高速公路路基膨胀土改性处理的实验研究

膨胀土工程地质性质很差,在被用作高等级公路的路基填料时,要进行改性处理.通过对一种典型膨胀土物理力学性质的研究及掺加石灰进行改性处理试验,得出了不同掺灰量、不同含水量及不同压实度对膨胀土性能的影响规律.在采用掺灰土填筑路基时,最好在大于最佳含水量的条件下压实,并且在可压实的情况下尽可能提高压实含水量及压实度,这样可大大减少路基的膨胀量及膨胀力.     

加石灰改性后膨胀土的工程性质研究

膨胀土掺石灰后其性质有很多改变。通过对荆宜高速公路膨胀土的石灰改性试验,得到了膨胀土加石灰后的工程性质的变化规律,如自由膨胀率、膨胀量、收缩率、塑性指数下降、抗剪强度与CBR增加等。从而为改善膨胀土的工程性质以满足工程设计的要求提供了可靠的试验数据。     

膨胀土工程特性及其石灰改性试验研究

系统地开展了弱、中膨胀土及石灰稳定土的物理力学试验.试验表明:中膨胀土具有较强的吸水膨胀软化特性,其CBR值低于3%,不能满足路基对填料的强度要求,用作路基填料必须改性;当压实含水量控制得当,弱膨胀土CBR可满足规范要求,其压实含水量宜按最优含水量+(3～4)%控制;用石灰对中膨胀土改性效果显著,能有效抑制其胀缩潜势和提高土体强度,能满足路堤填筑的要求.中膨胀土石灰改性的质量掺合比宜按5.0%控制.     

高速公路建设中中膨胀土特性的试验研究

随着高速公路建设的迅速发展,遇到的与膨胀土相关的工程问题也日益增多,以实际高速公路工程为依托,通过室内和现场试验,对中膨胀土的物理力学特性以及中膨胀土经过石灰改性处理后的的效果进行了研究。结果发现：未经石灰改性的中膨胀土在最佳含水量条件下有较高的强度,浸水饱和后膨胀量大,强度衰减很多,水稳定性很差;经石灰改性后的中膨胀土强度有很大提高,水稳定性也较好。这说明在工程建设中只要采取有效的处置措施和合理的施工方法,中膨胀土可以作为高速公路路堤的填筑材料。     

石灰改良弱膨胀土击实特性试验研究

本文以拟建安康机场弱膨胀土为例,用石灰作为改良剂,对这种石灰改良膨胀土开展了一系列击实试验研究。试验样品来自于安康拟建机场跑道区和挖方区的膨胀土,采用CSK-V1型多功能电动击实仪进行重型击实试验。试验结果表明,石灰掺量、含水量、余土高度、焖料时间对干密度有一定的影响,其规律为:石灰掺量越高,最优含水量越大,最大干密度越小;在最优含水量附近,随着石灰掺量的增加,含水量对干密度的影响减小;在击实功、掺灰量、含水量一定时,余土高度越大,干密度越小;最大干密度随着焖料时间以一定的趋势减小,焖料时间48h以后变化不大;同一种石灰掺量时干密度的主要影响因素顺序是:含水量、焖料时间、余土高度。最后,还通过扫描电镜试验,从微观角度对石灰改良土和击实试验结果进行了描述与分析。     

合徐高速公路膨胀土路基填料的试验研究

膨胀土路基掺石灰率应通过物理与力学性质、胀缩性、水稳性等试验来确定，本文对合徐高速公路(合肥段)膨胀土路基填料不掺石灰和掺石灰处理后的胀缩性及物理、力争性质进行了试验研究，得出了掺石灰对改善膨胀土路基填料工程性质的影响，并对不掺石灰和掺石灰处理后的填料进行了膨胀及收缩变形量的估算，论述了膨胀土特性及处理方法，供同行参考。     

聚丙烯纤维加固膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

为提高膨胀土边坡稳定性,改善膨胀土力学性能,使用聚丙烯纤维对膨胀土进行改性。通过直剪试验计算出不同围压、不同聚丙烯纤维掺量改性膨胀土边坡的抗剪强度变化规律,并应用Geostudio软件中的极限平衡法对不同聚丙烯纤维掺量的膨胀土边坡进行分析。研究发现,聚丙烯纤维含量在一定范围内可有效提高膨胀土边坡抗剪强度,掺量0.14%的纤维土在直剪试验中表现出较好的抗剪性能,Geostudio极限平衡法分析结果显示,0.14%纤维土边坡稳定系数为2.431,较素膨胀土边坡稳定性系数提高0.591。建议采用掺量0.14%的纤维土加固膨胀土边坡。     

掺灰膨胀土表面吸附试验及吸水性验证

利用水蒸气吸附仪对石灰改性膨胀土进行水蒸气吸附试验,得出随着掺灰量的变化,膨胀土的吸水性先减小后增大,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最小值。为了研究引起膨胀土吸水性变化的主要原因,再对改性膨胀土进行氮气吸附试验,从而分析掺灰膨胀土孔隙结构的变化。研究发现,随着掺灰量的增加,BET微孔比表面积呈折线形变化,且在掺灰量为6%时取得最小值;中孔的累积容积随着掺灰量的增大而减小;随着掺灰量的增加,中孔孔径先增大后减小,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最大值。膨胀土的吸水性与中孔孔径的变化成负相关,且膨胀土的最佳掺灰量为6%。     

