Copula函数在分期设计洪水中的应用研究

分期设计洪水既要满足防洪标准,又能反映洪水的季节性变化特征.现行分期设计洪水模式假定各分期频率均等于防洪标准T的倒数,使得分期设计洪水值不能满足防洪标准的要求.本文选择合适的Copula函数构建汛期分期为三分期、边缘分布为PIII分布的分期设计洪水的联合分布.在假定分期设计洪水的联合重现期等于防洪标准T的前提下,推导基于Copula函数的分期设计洪水频率和防洪标准的关系,进而推求分期洪水设计值,并与现行分期设计洪水模式的计算成果相比较,分析论证了基于Copula函数分期设计洪水的合理性,从理论和方法上回答和解决现行分期设计洪水中存在的问题,为分期设计洪水研究提供了一种新的途径.     

瀑布沟水库汛期洪水分期特性研究

根据瀑布沟汛期洪水资料和环流形势等天气资料,分析瀑布沟汛期洪水与环流形势的关系,通过数理统计、模糊分析等方法分析了瀑布沟汛期洪水的分期特性,分析表明,瀑布沟汛期洪水存在较为明显的主汛与后汛之分,分期时间在8月20日左右。分析结果为瀑布沟水库分析分期设计洪水、汛期汛限水位动态控制等提供了良好的技术支持。     

岳城水库控制流域暴雨洪水的时程分布规律及分期划分研究

从两个方面全面分析了岳城水库控制流域的暴雨洪水时程分布及分期规律:一是根据实测水文资料,通过统计暴雨日数,典型历时年最大降水量、年最大洪峰流量和5日洪量在各旬出现的频率,对流域暴雨洪水时程分布特性进行了多方面的综合分析;二是通过对流域所处地区暴雨形成的天气成因分析,为前述的统计分析结果提供必要的成因基础.还利用旬平均降雨量的相对系数来确定汛期的起止时间.分析结果表明,岳城水库控制流域的暴雨洪水时程分布具有比较明显的变化规律,其中有一个时期暴雨洪水出现的次数多、量级大,主汛期特征显著,汛期可以划分为3个分期,即前汛期、主汛期和后汛期.     

长江流域洪水分期规律对水库优化蓄水运用方式的科学支撑作用

针对长江流域大型水利工程汛末防洪和蓄水间的矛盾,根据流域汛期洪水资料和环流形势等天气资料,分析了流域洪水与西太平洋副热带高压位置间的关系,在此基础上采用数理统计等方法分析了汛期洪水的分期特性,并重点分析了三峡和瀑布沟水库汛期洪水的分期特点。分析表明,三峡和瀑布沟汛期洪水存在较为明显主汛与后汛之分,分期时间在8月20日左右。分析结果为三峡和瀑布沟水库分析分期设计洪水、优化汛末蓄水调度方式等提供了良好的科学支撑。     

T年一遇水库汛期分期设计洪水问题探讨

作者研究了水库汛期分期设计洪水计算中关键技术-分期洪水频率与重现期关系。经理论分析和实际计算后得出:(1)采用分期洪水频率等于重现期T倒数假定是错误的。由此计算得到的分期设计洪水,一般不是T年一遇,而是T/(K 1)年一遇(其中K为非负整数随机变量)。因此,作为T年一遇设计洪水,一般它是系统偏小的;(2)真实的T年一遇分期设计洪水与T年一遇全年最大设计洪水是相同的。这些都显示:通过应用现时的分期设计洪水来提高水库兴利效益同时,正在冒降低水库防洪标准的风险。     

论河流汛期时变设计洪水

论述了时变设计洪水优化水库防洪设计和提高水库兴利效益的重要性，提出了以带时畸参数泊松标准过程作为描述汛期洪水时变规律的概率模型，并建议彩和时段设计洪水作为水库运用期设计洪水，它既反映汛期洪水演变规律，又满防洪标准，一个实例分析计算和检验结果表明，模型与实际资料合良好，计算结果合理，具有良好的推广和应用前景。     

厦门市地表水资源可利用量计算

地表水资源可利用量是合理开发利用区域水资源的重要参考依据,厦门市工农业发达、人口稠密,水资源供需矛盾突出,研究厦门市地表水资源可利用量十分必要。通过Tennant法、流量历时曲线法等5种方法计算不同水文站生态基流,根据计算结果分析确定各个水文站控制断面适宜生态需水量,并对汛期洪水弃水量计算方法进行分析,采用倒扣法计算水资源可利用量。结果表明,厦门市地表水可利用量为3.05亿m³,汛期洪水弃水量占地表水资源总量57%,在保护环境的基础上提高汛期水资源利用率,区域水资源可利用量将大幅度提高。     

牟汶河下游汛期分期及洪水分级的确定

为实现对牟汶河下游蓄水建筑物进行汛期动态控制,依据流域范家镇站、北望站和大汶口站3个雨量站1980~2011年日降雨资料,采用模糊分析方法,对牟汶河下游汛期进行了分期;以北望站同时期的历年最大洪峰流量资料,利用重现期法确定了洪水分级流量。     

