混合网格方法在巴巴多斯增生复合体热演化有限元模拟中的应用

为研究巴巴多斯增生复合体构造热演化的过程,采用空间坐标系和质点坐标系相结合的方法,在处理构造运动和变形的平流热效应时,并用变网格法及固定网格中的迎风法,成功地对该区域进行了二维有限单元法热模拟。计算结果表明,巴巴多斯增生复合体前弧下存在较高孔隙压力（约为岩体压力值的０．８）和一定摩擦生热（等效摩擦系数约为０．１７）,俯冲沉积物压密和脱水排出的水沿脱顶断层从变形前锋流出是解释该区地热特征的必要条件。     

唐山地震前后地下水位动态图象及其形成演化模式

对唐山地震前后地下水位动态图象的生成方法、时空演化特征及其形成演化模式的研究表明,唐山地震前后地下水位动态图象正负区和异常特征区的时空演化具有明显的规律性和阶段性。负值区的演化具有“收缩—扩展—急速扩展—发震”的特征;异常特征区的演化显示“迁移—扩展—稳定—发震—消失”的特征;滑动变差值显示“增大—减小—发震—急速减小”的变化过程。探讨了地下水位动态图象演化与构造变形、断层运动和上地幔物质上涌的关系,提出了唐山地震地下水位动态图象“场—区—源”的演化模式     

狠批孔孟的“天命论”——积极搞好地震预报研究工作

地震是一种自然现象,是地球自身不停顿地运动的结果。认识和掌握地震及其规律问题,一直存在着两种不同的世界观的斗争。 能不能“知天”?孔丘、孟轲之流大力宣扬“天命论”鼓吹“天是有人格有意志的神”,胡说什么“死生有命,富贵在天”;老聃、庄周之辈则大谈“至人无为”,什么“死生、存亡、穷达、贫富……是事之变,命之行也”。总之,他们都是为了维护奴隶主的统治,让奴隶们永远受压迫和剥削。因此,他们就欺骗人民,愚昧人民,他们利用人们当时对“天”认识的局限性,     

显生宙中国大地构造演化的古地磁研究

根据古地磁数据可靠性的试用判据，对华北、杨子、塔里木中国三大稳定地块显生宙的构造古地磁数据做了初步检验，考虑古极点的密集区，选用２２９个古极点以“世”或“纪”为单位进行统计，获得三大稳定地块显生宙综合古地磁视极移曲线。以此为基本依据，结合地质构造、古生物和全球古地理重建图的综合分析，初步探讨了三大稳定地块运动演化的大致轮廓，华北、杨子、塔里木地块碰撞、拼接时限和方式以及华北地块与西伯利亚板块运动演化的关系     

基于时空域自适应高阶有限差分的声波叠前逆时偏移

叠前逆时偏移在理论上是现行偏移方法中最为精确的一种成像方法,其实现过程中的核心步骤之一是波动方程的波场延拓,而波场延拓的本质是求解波动方程,所以精确、快速地求解波动方程对逆时偏移至关重要.本文采用一种基于时空域频散关系的有限差分方法来求解声波方程,分析其频散和稳定性,实现波场数值模拟,并将分析和模拟结果与传统有限差分法进行对比.分析结果和模型数值模拟结果都表明时空域有限差分法模拟精度更高、稳定性更好.将时空域高阶有限差分法应用到叠前逆时偏移波场延拓的方程求解中,然后再利用归一化互相关成像条件成像,理论模型数据偏移处理获得了精度更高的成像.同时,在逆时偏移波场延拓的实现中,采用自适应变长度的空间差分算子求解空间导数的有限差分策略,在不影响数值模拟和成像精度的前提下,有效地提高了计算效率.     

