2000年1月15日姚安6.5级地震较强余震的应力触发

20 0 0年 1月 15日在云南省姚安县发生了MS6 5级地震 ,震后发生了 7次M≥ 4 0级的较强余震。本文计算了姚安MS6 5级主震后 ,主震和前震在 7次强余震破裂面上诱发的库仑破裂应力变化 (ΔCFS)。结果表明 ,有5次较强余震发生在库仑破裂应力增加 (ΔCFS >0 )的地区 ,增加的范围为 10 -2 ～ 10 -1MPa。并对结果的可靠性进行了检验 ,发现在前震和主震的破裂面长宽度和位错量估计值分别取上下限的 16种组合情况下 ,5次较强余震破裂面上的库仑破裂应力变化都为正 ,只是数值在 10 -3 ～ 10 -1MPa之间变化 ,而另 2次较强余震破裂面上的库仑破裂应力变化正负值发生变化。结果表明 ,主震和前震位错产生的库仑破裂应力变化是姚安MS6 5级地震较强余震活动的重要原因。     

印尼MS8.7地震对中国大陆3次后续中强地震的动应力触发研究

印尼8.7级地震发生后,在不到2个月时间内,在中国大陆相继发生了3次后续中强地震(2004年12月26日云南双柏MS5.1地震、2005年1月26日云南思茅MS5.1地震、2005年2月15日新疆乌什MS6.2地震),印尼地震和这3次后续地震是否存在触发关系?计算了印尼地震在3次后续地震破裂面上的动库仑应力变化和静库仑应力变化。静应力变化量小,低于一般认为的触发阈值(0.01 MPa);动应力变化峰值为10-1MPa,可能是这3次后续地震的触发因素。     

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师M_S6.8地震的应力触发作用研究

自1997-1998年新疆伽师强震群后,伽师震区余震活动渐趋平静。2003年1月4日伽师发生了5.4级地震,其后50天在距其20km左右在巴楚-伽师地区发生了MS6.8地震,其后发生了7次MS5.0以上强余震,序列的余震丰富、强度大。通过计算几次强余震破裂面上产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化,结合余震活动的时空演化特征定量探讨了强余震活动的可能机理。结果表明,巴楚-伽师MS6.8地震不仅有利于分布与主破裂面方向较一致的余震发生,而且触发了与其共轭方向的地震活动。     

2005年江西九江—瑞昌M_S5.7地震破裂参数及余震静态应力触发研究

根据地震破裂过程中的多普勒效应,利用多台波谱参数推算九江-瑞昌Ms5.7地震的震源破裂参数,得到主震的破裂方位角ψ0≈319.6°,破裂速度约为2.3 km/s,用最小二乘法拟合的相关系数极值约为0.80.在此基础上,分别计算了主震在4.8级强余震的两个节面上的静态库仑应力变化量,结果显示:主震在4.8级余震节面Ⅰ、Ⅱ上的静态库仑应力变化均为正值,分别为0.48 MPa和0.02 MPa.主震在节面Ⅰ、Ⅱ上产生的静态库仑应力的变化十分接近.应力增加的区域主要位于主震断层的右侧,应力减小的区域主要分布在震中南部.统计显示:绝大部分余震均发生在静态库仑应力增加的区域内,尤其是在节面Ⅰ上,表明主震破裂产生的库仑破裂应力变化对4.8级余震的发生有重要的触发作用,同时也有利于大多数余震的发生.     

2000年以来南美板缘强震对2014年智利M_S8.2地震触发关系的初步研究

计算了2000年以来南美板缘强震(先前地震)对2014年4月1日智利北部M_S8.2主震、2014年4月3日M_S7.6强余震以及本次主震对其后续余震的应力触发作用,研究结果表明:先前地震在主震震源机制解2个节面上产生的库仑应力变化均为正;采用不同的有效摩擦系数,在主震破裂面上产生的库仑应力变化超过阈值(0.01MPa)的子元最低占22.2%,库仑应力变化为正子元的比率最低和最高分别为74.3%、95.5%。先前地震和主震在4月3日M_S7.6地震震源机制解的2个节面上产生的库仑应力变化也均为正,且远大于触发阈值;最低有58.2%的破裂面子元上库仑应力变化超过触发阈值,最低有64.0%的破裂面子元上库仑应力变化为正。故先前地震有利于本次主震的发生,先前地震及本次主震又有利于M_S7.6强余震的发生。根据全球CMT目录搜索到的8次余震震源机制解资料,计算了本次主震在后续余震震源机制解节面上的库仑破裂应力变化,计算结果显示,主震对其后续余震的触发效果不明显,由于余震资料的有限性,主震对余震的触发作用还有待于进一步研究。     