应用超阈值抽样及Copula函数推求水库设计洪水

按照超阈值理论对洪水资料进行抽样,应用Copula函数分别建立了超阈值洪水洪峰、3d洪量和7d洪量与其发生时间的联合分布,得到了不同量级洪水在发生时间上的概率分布图,对水库汛期防洪调度运用具有一定的指导意义。同时,应用Copula函数建立了年最大超阈值洪水洪峰、3d洪量和7d洪量的联合分布,以此得到设计标准和校核标准的设计洪水,并通过同频率放大法得到了设计洪水过程线,该洪水过程线更符合水文现象的内在规律,展现了超阈值理论和Copula函数在水文洪水频率分析计算领域的良好应用前景。     

广西澄碧河水库汛期洪水分期及其汛限水位浮动控制运用研究

本文根据水库洪水分期方法和汛限水位浮动控制理论对广西澄碧河水库进行洪水分期和汛限水位浮动控制研究，结果在不降低大坝防洪标准前提下对水库防洪调度方案进行优化，即水库汛期4～8月份以原汛限水位迎洪．9月份开始可在1．80m范围内上浮汛限水位。最后，对采用该方法可能存在的风险因素与风险程度进行探讨。     

气候变化下珠江三角洲网河区洪潮耦合高水位的集中期特征及变异规律

气候变化环境下三角洲感潮河段洪潮耦合条件改变。除高水位量级外,其集中期特征与变化规律也是体现三角洲洪水情势变异的重要因素。采用圆形分布法计算得到珠江三角洲16站的高水位集中日、集中度、高峰期的起止时间等集中期特征,并分析其多年变化规律。结果发现:(1)是否考虑水位量级对于由圆形分布法计算得到的水位集中性没有显著影响;(2)珠三角入口与口门站点的高水位集中期比网河站长;(3)入口与网河站的集中日相近,口门站集中日最迟;珠三角大部分站点的高水位集中日有延后倾向,而发生时间趋于集中稳定;(4)入口及口门站点的集中日波动性都高于网河区站,且珠三角集中日波动性有随时间推进而减小的趋势。研究结果为三角洲洪水情势变异分析提供了新角度,为珠江三角洲的高水位采样、频率分析及重现期设计值计算提供数据基础,并为区域防洪减灾政策制定提供理论支持。     

分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准关系研究

现行分期设计洪水模式估算的分期设计洪水值均小于或等于年最大设计值,达不到规定的防洪标准。采用Gumbel-Hougaard Copula函数描述两个分期的分期最大洪水之间的相关性结构,并构造边缘分布为P-Ⅲ分布的分期最大洪水联合分布,建立分期最大洪水与年最大洪水的关系式,讨论分期设计洪水频率与防洪标准应满足的关系,探讨能够满足防洪标准的新的分期设计洪水模式。应用示例表明,新模式主汛期设计值相对年最大设计值小幅度增加,而非主汛期设计值则小于年最大设计值,既满足不降低防洪标准的要求又能够起到优化设计洪水的作用,为分期设计洪水研究提供了一条新的思路。     

1956—2010年中国水热季节性特征分析

流域水文平衡不仅决定于降水和潜在蒸散发总量,而且还受到其年内季节性变化特征的影响。收集1956—2010年中国743个国家级气象站逐日气候资料,采用FAO-Penman公式计算潜在蒸散发量,插值计算10 km网格日降水和潜在蒸发,进行水热季节性特征的变化分析。结果表明,82.8%的区域潜在蒸散发量均值有下降趋势,但减少量不大,同时其年内季节性特征没有显著变化。表征降水年内波动振幅的季节性指数在全国范围均有显著下降趋势,且北方流域更为明显,变化率最大的西北诸河达到6.4%/10 a;峰值时间和雨季长度则变化不显著。这种水热季节性的变化被认为会导致流域径流的减少,在今后中国径流变化的归因研究中,应该考虑降水季节性变化的贡献。     

Floodwater utilization for cascade reservoirs based on dynamic control of seasonal flood control limit levels

Reservoirs play an important role in flood control and conservation, in which the flood control limit level (FCLL) is the most significant parameter of the tradeoff between flood control and comprehensive utilization of water resources. This study was aimed at constraining the seasonal FCLL for cascade reservoirs to obtain more economic benefits without reducing the original flood prevention standards. Based on flood initiation and ending times during the flood season, fuzzy set theory was used to build the experiential and theoretical membership function of each day, which clarified the relationship between the seasonal FCLL and the designed FCLL, and then the total flood season was divided into sub-seasons. The seasonal FCLL was revised by analyzing numerous flood control operation schemes of cascade reservoirs to satisfy a given flood prevention standard. Using the case study of ShiQuqn and XiHe cascade reservoirs in the Hanjiang River, the proposed method was demonstrated to provide an effective design for the seasonal FCLL, which increased the FCLL in the pre-flood and post-flood seasons. Forty-five operation schemes with different combinations of ShiQuqn and XiHe reservoir’s FCLLs under five flooding frequency scenarios were evaluated to revise the seasonal FCLL. An optimization model with real-coded genetic algorithm was proposed to maximize hydropower generation by dynamic control of the FCLL. The results show that compared with the traditional operation, joint operation based on dynamic control of FCLL can generate 0.23 × 108 kWh (3.18%) more hydropower for the cascade reservoir system during the flood season without increasing the flood risk.     