消石灰对膨胀土团粒化作用的研究

用消石灰作为外掺剂,进行了两种不同的膨胀土的对比试验。研究了不同灰剂量和龄期对膨胀土“团粒化”作用效果的影响。对于消石灰改性膨胀土而言,不同性质膨胀土界限含水率的改性效果不尽相同。强膨胀土的改性效果相对较为明显,而弱膨胀土的改性效果相对较差,其改性效果存在一个下限。在膨胀土路基的施工中,二次掺灰工艺的闷料周期可以相对缩短。这样不仅有利于加快施工进度,同时对提高石灰改良土碾压质量和加固效果十分有利。     

循环荷载下石灰改良膨胀土临界动应力的探讨

为探讨各影响因素对石灰改良膨胀土临界动应力的影响规律与程度,进行了振动三轴试验,获得了不同含水率与振动频率下石灰改良膨胀土的临界动应力。基于本文的试验结果,通过石灰改良膨胀土脆性破坏机理分析和临界动应力的影响因素探讨表明,由于石灰的改性作用,导致改良后膨胀土的塑性降低,表现出脆性性质;质量控制指标（掺灰比和压实系数）是影响石灰改良膨胀土临界动应力的决定性因素;由于改性后动力水稳定性较好,石灰改良膨胀土临界动应力受含水率变化的影响有限;而外部动静荷载形式与程度(振动频率和围压)的影响程度较弱。即在保证掺灰比和压实系数的前提下,石灰改良膨胀土的临界动应力能够维持在一个比较稳定的范围内。     

Swell-compressibility characteristics of lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clays – A comparative study

Chemical stabilisation of expansive soils has been quite efficacious in reducing swelling characteristics, namely, swell potential (S%) and swelling pressure (p_s). When chemicals such as lime and cement are added to an expansive clay, flocculation and cementation take place. Flocculation, which is an immediate reaction, is instrumental in reducing plasticity and swell potential significantly. It also reduces the time required for equilibrium heave. This paper presents experimental data on lime-blended and cement-blended expansive clay specimens. Free swell index (FSI), heave, rate of heave and swelling pressure were studied. FSI, heave and rate of heave decreased with increasing lime content and cement content in the blends. But, during a 3-day inundation (a period, generally allowed for the sample to attain to equilibrium heave), cementitious products developed and resisted the applied compressive loads stiffly, resulting in high swelling pressures in the case of lime-blended specimens. Swelling pressure could not be determined in the case of cement-blended specimens. Hence, short inundation tests (inundating the specimens only for 15 minutes) were performed. But, even from these tests, swelling pressure could not be determined for cement-blended specimens. This indicated the development of strong cementitious products in them. It was interesting to find that, in both long and short duration, the lime- and cement-blended specimens attained to equilibrium heave in the same time period. FSI decreased from 185% to 63.63% when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%, and from 185% to 110% when cement content was increased from 0% to 20%. Swell potential reduced by 42.5% at 4% lime and by 46.4% at 20% cement. Swelling pressure increased from 210 kPa to 320 kPa when lime content was increased from 0% to 4%. Linear shrinkage of the specimens also decreased with increasing additive content.     

Suppression of swelling associated with ettringite formation in lime stabilized sulphate bearing clay soils by partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS)

Ettringite related swelling in lime-stabilized sulphate bearing clay soil systems has only been reported within the last decade although similar expansive behaviour has been reported in concrete over many years. The use of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), an industrial by-product, is well established as a binder in many cement applications where it provides enhanced durability and high resistance to sulphate attack. This paper reports on efforts to extend the use of GGBS to highway and other foundation layers by determining the beneficial effect of the suppression of swelling of lime-stabilized clay soils, particularly in the presence of gypsum. The paper describes the results of laboratory tests on lime-stabilized kaolinite containing different levels of added gypsum and on lime-stabilized gypsum (selenite) bearing Kimmeridge Clay to which, in both cases, the lime has progressively been substituted with GGBS. The tests determine the linear expansion behaviour of compacted cylinders, during moist curing in a humid environment at 30°C and during subsequent soaking in de-ionized water. The results illustrate that substitution of lime with GGBS produces significant reduction in linear expansion of lime-stabilized clay soils particularly those containing gypsum.     

非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究

红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。     

Crystalline and Osmotic Swelling of an Expansive Clay Inundated with Sodium Chloride Solutions

Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling reduces with increase in solute concentration in bulk solution. This study examines the consequence of increase in solute concentration in bulk solution on the relative magnitudes of the two swelling modes. The objective is achieved by inundating compacted expansive clay specimens with distilled water and sodium chloride solutions in free-swell oedometer tests and comparing the experimental swell with predictions from Van’t Hoff equation. The results of the study indicate that swell potential of compacted expansive clay specimens wetted with relatively saline (0.4, 1 and 4 M sodium chloride) solutions are satisfied by crystalline swelling alone. Comparatively, compacted clay specimens inundated with less saline solutions (0.005–0.1 M sodium chloride) require both crystalline and osmotic swelling to satiate the swell potential.     