2008年新疆于田MS7.3地震对后续 地震的完全库仑应力触发作用

在离散波数法基础上计算2008年3月21日新疆于田M_S7.3地震造成的近场区域完全库仑应力变化, 分析该变化对余震发生所产生的影响, 得到了此次地震在2008年10月5日乌恰M_S6.8地震震中处所产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化. 计算结果表明, 该地震近场区域库仑应力变化图像演化大概持续了60 s, 库仑应力变化对余震的触发率达到90%以上, 其中动态库仑应力变化图像更好地解释了余震的分布. 余震震中处的完全库仑应力变化计算结果表明, 其动态库仑应力变化远远大于静态库仑应力变化. 于田M_S7.3地震在乌恰M_S6.8地震震中处造成的最大动态库仑应力变化为0.12 MPa, 说明后者可能受到了于田M_S7.3地震的动态应力触发作用, 但不显著;而静态库仑应力则对其影响很小.      

2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震动态应力对后续余震活动的触发作用

选取IRIS远震台站波形数据,反演了云南漾濞M_S6.4地震震源破裂过程,计算了断层破裂在近场产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化,并讨论了主震对近场余震活动的动态应力触发作用。结果显示:动态库仑应力演化过程与震源破裂特征反演结果一致,其大小分布与地震序列分布的疏密程度也具有较好的相关性。主震产生的静态和动态库仑破裂应力均促进余震的发生,但相比静态应力,余震位于库仑破裂应力正值区域的比例提高了21%,余震与动态库仑应力变化的正负区域有更好的一致性,动态应力能更好地解释震后余震分布的空间特征。垂直于地震序列主干10 km处出现小震丛集,该现象可能是由主震产生的动态库仑破裂应力占主导作用所致。定量分析主震对余震的动态应力触发结果显示,主震后一周内M_S4.0以上的8次余震接收点均受到了动态库仑破裂应力的触发作用。      

云南禄劝地震对余震有触发作用吗--静态应力触发地震的讨论

采用文献[1]计算地震产生的静态应变场的解析表达式,对云南禄劝地震的15次余震,计算了主震在余震节面上产生的正应力和静态库仑破裂应力变化。分析了正应力变化和静态库仑破裂应力变化是否对余震有触发作用。结果表明,主震产生的正应力变化和库仑破裂应力变化并没有明显的证据“有利于”余震的发生。另外,还比较了运用与主震相同的余震机制和反演得到的余震机制在库仑破裂模型中计算结果的差异。使用反演的余震机制得出的结果稍优于假定余震与主震有相同震源机制得到的结果。     

汶川Ms8．0巨震产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化及其强余震群

计算和研究了2008年5月12日四川汶川Ms8.0巨震在其强余震断层面上产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化,分析了该变化对强余震的动态和静态应力触发作用.结果显示,汶川主震后15天内发生的7次Mw≥5.5强余震均受到了动态和静态库仑破裂应力的综合触发作用.     

云南禄劝地震对余震有触发作用吗——静态应力触发地震的讨论

采用Okada（1992）计算地震产生的静态应变场的解析表达式，对云南禄劝地震的15次余震，计算了主震在余震节面上产生的正应力和静态库仑破裂应力。分析了正应力和静态库仑破裂应力是否对余震有触发作用。结果表明，主震产生的正应力和库仑破裂应力变化并没有明显的证据“有利于”余震的发生。另外，还比较了运用与主震相同的余震机制和反演得到的余震机制在库仑破裂模型中计算结果的差异。使用反演的余震机制得出的结果稍优于假定余震与主震有相同震源机制得到的结果。     

1970年通海7.7级大地震强余震触发

1970年1月5日云南通海发生了M_S7.7地震, 震后发生了多次M_S＞5.0的强余震。 文中计算了1970年通海7.7级大地震后, 主震分别在5次强余震破裂面上诱发的库仑破裂应力变化(ΔCFS)。 结果表明, 有4次强余震发生在库仑破裂应力增加(ΔCFS＞0)的地区, 增加的范围为10^-2～10^-1 MPa; 有1次强余震按2种震源机制解结果给出的破裂面计算, 得到2种结果, 分别发生在库仑破裂应力变化为正和在库仑破裂应力变化为负的地区。 研究结果表明, 主震位错产生的库仑破裂应力变化可能是1970年通海7.7级大地震强余震活动的重要原因。     

co-seismic coulomb stress changes and its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults caused by 2014 ludian earthquake,yunnan