三维模型电磁感应的数值解法

本文讨论了“虚点”和“虚微商”概念带来的矛盾和困难后,摒弃了电导率突变界面的模型,改用电导率渐变的模型去研究三维电磁感应的近似计算方法。在基本方程中考虑了电导率梯度项▽σ, ▽²B+1/σ（▽σ）×（▽×B）=i（4πσω）B. 文章的主要内容是给出有限差分法求解三维电磁感应问题的一般方程组。同时也作了一个简单的实例计算,以检验方程组运算的可行性。     

基于电场Helmholtz方程的回线源瞬变电磁法三维正演

正演是电磁法勘探野外工作参数选取、室内资料处理与解释的基础,精确、稳定、高效的三维正演算法尤为重要.本文采取先求解拉普拉斯域电场、再由Gaver-Stehfest算法获得时间域磁场的思路,基于电场异常场Helmholtz方程实现了交错网格有限差分法和有限体积法对回线源瞬变电磁法的三维正演.通过对比低阻块状体的积分方程法、时域有限差分法、矢量有限单元法和SLDM法的数值解,验证了交错网格有限差分法和有限体积法的正确性.由于交错网格有限差分法、有限体积法和基于矩形块单元的矢量有限单元法将待求电场均定义在矩形块单元棱边上,因此三种数值算法可采用相同方法进行电场待求量编码、计算背景场和后处理.然而,与矢量有限单元法相比,交错网格有限差分法和有限体积法的系数矩阵更加稀疏,求解效率更高.通过对水平低阻板状体三维模型的数值模拟,我们发现本研究中交错网格有限差分法比有限体积法精度更高;再利用一维解析法求解相应三层层状地电模型的感应电动势,我们还发现两种数值算法和一维解析法计算的感应电动势等值线形状吻合程度高,只是数值范围略有差异.     

有限差分法地震波数值模拟的几个关键问题

地震波数值模拟是研究地震波传播规律的重要手段,对指导地震资料的采集、处理和解释有重要意义.有限差分法由于其简单易于数值计算,在求解偏微分方程和近场波动的问题越来越受到关注.本文详细阐述了与有限差分法地震波数值模拟有关的几个重要问题,对有限差分法地震波数值模拟的发展历史、波动方程的差分离散、震源处理、稳定性分析、边界条件...     

复杂介质地震波传播模拟中边界元法与有限差分法的比较研究

地震波场数值模拟是理论地球物理学和勘探地球物理学的重要研究手段.在众多数值模拟方法中边界元法和有限差分法是两种典型的地震波传播模拟计算方法.边界元法是一种半解析-半数值的边界型方法,它显式地利用边界连续条件,沿着地层边界进行离散,具有降维、高精度和自动满足远场辐射条件的优点;有限差分法是一种典型的基于微分的区域型方法,它隐式地使用边界连续条件,以空间网格形式进行离散和数值逼近,具有高效、实用和容易数值实现的优点.本文以一个半圆形均匀Valley模型和两个非均匀断裂/断层模型为例,从计算精度、计算效率、频散特性以及适用性等方面对这两种方法进行了比较研究.数值计算结果表明:边界元法可以精确地几何描述有内部断点、断面的复杂构造,能够精确地模拟内部不规则界面之间波的反射/传播;有限差分法不能以足够的精度描述几何断点和内部不规则边界.边界元法在高频时计算量大于有限差分法,有限差分法则需要更小的网格间距以压制数值频散.因此,在处理内部非均质和高频计算时,有限差分法更有效;在处理内部不规则边界、断点、大尺度等问题时,边界元法比有限差分法更有优势.     

日本海俯冲带的热结构及热源的影响

在对温度场计算所需的初始条件、边界条件、热源条件和介质热参数进行讨论和计算的基础上,利用二维热传导问题的有限单元法,计算了日本海俯冲带热结构的演化.发现400℃等温线在板块俯冲7Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约60km;800℃等温线在板块俯冲11Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约280km;1200℃等温线在板块俯冲50Ma后趋于稳定,最大深度约530km.通过计算不同热源组合情况下日本海俯冲带的热结构,讨论了热源的因素对俯冲带热结构的影响.结果表明,剪切生热和脱水热只对俯冲带浅部热结构有很大影响,绝热压缩生热对热结构的影响范围最大,而橄榄石→尖晶石相变生热是400km深度以下热结构的控制性热源因素.     