电阻率法评价膨胀土改良的物化过程

掺石灰、粉煤灰是工程中通常采用的改良膨胀土的方法。土电阻率是土的基本物理指标之一,其变化可反映土的其他物理性质指标的变化。通过掺灰改良膨胀土不同养护龄期下的电阻率测试以及膨胀量、膨胀力及无侧限抗压强度等试验研究,探讨了掺灰改良膨胀土养护过程中的物理化学反应过程。根据养护过程中的电阻率随龄期的变化规律,可将改良膨胀土的物理化学反应过程划分为瞬时反应阶段、主体反应阶段、残余反应阶段和稳定阶段4个不同阶段。针对改良膨胀土质量控制和评价体系中存在的不足,提出了基于电阻率指标的改性膨胀土的质量评价方法,通过试验证实了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

Effect of lime and fly ash on swell,consolidation and shear strength characteristics of expansive clays: a comparative study

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content (weight of lime/weight of dry soil) was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content (weight of fly ash/weight of dry soil) as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

Coupled consolidation model for negative skin friction on piles in clay layers

Expansive soils swell on absorbing water and shrink on evaporation thereof. Because of this alternate swelling and shrinkage, civil engineering structures founded in them are severely damaged. For counteracting the problems of expansive soils, different innovative techniques were suggested. Stabilization of expansive clays with various additives has also met with considerable success. This paper presents, by comparison, the effect of lime and fly ash on free swell index (FSI), swell potential, swelling pressure, coefficient of consolidation, compression index, secondary consolidation characteristics and shear strength. Lime content was varied as 0%, 2%, 4%?and 6%?and fly ash content as 0%, 10%?and 20%. A fly ash content of 20%?showed significant reduction in swell potential, swelling pressure, compression index and secondary consolidation characteristics and resulted in increase in maximum dry density and shear strength. Swell potential and swelling pressure decreased with increase in lime content also. Further, consolidation characteristics improved. Compaction characteristics and unconfined compression strength improved at 4%?lime and reduced at 6%?lime.     

Swelling behaviour of GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to swell-shrink cycles

Granular pile-anchor (GPA) technique has been found to be an innovative foundation technique for expansive clays posing the dual problem of swelling and shrinkage. Swelling occurs during absorption of water and shrinkage during evaporation of water. Generally, in field expansive clay beds, swelling takes place during rainy seasons and shrinkage during summers. GPA is a recent innovative foundation technique devised to ameliorate the dual swell-shrink problem of structures founded on expansive clay beds. The other innovative techniques are drilled piers, belled piers and under-reamed piles. Laboratory scale model studies and field scale experiments on GPAs yielded useful results and revealed that swelling of expansive clay beds was effectively controlled by GPA technique. Studies on swell-shrink behaviour of GPA-reinforced clay beds have not been performed so far. This paper presents results obtained from laboratory scale model studies on GPA-reinforced expansive clay beds subjected to alternate cycles of swelling and shrinkage. The data presented in this paper pertain to the swelling of test clay beds under the influence of three swell-shrink cycles (N) spanning a time period of 300 days. The test clay beds were reinforced with varying number of GPAs (n = 0, 1, 2 and 3). Heave (mm) in a given swell-shrink cycle decreased with increasing number of GPAs. Further, for a given number of GPAs (n), heave (mm) also decreased with increase in depth from the top of the clay bed. It was found that the resultant thickness of the clay bed (H_r) for swelling increased with increasing number of cycles. However, the percentage heave (ΔH/H_r) decreased as the number of swell-shrink cycles (N) increased.     

膨胀土与红黏土石灰改性对比试验研究

为探讨石灰改性膨胀土与红黏土的强度发展规律,以生石灰与消石灰改性的南阳膨胀土与郴州红黏土为研究对象,进行了无侧限抗压、固结快速直剪和固结压缩试验的对比研究。研究发现：在1 a养生龄期内,石灰改性的南阳膨胀土与郴州红黏土无侧限抗压强度与养生龄期的对数基本呈线性关系;按大于最佳含水率3%制样的强度在养生28 d以后高于按最佳含水率制样;生石灰改性效果比消石灰改性效果好,由于矿物成分不同,石灰改性南阳膨胀土的效果比石灰改性郴州红黏土好     

石灰改良膨胀土力学性质的研究

膨胀(?)主要是由强亲水性粘土矿物蒙脱石和伊利石组成的,是具有膨胀性、多裂隙性和超固结性的高塑性粘性土。在铁路施工中,膨胀土不能直接作为路基填土,必需进行改良。通过室内试验的方法来讨论石灰改良膨胀土的力学性质在各种影响因素下的变化规律。