The studies of earthquake stress transfer and its influence on regional seismicity have found that earthquake occurrences are highly interactive and correlated rather than isolated and random in traditional point in recently years. A lot of phenomena in earthquake observations such as aftershock distribution, stress shadow, earthquake interaction and migration were well explained based on the theory of earthquake stress interaction. It is important that understanding the process of earthquake interaction could give an insight into the physical mechanism of earthquake cycle, and could help us assess the seismic hazard in future.It has long been recognized that regional stress accumulated by tectonic motion is released when earthquake occurs. When earthquakes occur, the accumulated stress does not vanish completely, but is redistributed through the process of stress transfer, and then the redistributed stress may trigger potential earthquakes. The increment of Coulomb failure stress loading in the certain regions may improve the seismic activities. By contrast, the decrement of Coulomb failure stress in the areas of stress shadow where the stress on faults may unload could lead to the decrement of seismic activities.On August 3, 2014, an M_S6.5 earthquake occurred in Zhaotong-Ludian region, Yunnan Province, China, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Therefore, it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settlement so as to avoid future disasters. Based on the elastic dislocation theory and multi-layered lithospheric model, we calculate the co-stress changes caused by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquakes to discuss its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults. It is shown that the Coulomb stress changes based on the rupture in the NNW direction can explain better the aftershock distribution. It indicates that the NNW direction may represent the real rupture. The aftershocks mainly distribute in the regions with increased stress along main rupture and west to the rupture. In other regions with increased stress, the distributions of aftershock are rare which may indicate the low tectonic stress accumulation in these regions. The stress accumulation and corresponding seismic hazard on the southern part of Zhaotong Fault, Qiaojia segment of Zemuhe-Xiaojiang Fault and northeastern part of Lianfeng Fault are further increased by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquake. We should pay special attention to the southern part of Zhaotong Fault where seismic activity is very high in recently years and the increment of Coulomb failure stress in this area is more than 0.1bar(0.1bar is the threshold of earthquake triggering). In order to make a more objective and comprehensive discussion, we calculate the sensitivity of the parameters such as effective coefficient of friction, the calculated depth and multilayered crustal model.     

2008年汶川地震的破裂模型及引起的余震活动分析

用两种发震构造的破裂位移分布模型对2008年汶川地震造成的区域主要断裂的库仑应力变化进行了模拟.通过对这两种破裂位移模型模拟结果的对比分析,表明破裂位移模型的逆冲兼右旋滑动的位移模式及南北两段分别有两个滑动量高值区这样的特点控制了区域库仑应力变化的总体分布特征.汶川地震的余震分布和计算结果还显示:所获得的区域主要断裂的...     

2007年苏门答腊8．5级、8．3级地震强余震库仑破裂应力触发研究

2007年9月12日印尼苏门答腊发生了8.5级地震,9月13日其西北边又发生了8.3级地震,震后在附近还发生了一系列6级以上强震。该文依次计算了苏门答腊8.5级地震后各次地震前其所在主破裂面的库仑破裂应力变化。结果表明,2007年苏门答腊8.5级地震的后续强震都发生在库仑破裂应力显著增加区,其应力变化值均大于0.01 MPa,即后续强震可能都是被触发的。     

2011年日本9.0级大地震的应力触发作用初步研究

选用Hayes和Guangfu Shao等给出的震源破裂模型(2011年3月网上公布)、哈佛CMT目录和日本F-net目录给出的余震目录,使用Coulomb3.2软件,对2011年3月11日发生在日本本州东海岸附近海域的M_W9.0地震序列间的静态库仑应力触发关系进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)3月9日发生的M_W7.2前震破裂分布产生的库仑应力对随后发生的M_W9.0主震存在触发作用;2)M_W9.0主震对余震的触发统计结果表明,选用不同的主震模型、余震目录、等效摩擦系数和震源机制解中不同的节面作为接收断层面时,会得到不同的触发统计结果,该研究得到的主震对余震的触发率最小为56.8%,最大为75.3%;3)利用震源机制解计算库仑应力时,理论上震源机制解的2个节面上的剪切应力是相同的,但在实际计算中可能由于2个节面的非正交或震源机制解结果的取整,导致2个节面上计算出的剪切应力不同,但一般差异很小。由于节面的选取对接收断层面上的剪切应力有一定影响,而对接收断层面上正应力的影响较大,因而会影响到库仑应力的计算结果,因此讨论某个具体余震是否被触发或统计余震触发率时,对接收断层面的选取应加以注意。     