3D finite volume groundwater and heat transport modeling with non-orthogonal grids,using a coordinate transformation method

Many popular groundwater modeling codes are based on the finite differences or finite volume method for orthogonal grids. In cases of complex subsurface geometries this type of grid either leads to coarse geometric representations or to extremely fine meshes. We use a coordinate transformation method (CTM) to circumvent this shortcoming. In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this method has been applied successfully to the general Navier–Stokes equation. The method is based on tensor analysis and performs a transformation of a curvilinear into a rectangular unit grid, on which a modified formulation of the differential equations is applied. Therefore, it is not necessary to reformulate the code in total. We applied the CTM to an existing three-dimensional code (SHEMAT), a simulator for heat conduction and advection in porous media. The finite volume discretization scheme for the non-orthogonal, structured, hexahedral grid leads to a 19-point stencil and a correspondingly banded system matrix. The implementation is straightforward and it is possible to use some existing routines without modification. The accuracy of the modified code is demonstrated for single phase flow on a two-dimensional analytical solution for flow and heat transport. Additionally, a simple case of potential flow is shown for a two-dimensional grid which is increasingly deformed. The result reveals that the corresponding error increases only slightly. Finally, a thermal free-convection benchmark is discussed. The result shows, that the solution obtained with the new code is in good agreement with the ones obtained by other codes.     

电测深曲线二维反演技术及应用

本文对应用有限元及阻尼最小二乘法进行电测深二维反演解释技术做了进一步的研究。在区域网格剖分方法、有限元系数矩阵的合成、雅可比矩阵的计算及法方程的解法等方面进行了改进。由此在微机和工作站上设计了程序软件，经过对理论电测深曲线及实测电测深曲线进行的二维反演解释，结果表明，在微机和工作站上实现的二维反演解释软件可以用于实际测深资料的解释。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF COHESIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY TIDAL CURRENT IN PEARL RIVER ESTUARV

IINTRODUCTIONEstUariesareprominentcoastalfeatUres.Estuariesareofgreateconomicssignificancetomankind.Attheseareas,manyharborsandwaterchannelshavetobebuiltforeconomicpurposes.ThedesignandconstrUctionofcoastalstrUctUresinestUariesrequireknowledgeofhydrodynamicsaswellassedimenttransportinsuchregions.ThenatUreofestuariesiscontrolledbyvariouscoastalhydrodynamicprocesses.Undertheactionofhydrodynamics,sedimentdepositionsorerosionswilloccurinestuariesornearcoastalstrUCtures.Tomaintainnavigati…     

三维球壳地幔流动形式探讨

建立三维球壳模型，将地壳和地幔作为不可压缩牛顿粘性流体处理，考虑了大陆、大洋、洋脊及俯冲带的不同物性参数，利用有限元法求解流体运动的基本方程组，研究地幔流动、板块运动与大地构造之间的关系。计算表明，速度边界条件、粘度分布等是影响地幔流动形式的主要因素。若地表径向取应力边界条件，且径向速度自由，则没有封闭的对流环存在。计算得到的地表径向速度分布与全球的构造分区具有显著的对应关系：在岛弧区、造山区速度向上运动，在大洋区、边缘海及裂谷区速度向下运动。     

渤海唐山地区的地下热结构及地表热流分布的数值模拟

本文采用空间有限元和时间有限差分法模拟了渤中盆地区域的演化历史和地下热结构,并分别计算了渤中上地幔的热隆起与浅部的沉积层对渤中盆地内部温度场的影响。文中得到的计算结果较好地解释了渤中盆地地区热流正异常的观测事实,据此,对渤中盆地在形成过程中产生的热应力与地震孕震力源的关系也进行了一些探讨     

Morphological reactions of schematic alluvial rivers:Long simulations with a 0-D model