下垫面蒸发和云中凝结分馏对降水稳定同位素影响的数值试验——时间变化的比较(以长沙降水同位素为例)

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式（iAWBM）的模拟数据,分析了在不同的下垫面蒸发和不同的凝结分馏条件下降水中δ¹⁸O的时间变化、降水量效应、负温度效应和大气水线。并通过与长沙站5年实测数据的比较以及模拟试验结果之间的相互比较,揭示下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素的季节性变化和云中稳定同位素分馏对降水中稳定同位素变化的可能影响,增进对季风区水稳定同位素效应的理解和认识。iAWBM给出的4个模拟试验均很好地再现了监测站降水中δ¹⁸O的时间变化,模拟出季风区降水中稳定同位素在暖半年被贫化、在冷半年被富集的基本特点。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下降水中稳定同位素被贫化的程度加强、季节差和离散程度减小;由下垫面蒸发水汽中稳定同位素δ_e季节性变化所引起的降水中稳定同位素的变化在不同季节完全相反：在长沙,暖半年降水中δ¹⁸O更低,冷半年降水中δ¹⁸O更高,使得降水中稳定同位素季节差和离散程度增大。4个模拟试验均很好地再现了季风区的降水量效应和负温度效应。与平衡分馏相比,动力分馏下模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率相对较小;δ_e季节性变化导致模拟的降水量效应和负温度效应的斜率增大。利用iAWBM,模拟出季风区湿热气候条件下的MWL。动力分馏以及δ_e季节变化均使模拟得到的MWL的斜率和截距减小。     

Floods in Greece, a statistical and spatial approach

Flooding is one of the most important types of disasters in southern Europe recording many victims and extended damages over the last century. The increased pressure for urban expansion together with the high population density has increased flood risk considerably in the region. Greece is not an exception in this regime, having a very rich flooding record since the ancient times. In this work, an extensive catalogue of flooding phenomena during the last 130?years in Greece has been compiled based on numerous sources. Based on this record the temporal and spatial distribution of flood events and victims was examined. In total, 545 events were identified, causing 686 human casualties and inflicting extensive damage across the country. Results showed seasonality patterns with more events clustering in November. They also showed that urban environments tend to present a higher flood recurrence rates than mountainous and rural areas. An increasing trend in reported flood event numbers during the last decades was discovered, even though the number of human casualties remains relatively stable during the same period. Moreover, spatial patterns were identified highlighting areas and administrational entities with higher flood recurrence rates across the country.     

Quantifying rock fall probabilities and their temporal distribution associated with weather seasonality

Quantifying rock fall hazards requires information about their frequency and volumes. Previous studies have focused on quantifying rock fall volume–frequency relationships or the weather conditions antecedent to rock fall occurrences, and their potential use as prediction tools. This paper is focused on quantifying rock fall occurrence probabilities and presents approaches for quantifying rock fall temporal distributions. In particular, von Mises distributions allow direct correlation between seasonal weather variations and rock fall occurrences. The approaches are illustrated using a rock fall database along a railway corridor in the Canadian Cordillera, in which rock fall occurrences were correlated to the morphology and lithology. A Binomial probability distribution applied to the annual rock fall frequency suggests an average daily rock fall probability of 1 × 10^?2 across the study area. However, circular (von Mises) distributions associated with weather trends in the area, and fitted to monthly rock fall records, allow estimation of daily rock fall probabilities in different months. This approach allows a direct correlation between rock fall frequencies and seasonal variations in weather conditions. The results suggest daily rock fall probabilities between 4 × 10^?3 and 8 × 10^?3 for April through July and up to 2.1 × 10^?2 in October. Moreover, local peaks in rock fall monthly records are quantitatively explained through the seasonality of weather conditions. Similar values are obtained when applying the Binomial distribution to monthly records. However, this last approach does not show strong distribution fits and does not allow a correlation between rock fall frequencies and seasonal weather variations.     

分形理论用于洪水分期的初步探讨

用分形理论对洪峰散点序列进行了分析,发现洪峰散点序列在一定尺度范围内表现出了自相似性,初步证明洪峰散点序列是一种分形。提出了用分形理论划分洪水分期的方法,并以雅垄江小得石站洪水分期研究为例。结果显示,用分形法划分的洪水分期和传统的经验方法划分的洪水分期基本一致,但和传统方法相比,新方法的优点较为客观。     

洮河径流时空变化分析

依据洮河流域红旗站1956～2005年逐月径流量资料,采用Kendall检验法、线性趋势分析法、累积距平法,分析洮河流域径流的时空变化规律,重点探讨不同时间段月径流的变化和季节性变化特征,并对径流减少的成因以及汛期各月出现不同频率洪水的可能性进行了分析,得出如下结论：洮河径流呈现年际变化大、年内分配不均匀、季节性突出和周期性明显的特点,较大以上洪水主要发生在8—9月份,出现的概率为5．4％。