Visco-elastic stress triggering model of Tangshan earthquake sequence

We calculated the Coulomb failure stress change generated by the 1976 Tangshan earthquake that is projected onto the fault planes and slip directions of large subsequent aftershocks.Results of previous studies on the seismic fail-ure distribution,crustal velocity and viscosity structures of the Tangshan earthquake are used as model constraints.Effects of the local pore fluid pressure and impact of soft medium near the fault are also considered.Our result shows that the subsequent Luanxian and Ninghe earthquakes occurred in the regions with a positive Coulomb fail-ure stress produced by the Tangshan earthquake.To study the triggering effect of the Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes on the follow-up small earthquakes,we first evaluate the possible focal mechanisms of small earthquakes according to the regional stress field and co-seismic slip distributions derived from previous studies,assuming the amplitude of regional tectonic stress as 10 MPa.By projecting the stress changes generated by the above three earthquakes onto the possible fault planes and slip directions of small earthquakes,we find that the "butterfly" distribution pattern of increased Coulomb failure stress is consistent with the spatial distribution of follow-up earthquakes,and 95% of the aftershocks occurred in regions where Coulomb failure stresses increase,indicating that the former large earthquakes modulated occurrences of follow-up earthquakes in the Tangshan earthquake sequence.This result has some significance in rapid assessment of aftershock hazard after a large earthquake.If detailed failure distribution,seismogenic fault in the focal area and their slip features can be rapidly determined after a large earthquake,our algorithm can be used to predict the locations of large aftershocks.     

Large aftershocks triggering by Coulomb failure stress following the 2001 M_S=8.1 great Kunlun earthquake

IntroductionItisshowedbyresearchesonearthquakestresstriggeringrecentlythatsmall'static'stresschangesduetopermanentfaultdisplacementcanalterthelikelihoodof,ortrigger,earthquakesonnearbyfaults(Harris,1998).Manystudiesoftriggeringinthenear-field,particularlyofaftershocks,showthesestaticchangesaretriggeringagent(Kilb,etal,2000).ReasenbergandSimpson(1992)studiedthere-sponseofregionalseismicitytothestaticstresschangeproducedbyLomaPrietaearthquake,andtheresultsshowedthataftershockratesincreasedinre…     

Numerical simulation of dynamic Coulomb stress changes induced by M 6.5 earthquake in Wuding, Yunnan and its relationship with aftershocks

Based on the discrete wavenumber method, we calculate the fields of dynamic Coulomb rupture stress changes and static stress changes caused by M6.5 earthquake in Wuding, and study their relationship with the subsequent aftershocks. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of the positive region of dynamic stress peak value and static stress peak value are similarly asymmetric, which are basically identical with distribution features of aftershock. The dynamic stress peak value and the static stress in the positive region are more than 0.1 MPa and 0.01 MPa of the triggering threshold, respectively, which indicates that the dynamic and static stresses are helpful for the occurrence of aftershock. This suggests that both influences of dynamic and static stresses should be considered other than only either of them when studying aftershock triggering in near field. Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40364001) and Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (605014).     

Earthquake triggering and delaying caused by fault interaction on Xianshuihe fault belt,southwestern China

The coseismic Coulomb stress change caused by fault interaction and its influences on the triggering and delaying of earthquake are briefly discussed.The Xianshuihe fault belt consists of Luhuo,Daofu,Kangding,Qianning and Ganzi fault.Luohuo(Ms=7.6,1973)-Kangding(Ms=6.2,1975)-Daofu(Ms=6.9,1981)-Ms=6.0,1982)earthquake is a seismic sequence continuous on the time axis with magnitude greater than6.0.They occurred on the Luhuo.Kangding,Daofu and Ganzi fault,respectively.The coseismic Coulomb stress changes caused by each earthquake on its surrounding major faults and microcracks are calculated,and their effects on the triggering and delaying of the next earthquake and aftershocks are analyzed.It is shown that each earthquake of the sequence occurred on the fault segment with coseismic Coulomb stress increases caused by its predecessors,and most after-shocks are distributed along the microcracks with relatively larger coseismic Coulomb stress increases resulted from the main shock.With the fault interaction considered,the seismic potential of each segment along Xianshuihe fault belt is reassessed,and contrasted with those predicted results ignoring coseismic Coulomb stress change,the significance of fault interaction and its effect on triggering and delaying of earthquake are emphasized.It is con-cluded that fault interaction plays a very important role on seismic potential of Xianshuihe fault belt,and the maximal change of future earthquake probability on fault segment is up to 30.5%.     

静态应力触发在应用中存在问题的讨论以玉树地震为例

大地震应力触发概念自提出至今被广泛应用。 库仑应力与后续地震活动对应效果受到多种因素影响。 其中, 不同深度断层滑动量不同导致不同深度静态库仑应力图像差异, 选取哪一个深度的应力图像来讨论后续地震趋势是一个重要问题。 本文提出一个计算方法, 首先计算不同深度静态库仑应力, 然后在同一个位置取不同深度库仑应力最高值, 绘制静态应力分布图像, 并以2010年玉树地震为例, 结合地震活动及静态库仑应力分布对这种计算方法的效果进行对比。 结果显示, 按照本文提出的计算方法, 利用不同学者给出的玉树地震破裂模型计算均显示, 玉树地震后2年内3级以上余震几乎全部发生在库仑应力增加区。