The paper presents a 0-D model of an alluvial watercourse schematized in two connected reaches, evolving at the long time-scale and under the hypothesis of Local Uniform Flow. Each reach is defined by its geometry (constant length and width, time-changing slope) and grain-size composition of the bed, while the sediment transport is computed using a sediment rating curve. The slope evolution is provided by a 0-D mass balance and the evolution of the bed composition is computed by a 0-D Hirano equation. A system of differential equations, solved with a predictor-corrector scheme, is derived and applied to the schematic watercourse to simulate the morphological response to changing initial conditions, and the evolution towards long-term equilibrium conditions. Differently from a single-reach 0-D schematization with uniform grain-size, besides the simplifications adopted, the model proposed here simulates the behaviour of alluvial rivers in a physically-based way, showing a grain-size fining in the downstream direction accompanied by milder slopes, and a tendency to develop concave longitudinal profiles.     

可控源电磁三维频率域有限元模拟

本文采用电磁场的磁矢量位和电标量势,将Maxwell方程组化为位势的类似于Helmholtz型方程,并引入罚项及稳定化方法克服了电磁三维有限元算法中的伪解及数值不稳定性;采用人工边界把计算区域局域化,将均匀半空间中水平电偶极子源产生的位势值作为人工边界上的第一类边界条件以表示源的作用,减少了实际的计算区域.理论模型和复杂模型的计算结果均表明,可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟给出了稳定、可靠的电磁场分布.     

Comparison of free-surface and rigid-lid finite element models of barotropic instabilities

The main goal of this work is to appraise the finite element method in the way it represents barotropic instabilities. To that end, three different formulations are employed. The free-surface formulation solves the primitive shallow-water equations and is of predominant use for ocean modeling. The vorticity–stream function and velocity–pressure formulations resort to the rigid-lid approximation and are presented because theoretical results are based on the same approximation. The growth rates for all three formulations are compared for hyperbolic tangent and piecewise linear shear flows. Structured and unstructured meshes are utilized. The investigation is also extended to time scales that allow for instability meanders to unfold, permitting the formation of eddies. We find that all three finite element formulations accurately represent barotropic instablities. In particular, convergence of growth rates toward theoretical ones is observed in all cases. It is also shown that the use of unstructured meshes allows for decreasing the computational cost while achieving greater accuracy. Overall, we find that the finite element method for free-surface models is effective at representing barotropic instabilities when it is combined with an appropriate advection scheme and, most importantly, adapted meshes.     

Simulating the hydraulic characteristics of the lower Yellow River by the finite‐volume technique

The finite‐volume technique is used to solve the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations on unstructured mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. In this paper the algorithm of the finite‐volume method is discussed in detail and particular attention is paid to accurately representing the complex irregular computational domain. The lower Yellow River reach from Huayuankou to Jiahetan is a typical meandering river. The generation of the computational mesh, which is used to simulate the flood, is affected by the distribution of water works in the river channel. The spatial information about the two Yellow River levee, the protecting dykes, and those roads that are obviously higher than the ground, need to be used to generate the computational mesh. As a result these dykes and roads locate the element interfaces of the computational mesh. In the model the finite‐volume method is used to solve the shallow‐wave equations, and the Osher scheme of the empirical function is used to calculate the flux through the interface between the neighbouring elements. The finite‐volume method has the advantage of using computational domain with complex geometry, and the Osher scheme is a method based on characteristic theory and is a monotone upwind numerical scheme with high resolution. The flood event with peak discharge of 15 300 m³/s, occurring in the period from 30 July to 10 August 1982, is simulated. The estimated result indicates that the simulation method is good for routing the flood in a region with complex geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A positive definite continuous FEM model for advection

This work introduces a continuous and sign-preserving finite element model (FEM) for advection problems. The model is formulated by integrating flux corrected transport technique (FCT) with the characteristic based (CB) FEM. Low order solution for the FCT has the form of element contribution and derives from an upwind monotone scheme with the minimum necessary diffusion for positivity. Selected numerical experiments illustrate the efficacy of the method by comparing results with some successful models, by demonstrating an approximate conservation of the accuracy of original CB algorithm once the complete procedure is operating, and by testing the model for severe time dependent advective flows.