好地震监测设施和观测环境保护工作提出相关建议。     

地震台站数字化观测系统的运行与维护

随着数字技术的不断发展,我国大部分地震台站都进行了数字化改造,地震观测的现代化、数字化、智能化,对地震台站的运行环境和技术维护提出了更高的要求。本文根据在地震台站多年的工作积累和台站管理经验,对地震台数字化观测系统运行与维护的目标、基本要求作了说明,并提出了地震台数字化观测系统运行和维护的有关制度。     

高台地震台依法保护地震监测环境的经验

阐述了高台地震台观测环境现状,通过高台地震台监测环境保护实践活动,认识到：法律、法规是地震监测环境得到有利保护的重要保障;观测环境保护工作需要依靠当地政府及各部门的重视和支持;地震台站工作人员要加强法律、法规的学习和运用,担负起地震台站监测环境保护的任务。     

关于新形势下如何做好地震台站应急工作的探讨——以西宁地震台为例

基于地震应急工作的特点和基层地震台站现状,从提高地震资料的观测质量及加强震情观念、地震科普知识的宣传、地震台站监测环境的保护等方面对地震台的工作进行了分析,提出了做好地震台站工作的一些建议,并针对提升基层台站地震应急能力,提出了设想和改进措施。     

地震台站基础信息完善及应用分析

地震台站作为地震系统基础单元,是设置地震监测设施并开展地震监测的基层机构,完备的地震监测设施和良好的地震观测环境是地震观测的基础。掌握完整、准确的地震台站基础信息是做好地震台站管理的关键。由于观测手段更新、观测环境变迁和建设条件差异的原因,投入运行后的地震台站基础信息与规划设计有偏差,一定程度上影响地震观测数据的准确性和有效性。本文论述了地震台站基础信息完善的意义,通过实例说明准确、有效的地震台站基础信息,在地震观测干扰排查、观测环境保护和台站升级改造方面的应用,旨在引起行业重视地震台站基础信息的收集、管理和应用,进而确保地震观测数据科学有效。     

全国重点地震台站观测环境优化改造关键技术与展望

稳定可靠的地震台站观测环境是台站产出高质量观测数据的基本要求。对台站观测环境的改造,是中国地震局近年来项目重点支持的方向。全国重点地震台站优化改造项目致力于地震台站的观测环境、基础设施和工作条件等保障系统的优化改造,使其适应和满足现代地震观测技术发展的需要。本文系统地总结了重点台站优化改造项目自2001年开展实施的相关情况,并对关键技术进行分析,主要体现在测震仪器的防震加固设计、地磁观测室无磁性工艺、形变山洞防潮保温、地电阻率观测架空线路防雷改造、台站标准化改造等方面。通过这些新技术和工艺,保障了台站观测环境,提升了观测数据质量,为地震监测、地震预测预报和地震科学研究提供了高质量的基础数据支撑。此外,探讨了新形势下台站优化改造的新内容与新技术,为今后台站改造的发展方向提供一定参考。     

合理保护地震台站观测环境和监测设施

地震台站监测环境的好坏,直接影响地震监测工作质量,因此,依法保护地震台站观测环境和监测设施意义重大。通过对近年来省内几起典型的地震监测设施和地震观测环境破坏事件进行分析,发现问题,总结经验,探讨解决办法,为进一步做好地震观测环境和监测设施的保护工作提供建议和意见。     

四川省地震局召开一九八一年全省地震台站观测工作质量评比会议

为进一步巩固整顿地震台站的成果,提高台站观测质量,四川省地震局于1981年9月15日至25日在成都召开1981年全省地震台站观测工作质量评比会议。会议总结了一年来我省地震台站狠抓观测质量的成效和经验,评出了先进,发现了问题,     

智能地震台站试验性研究

通过安装在台站的软硬件设备和远程测控平台,智能地震台站综合智能监控系统可以对无人职守地震台站设备的工作状态和环境进行实时监控,并能够自动判定台站故障点及发出报警信息,实现异地操作台站电源及观测设备等.试点运行结果表明,该系统运行稳定可靠,可以对台站的观测设备进行有效地保护,并极大地提升了数字地震台网中心的工作效能.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.